Innovative Techniques in Planting Material Production in Spices PDF

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352452746 Innovative techniques in quality planting material production of spices Article in International Journal of Innovative Horticulture · January 2020 DOI: 10.5958/2582-2527.2020.000...

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352452746 Innovative techniques in quality planting material production of spices Article in International Journal of Innovative Horticulture · January 2020 DOI: 10.5958/2582-2527.2020.00014.7 CITATION READS 1 199 5 authors, including: K. KANDIANNAN Sharon Aravind ICAR - Indian Institute of Spices Research Indian Institute of Spices Research 103 PUBLICATIONS 685 CITATIONS 28 PUBLICATIONS 52 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Aarthi Sounderarajan Akshitha J Gowda Indian Institute of Spices Research Indian Institute of Spices Research 22 PUBLICATIONS 61 CITATIONS 25 PUBLICATIONS 58 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Sharon Aravind on 21 April 2023. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. International Journal of Innovative Horticulture. 9(2):104-119, 2020 DOI: 10.5958/2582-2527.2020.00014.7 Review Article Innovative techniques in quality planting material production of spices K. Kandiannan*1, Sharon Aravind, S. Aarthi, H.J. Akshitha and K. Nirmal Babu ICAR – Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikoide - 673012 Present address: Koronivia Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture, Nausori, P O Box 77, Fiji *Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT Spices are low volume and high value commodities of commerce in the world market and have great potential in increasing the farmer’s income substantially. Spices like black pepper, cardamom, nutmeg, cinnamon, clove are perennials and ginger and turmeric are annuals. Most of them are propagated by vegetative methods. Non availability of quality planting material (particularly improved varieties) is one of the important production constraints that affect the area expansion or gap filling programmes. Each crop requires specific techniques and handling to produce ideal saplings. Use of growth regulators, ideal potting mixture and fortification with PGPR’s or bio-control agents enhances seedling vigour. By adopting these efficient multiplication techniques we can meet the quality planting material requirement of spices. Keywords: Accreditation, certification, micro-propagation, micro-rhizome, multiplication techniques, nursery, planting material, protected cultivation, rapid multiplication, spices, vertical farming INTRODUCTION exported spices and spice products in terms of value were Spices are integral to human life especially in Indian society chilli, mint products, spice oils & oleoresins, cumin, – in tradition, food, aroma, health and economy. So every turmeric, pepper, curry powder/paste, cardamom seeds, positive development in spices improves the quality of life. other spices like tamarind, asafoetida, cassia and garlic India being the ‘Land of Spices’ flavour foods all over the (APEDA, 2020). world in addition to their use as functional foods, Quality planting material is of paramount importance in nutraceuticals and sources of many high value spice cultivation. The health of the planting material has a phytochemicals. India has been a traditional producer, special significance especially in perennial spice crops which consumer and exporter of spices in the world and almost have a long juvenile phase and any mistake committed by all states in the country produce one or other spices. The the grower in the initial stage both in the choice and health second estimate for 2019-20 by Spices Board indicates of the planting materials will result in enormous loss in that, India produced 9.413 Million MT of spices in an area later stages. There is immense scope for the employment of 3.858 million ha (Table 1). In 2019-20, spices worth and income generation through production and supply of US$ 3.62 billion were exported. The total spices export quality planting material of spices. But lack of awareness during April–August 2020 was US$ 1.56 billion and for the and technical know-how for production of quality planting month of August 2020 it was US$ 308.04 million (APEDA, material hampers spice production. Hence farmers need to 2020). In 2019-20, ginger export showed the highest growth adopt appropriate production techniques for planting of 47% with 19,410 tonnes, followed by cardamom with material production. Approximate estimates of quality 31% at 1,060 tonnes and cumin with 14% at 7,350 tonnes planting materials required per year for tropical spices are (APEDA, 2020). During 2019-20, a total of 1.18 million listed in Table 3. tonnes of spices and spice products valued US$ 3.03 billion was exported from the country as against 1.10 million BLACK PEPPER tonnes valued US$ 2.80 billion in 2018-19, registering an Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a climbing vine, which increase of 7.6% in volume (Table 2) (Spices Board, 2020). requires support to trail. The climbing shoot is called ‘main Top 10 importers of Indian spices in 2019-20 were US, shoot’ or ‘leader shoot’, botanically ‘orthotrope’, have long China, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Bangladesh, Thailand, UK, internodes; the side branches grown from main shoot are UAE, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. During 2019-20, top 10 ‘laterals’, botanically ‘plagiotrope’, have shorter internodes Table 1: Area (‘000 ha) and Production (‘000 MT) of spices in India Crops 2016-17(Final) 2017-18 (Ist Esti.) 2017-18 (2nd Esti.) 2017-18 (3rd Esti.) Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production Ajwain 31 27 31 27 35 28 36 25 Cardamom 85 28 89 29 84 27 84 29 Chillies (Dried) 840 2096 844 2106 856 2322 809 2301 Cinnamon/Tejpata 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 Celery,Dill & Poppy 36 35 36 35 36 35 36 36 Clove 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 Coriander 674 883 677 888 674 923 664 861 Cumin 781 493 785 495 781 500 781 500 Fenugreek 210 297 211 299 220 311 219 295 Fennel 91 153 91 153 90 149 90 149 Garlic 321 1693 323 1702 322 1716 303 1721 Ginger 168 1070 168 1075 161 1043 161 1048 Nutmeg 23 15 23 16 23 14 23 14 Pepper 132 72 133 73 134 62 136 70 Vanilla 4 0 5 0 4 0 5 0 Tamarind 49 197 49 198 50 203 50 203 Turmeric 222 1056 223 1061 237 1163 223 1077 Mint (Mentha) 328 35 328 35 Total Spices 3671 8122 3693 8163 4040 8540 3950 8369 Source: National Horticultural Board, Gurgaon Innovative techniques in quality planting material production of spices 105 Table 2: Export of spices from India ITEM-WISE EXPORT OF SPICES FROM INDIA (QTY. IN TONNES & VALUE IN Rs. LAKHS) 106 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20(EST) ITEM QTY VALUE QTY VALUE QTY VALUE QTY VALUE QTY VALUE PEPPER 28,100 1,73,041.50 17,600 1,14,312.60 16,840 82,078.48 13,540 56,868.00 16,250 55,187.00 CARDAMOM(S) 5,500 44,982.75 3,850 42,150.33 5,680 60,908.15 2,850 35,625.00 2,090 42,629.50 CARDAMOM(L) 600 7,550.70 780 8,265.45 760 5,646.60 860 6,106.00 1,100 6,758.50 CHILLI 3,47,500 3,99,743.97 4,00,250 5,07,075.63 4,43,900 4,25,632.74 4,68,500 5,41,117.50 4,84,000 6,22,170.00 GINGER 24,800 27,595.56 24,950 25,704.85 22,605 21,607.49 18,150 19,602.00 50,410 44,905.00 TURMERIC 88,500 92,165.00 1,16,500 1,24,190.65 1,07,300 1,03,567.63 1,33,600 1,41,616.00 1,36,000 1,21,640.00 CORIANDER 40,100 42,680.50 30,300 29,208.49 35,185 27,274.96 48,900 35,208.00 50,250 41,110.00 CUMIN 97,790 1,53,113.00 1,19,000 1,96,320.14 1,43,670 2,41,798.78 1,80,300 2,88,480.00 2,10,000 3,22,500.00 CELERY 5,310 5,328.24 6,250 6,246.11 6,480 5,950.30 6,100 6,649.00 6,510 7,175.50 FENNEL 15,320 17,239.60 35,150 30,875.93 34,550 25,906.35 26,250 24,412.50 23,800 22,888.00 FENUGREEK 33,330 23,380.70 34,680 18,276.49 29,280 12,688.57 27,150 13,846.50 27,660 16,383.60 OTHER SEEDS (1) 23,880 16,205.75 18,100 15,455.86 22,175 16,045.55 29,740 18,736.20 32,700 19,257.00 GARLIC 23,085 15,959.00 32,200 30,711.50 46,980 30,936.38 29,500 17,110.00 23,350 17,232.50 NUTMEG & MACE 4,050 20,928.25 5,070 23,641.65 5,500 22,094.31 3,300 15,015.00 2,955 13,630.75 OTHER SPICES (2) 43,955 58,348.50 40,210 50,595.00 38,305 65,253.17 43,300 61,486.00 41,050 66,303.00 CURRY POWDER/PASTE 26,550 53,174.50 28,500 59,910.43 30,150 61,619.55 33,850 74,470.00 38,200 83,410.00 MINT PRODUCTS (3) 23,250 2,58,130.47 22,300 2,52,749.67 21,500 3,22,834.86 21,610 3,74,933.50 22,725 3,83,835.00 SPICE OILS & OLEORESINS 11,635 2,14,255.00 12,100 2,45,532.80 17,200 2,66,172.39 12,750 2,19,300.00 13,950 2,64,525.00 TOTAL 8,43,255 1623822.99 9,47,790 1781223.59 10,28,060 17,98,016.24 11,00,250 19,50,581.20 11,83,000 21,51,540.35 VALUE IN MILLION US $ 2482.83 2,655.29 2,789.35 2,805.50 3,033.44 (EST): ESTIMATE (1)INCLUDE BISHOPS WEED(AJWANSEED), DILL SEED, POPPY SEED, ANISEED, MUSTARD ETC.(2)INCLUDE ASAFOETIDA, CINNAMON, CASSIA, CAMBODGE, SAFFRON, SPICES (NES) ETC.(3)INCLUDE MENTHOL, MENTHOL CRYSTALS AND MINT OILS.SOURCE : DGCI&S., CALCUTTA/SHIPPING BILLS/EXPORTERS’ RETURNS. K. Kandiannan, Sharon Aravind, Aarthi S., Akshitha H.J. and K. Nirmal Babu  Innovative techniques in quality planting material production of spices 107 Table 3. Estimated spices planting material requirement per year at different percentage of area expansion Crop No. of saplings/ seed Unit Present area Estimated planting material required for required per ha under crop(ha) area expansion per year over current year @ 0.50% 1.00% 1.50% 2.00% Black pepper 1100 * 2 Nos 136000 1496000 2992000 4488000 5984000 Ginger 2.0 tonnes 161000 323610 325220 326830 328440 Turmeric 2.0 tonnes 223000 448230 450460 452690 454920 Clove 200 Nos 2230 2230 4460 6690 8920 Nutmeg 150 Nos 23000 17250 34500 51750 69000 Cinnamon 275 Nos 265 364 729 1093 1458 Small Cardamom 1100 Nos 69300 381150 762300 1143450 1524600 Vanilla 1100 Nos 5000 27500 55000 82500 110000 Note: 1. All are perennials except ginger and turmeric which are grown as annuals and seed requirement is every year accordingly estimation is made 2. Black pepper cuttings requirement – two per support for 1100 supports per ha 3. Possible area expansion assumed @ 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% with current area as base, and planting material requirement calculated for a year 4. Planting material required for gap filling is not accounted while making estimation which bears the spike. The buds present in the base of the days, leaving the terminal 5 nodes, about 15- 20 node rooted main shoot will sprout and creep on the ground (if it is not runner is cut into single node rooted cuttings and transferred trained to grow erect along the support) and are called to plug-trays (cell dimension of 7.5 x 7.5 x 10.0 cm) filled ‘runners’ which are commercially used for the production with soil-less nursery mixture [composted coir pith and of planting material (2 or 3 node cuttings) in India and vermicompost (75:25) enriched with Trichoderma]. The elsewhere. The ‘terminal shoot’ or ‘top shoot’ with a few cuttings are retained in the trays for about 45-60 days (4- 5 laterals also serve as planting material. The advantage of leaf stage) for initial establishment. The established cuttings using this as planting material is that it will have laterals are then transferred to shade net/naturally ventilated green while planting itself compared to cuttings made from house for hardening 45-60 days. Healthy black pepper runners wherein laterals will be produced only after 12 to rooted cuttings are ready for field planting after 120-150 18 months of planting. This method of production of days (Prasath et al., 2016).The biocontrol agents planting material is common in Malaysia, Indonesia and (Pseudomonas and Trichoderma) increased the rooting and Vietnam. A few terminal shoots may branch out and hang shooting of black pepper cuttings and also reduced the and such shoots are called ‘hanging shoots’ which are not mortality rate in the nursery (Heera et al., 2016). The vines used for planting material production. When ‘laterals’ or in soil mound method exhibited superior performance with ‘side branches’ are used for production of planting material, respect to length of the vine (1.89 m), number of nodes the resultant plant will not be a vine, it will grow as a bush per vine (15.75), root production per node (3.25), number and is called ‘bush pepper’. of branches per vine (1.37) and success percentage (89.75) In order to meet the large scale demand, a rapid followed by the bamboo split method (20 cm).The soil multiplication method was developed and popularized and mound and bamboo split method were superior over first demonstrated by Bavappa and Gurusinghe (1978) and serpentine method of propagation with respect to all the later modified by Sivaraman (1988) and Kandiannan et al. characters (Hanumanthappa et al., 2016). (1998). Another novel propagation technique in black pepper is the serpentine method (Thankamani et al., 2004). Trellis VERTICAL COLUMN METHOD method of rapid multiplication is another novel method The continuous demand for quality planting material created (Sujatha and Nybe, 2012). Bed method and vertical column a novel idea of producing orthotrope on vertical 2m column are also efficient methods (Anandaraj et al., 2014, Nirmal having one foot diameter made with half an inch plastic Babu et al. 2017). The plug tray nursery technique (Fig coated welded wire mesh filled with composted pasteurized :a.) involves initial multiplication of black pepper runners in coco peat and vermicompost @ 3:1 ratio fortified with a modified serpentine method i.e. by allowing runners to bio-control agent T. harzianum in hi-tech poly house of strike roots in the partially decomposed coir pith and vermi fan and pad system with temperature of 25 to 280C and compost (75:25) bed of convenient dimension (1.5 m width, relative humidity 75 to 80 per cent. Eight to ten cuttings 10 cm height and convenient length).The vines trail on can be planted around each vertical column (Fig: b). The rooting medium and strike roots at every node. After 45-60 cuttings are allowed to trail on the column and it takes four 108 K. Kandiannan, Sharon Aravind, Aarthi S., Akshitha H.J. and K. Nirmal Babu to five months to reach the top and produce more than 20 7 (2.77). The average length of runner was significantly nodes. Each vine invariably produce laterals (plagiotropic higher in Panniyur 1 (367.08 cm) and Panniyur 5 (363.86 branches) within four to five months time at 12th to15th cm) (Sujatha et al., 2016). node, whereas, vines allowed to grow horizontally on the bed with same medium also produce similar number of BUSH PEPPER nodes but will not produce plagiotropic branch. The Bush pepper is becoming popular now a days in homestead advantage of vertical column method is that three types of farming and urban horticulture. Scarcity of labour for cuttings i.e., normal single node cuttings, top shoots with harvesting is another factor which has prompted farmers lateral branch and laterals (plagiotropes) for making bush to go for intercropping of coconut and other perennial pepper can be produced (Anandaraj et al., 2014). Use of plantation crops with bush pepper. Lateral branches are Trichoderma and vermicompost enriched coir pith in black used for bush pepper production (Fig: c). One year old pepper nurseries minimizes chemical fungicides besides laterals with 4-5 nodes are planted in poly bags filled with Trichoderma that colonizes the root system of seedlings potting mixture and kept in mist chamber for rooting. Leaf will help in preventing the infection by pathogens in the blades on the cuttings are half cut before planting. Rooting main field. Since there is no high additional cost involved, is slow in bush pepper, which may take 2-3 months after the use of Trichoderma enriched coir pith can also be which the cuttings are shifted from mist chamber to shade adopted by commercial nurseries (Prasath et al., 2014). net house. After one month they can be used for planting. With a view to augment the production of planting materials Bush pepper can also be made by grafting lateral shoots on in black pepper by exploiting the potential of the polyhouse, P. colubrinum rootstock. Bush pepper starts yielding from Sujatha et al. (2016) developed a novel method of runner first year onwards. When grown in the field as inter crop vine production of black pepper under protected structures. in coconut, spacing of 2m x 2m is to be provided which High yielding varieties of black pepper were planted in grow will accommodate 2500 plants/ha and varieties Panniyur 2, bags and kept in polyhouse. Cuttings from these plants Panniyur 5 and Pournami are good yielders as bush pepper were rooted by conventional and serpentine layering in coconut plantation (Sujatha and Nybe, 2012; Nybe et al. methods. Using these mother vines, a new method of trailing 2016). In Konkan region of Maharashtra, the black pepper the runners on rope was tried for obtaining sufficient quantity variety Panniyur 1 is grown as a bush pepper at a spacing of runner vines every year. Rooted plants were transplanted of 1x1m under 50% shade net or using poly house under into grow bags (24 x 24 x 40 cm) containing potting mixture protected cultivation (Sharon et al., 2019) (Fig: d.). Bush made of soil, sand, cowdung and cocopith in equal quantity. pepper is also cultivated as an intercrop in mango, cashew, Seventy five plants of each variety were kept in polyhouse star apple (Carambola) and litchi orchards. To produce with drip, fertigation and fogger facilities. As the vines grow, planting materials of bush pepper in an organic manner, these were trailed on coir ropes tied vertically up. After three-noded lateral cuttings were treated with Jeevamruthum each harvest of runners, the potting mixture was fortified for 10 minutes and basal application of the same @10 mL with 100 g urea, 80 g muriate of potash and 50 g magnesium or dipping the basal portion of the laterals in tender coconut sulphate. The vines recorded fast growth under polyhouse water for 10 minutes is an effective substitute for IBA conditions yielding three harvests per year during the initial employed for proper rooting of the cuttings (Thankamani period itself. The method is found to be a promising one et al., 2020). with minimum recurring cost as the material required for trailing the runners is easily available, of low cost and the MICRO PROPAGATION management of plants in the polyhouse is effective in Micro propagation has been employed for large scale enhancing the growth rate. The average number of two production of disease-free planting materials and germplasm noded cuttings per plant per harvest during second year is conservation. High rate of multiplication coupled with the 23 nos. The cuttings kept for rooting under polyhouse additional advantage of obtaining disease free planting condition showed 80-85 percent survival and were further material makes micro propagation a viable alternative to multiplied by serpentine layering. The comparison of rate conventional propagation (Nirmal Babu and Minoo 2003). of production of runners from different varieties under the Technologies for micro propagation of black pepper using polyhouse condition based on average number of runners various explants were reported (Nirmal Babu 1997 ; Nirmal and average length of runner showed that there is significant Babu et al., 2012). Multiple shoots can be induced using difference between the varieties. The highest number of BA in the culture medium (MS or SH Medium) either alone runners was produced by Panniyur 4 (2.97) and Panniyur or in combination with auxins. Endogenous contamination  Innovative techniques in quality planting material production of spices 109 severely hampers establishment of black pepper cultures. found to be highly embryogenic and cultivar ‘Kutching’ A commercially viable protocol for large-scale in vitro was totally non embryogenic (Nair and Gupta, 2005). multiplication of black pepper was reported by Nazeem et al. (2004). Protocols were standardized for micro SMALL CARDAMOM propagation of other endangered and medicinally important One of the reasons for low productivity in cardamoms is species of Piper like P. longum and P. chaba , P. betle , P. the propagation through seeds. The inherent drawback of barberi, P. colubrinum (Nirmal Babu 1997; Nirmal Babu et this method is the production of heterogeneous progeny al., 2012). The media combination of MS +4.5 mg L-1 BAP which is genetically not uniform due to natural cross + 1.0 mg L-1 IAA showed maximum (69.33%) multiple pollination. Cardamom can be propagated both vegetatively shoot induction of black pepper variety Panniyur 1 (Kadam by macro-clonal or rhizome multiplication, micro et al., 2020). Umadevi et al., 2015 developed meristem propagation (tissue culture) and through seeds. Large scale culture protocol for the rapid production of the plantlets in propagation of cardamom was mostly through seeds during the liquid medium containing Murashige and Skoog with earlier years. Over three decades of research, it is amply 0.1 mg L-1 kinetin and 0.5 mg L-1 GA3, subsequently, direct proved that it is possible to step up productivity and shoot induction in ½ MS with 3 mg L-1 BA and 1 mg L-1 production by stocking the plantation with high yielders IAA followed by shoot growth and development in ½ MS through clonal propagation. Clonal multiplication ensures +0.5 mg L-1 Indole butyric acid. Successful rooting of genetically uniform planting material true to the parent. meristem derived shoots was achieved in half strength WPM with 3 mg L-1 BA and 1 mg l-1 Kinetin. SEED PROPAGATION Joseph et al. (1996) and Yamuna (2007) reported the Fully ripened, bold capsules must be selected from disease somatic embryogenesis from zygotic embryos, while Nair free, high yielding mother plants from 2nd and 3rd harvests and Gupta (2003, 2006) reported the cyclic somatic during September. One kg of seed capsules containing 500- embryogenesis from the maternal tissues, which have 800 capsules are sufficient to produce 3000-5000 seedlings tremendous potential for automated micropropagation. (Ankegowda et al., 2015). Cardamom seeds are recalcitrant Nirmal Babu et al. (2005a) reported somatic embryogenesis and loose viability if stored for long time so seeds should from mature leaf tissues. These protocols are useful in be sown immediately. Seed sowing season and prevailing transgenic experiments. Attempts on induction of variability temperature plays a pivotal role in the germination of on somaclones for tolerance to Phytophthora foot rot cardamom seeds. Siddagangaiah et al. (1993) reported that resistance by Shylala et al. (1996) resulted in identification September-October, December-January and February- of tolerant somaclones through in vitro selection of calli as March months are conducive for cardamom seed well as somaclones using crude culture filtrate and toxic germination if the incubation temperature is 30o C or else metabolite isolated from Phytophthora capsici. in the ambient temperature germination will be best during Nair and Gupta (2007) developed encapsulation protocol September-October. Cardamom seeds fail to germinate if for the development of somatic embryos in black pepper the temperature is below 15o C and above 35o C. So it is to produce synthetic seeds. Sodium alginate concentration recommended to take up early sowing of seeds (August- of 4% (w/v) was ideal at a calcium chloride concentration October) for enhancing the germination. of 100 mM to produce capsules of perfect morphology Seeds are sown in beds with row to row spacing of 15 cm and sufficient gel strength. Somatic embryos encapsulated and seed to seed spacing of 1-2 cm in the primary nursery. in 4% sodium alginate can be successfully stored at culture After sowing seed bed has to be covered with thin layer of room temperature on agar gelled SH basal salt solution upto soil or sand. Beds should be mulched using paddy straw. 45 days (Nair and Gupta, 2007). Influence of various fruit- Highest seed germination (40.82 %) was recorded in the derived explants and different genotypes on induction of beds covered with paddy straw (Korikanthimath, 1981). It somatic embryogenesis in black pepper was studied by takes about 30 – 40 days for commencement of germination Nair and Gupta (2005). Among the various explants cultured and will continue for a month or two. Once the germination on plant growth regulator-free solid SH medium maintained starts mulching material has to be removed. Seedlings from in dark, the ‘abortively germinated seeds in vitro’ produced primary nursery have to be transplanted to secondary the highest percent response as well as number of somatic nursery either in bed or polybags. Seedlings have to be embryos per responded explant. Zygotic embryos as such transplanted at correct stage to secondary nursery since failed to produce any somatic embryogenic response. Of seedlings will be delicate and they undergo transplanting the various genotypes tested, cultivar ‘Karimunda’ was shock leading to mortality (Korikanthimath et al., 2001). 110 K. Kandiannan, Sharon Aravind, Aarthi S., Akshitha H.J. and K. Nirmal Babu From primary nursery 4-5 leaf stage seedlings have to be was no significant difference among different types of transplanted to secondary nursery in polybags which planting materials used for yield parameters. Absence of ultimately leads to better establishment, growth and higher significant differences among most of the growth biomass. This method takes about 6 months for production parameters may be attributed to the narrow genetic of transplantable seedlings as against 10 months in variability or high degree of homozygosity. Malhotra et al. conventional one stage nursery and 18 months in raised (2020) developed improved protocol for micro propagation bed nursery (Ankegowda, 2008). In Karnataka 10 months of genetically uniform plants of cardamom using shoot tips old seedlings are transplanted to main field whereas in Kerala as explants. Best shoot proliferation was observed in MS and Tamil Nadu 18 months seedlings are preferred. medium supplemented with 4.4 µ M 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 2.32 µ M kinetin (Kn). Regenerated shoots rooted RAPID CLONAL MULTIPLICATION well in full strength MS basal medium. Genetic stability of TECHNIQUE the micro propagated plants was confirmed using 13 ISSR markers. Clonal multiplication is an easy and reliable method for production of quality planting material of cardamom. Rapid Plant regeneration from callus cultures of cardamom was clonal multiplication technique was developed by ICAR- reported (Priyadarsan and Zachariah 1986, Nirmal Babu Indian Institute of Spices Research, Regional Station, et al., 1997). Variability could be noticed among the Appangala (the then Cardamom Research Centre). In rapid somaclones for the morphological characters in the culture clonal multiplication technique planting unit consisting of vessels itself. A few somaclones tolerant to Katte virus one grown up sucker with a growing young shoot has to were identified (Peter et al., 2002). Manohari et al., (2008) be selected (Fig: e). Trenches with 45 cm width and depth developed an efficient protocol for the induction of somatic and of convenient length have to be prepared. Fill the embryogenesis and plant regeneration in small cardamom trenches with humus rich top soil, sand and well decomposed from the inner core region of rhizome. The highest compost. The planting units are planted at a spacing of 1.8 frequency of embryogenic calli (68%) and plantlets (86%) m x 0.6 m in the trenches. Overhead pandal has to be were obtained from MS medium containing 4.4µ M BAP erected to protect the plants from direct sunlight. Regular and 0.5µ M NAA. watering has to taken care and apply fertilizers NPK @ 48:48:96 g plant-1 in 2-3 split doses commencing from 2 GINGER AND TURMERIC months after planting. In 12 months 16-21 planting units Ginger and turmeric is commercially cultivated by means can be produced from one planting unit (Korikanthimath, of vegetative propagation using rhizomes as a planting 1999a). Korikanthimath (1999b) reported multiplication rate material. Seed rhizome bits of 15-25g weight with one or of 1:20 within short span of 10 months. From 463 mother two viable active buds are generally used for planting clonal units 9260 planting units were obtained from 0.05 (Jayashree et al., 2015). Turmeric rhizomes are of two ha. At the end of 20 months rate of multiplication of planting types viz., mother rhizome and finger rhizome also known material was 1:32. Within span of 20 months yield of 90.29 as daughter rhizome (developed from mother rhizome). kg (dry) was obtained from 0.05 ha. Along with production The fingers are primary, secondary or tertiary depending of 32 planting units each plant produced about 183.14 g on their position, primary finger constitute a major share in dry cardamom from the clonal nursery. the clump, the secondary and tertiary are less in quantity. Both mother and finger rhizomes are used for propagation MICRO PROPAGATION (Kandiannan et al., 2016). Micro propagation is another method of production of quality planting material of cardamom in large scale. This PROTRAY BUD TRANSPLANTS method helps in the production of virus free, high yielding As conventional propagation methods of rhizomes are slow clones in a faster rate as compared to conventional methods. due to a dormancy period, a rapid method of multiplication Micro propagation technique for multiplication of is needed especially for newly developed high yielding cardamom using different explants in vitro were developed varieties, which are available in small quantities by Nadagauda et al., 1983 (young sprouted buds); (Parthasarathy et al., 2011). Rapid multiplication of ginger Priyadarsan and Zachariah, 1986; Vatsy et al., 1987; and turmeric through single bud rhizome technology has Regunath and Gopalakrishnan, 1991 and Nirmal Babu et been standardized at ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices al., 1997 (rhizome bits with vegetative buds). Research, Kozhikode, Kerala and Horticulture College and Lukose et al. (1993) compared the field performance of Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, tissue culture propagated plants and observed that there Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (Shylaja et al., 2016; Prasath et  Innovative techniques in quality planting material production of spices 111 al., 2017). Single bud transplants in turmeric (Fig :h.) as a maintained on MS medium supplemented with 4.5% sucrose technique for accelerated production of quality planting produced the highest number of plantlets (23±2.5) and roots material with reduced cost was reported by Chitra and per explants (15.4±2.4) meanwhile reducing the length of lateral Jansirani (2014). The rhizome with one bud recorded roots (2.6±0.2) (Zuraida et al., 2016). significantly the highest shoot length (24.96 cm), root length (12.08 cm), vigorous index (2334.84) and crop IN VITRO PROPAGATION BY MICRO establishment (88.96%) when compared to other RHIZOMES treatments. Pro-tray raised bud transplants being popularized Production of pathogen free seed rhizome by microrhizome now-a-days for planting in ginger (Fig: g) and turmeric technology can be capitalized to ensure healthy crop (Peter have helped to reduce seed rate considerably, the propagules et al., 2006). The low efficiency of vegetative propagation, are suitable for high tech precision farming both under open susceptibility of rhizomes used for vegetative propagation and poly house conditions (Prasath et al. 2018). This to diseases and degeneration of rhizomes on long term technology reduces the seed material requirement by one storage coupled with poor flowering and seed set has fourth and saves considerably the cost on seed rhizome affected ginger cultivation and breeding. These can all be which otherwise contributes to 60% of production cost. easily overcome through the micro rhizome technology. This protray technology is adopted in at least 20% of Micro rhizomes resemble the normal rhizomes in all respect, turmeric and ginger cultivated areas, thus saving about 55 except for their small size. The micro rhizomes consist of and 42 thousand tonnes of seed rhizome requirement of 2 to 4 nodes and 1 to 6 buds. They also have the aromatic turmeric and ginger amounting to around Rs. 76 crores. flavour of ginger and turmeric and resemble the normal This transplanting technology ensures 98-100% field rhizome in anatomical features in the presence of well- establishment. Seed borne diseases can be totally minimized developed oil cells, fibres and starch grains. The micro as infected seed material can be discarded while cutting rhizome derived plants have more tillers but the plant height the rhizomes, thus ensuring disease free planting material. is smaller. In vitro formed rhizomes are genetically more Another advantage is, it is very easy for transportation as stable compared to micro propagated plants. Seed rhizome plants are firm in protrays and the damage during weight was 2-8 g as against 20-30 g in case of conventionally transportation is negligible. It is suitable for early/ delayed propagated plants. Micro rhizome gave very high recovery planting and depending on the main field condition or any though lesser yield per bed. Micro rhizome was also urgent personal problems, planting can be taken up early genetically stable. This coupled with its disease free nature or can be delayed by 15-20 days (Prasath et al. 2017). will make micro rhizomes an ideal source of planting material suitable for germplasm exchange, transportation and MICRO PROPAGATION conservation (Nirmal Babu et al., 2005). Tissue culture derived plantlets of ginger and turmeric are not used for commercial planting as time taken for rhizome Efficient procedure for in vitro micro rhizome production formation and to get normal sized rhizome as that of in ginger (Fig: i.) and turmeric (Fig: j) was reported by conventional production is more. The protocols for micro Nayak (2000), Nirmal Babu et al. (2005), Shirgurkar et.al. propagation were also standardized in ginger and turmeric (2001), Islam et.al. (2004), Zhengh et.al. (2008) and by many workers (Inden et al.(1988), Balachandran et al. Cousins et.al. (2008). The main advantage of in vitro (1990) , Nirmal Babu et al., 1997) and Zapata et al.(2003). methods are that it helps in isolating disease free plants Miri, (2020) cultured leaf explants of ginger on MS medium from elite varieties and also helps in inducing variability supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), naphthalene leading to high yielding, high quality and disease resistant acetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), lines. Micro rhizomes were produced from tissue culture Dicamba/BA for callus culture. Shaik and Kanth (2018) derived shoots by transferring them to Murashige and Skoog reported that rhizome buds of ginger cultured on MS basal (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA) medium supplemented with 2.5 mg L-1 BAP + 1 g L-1 NAA (1-5 mg L-1), enhanced concentration of sucrose (50-100 showed the highest rate of shoot multiplication. BAP g L-1) and with reduced photoperiod (0-8 h). Microrhizomes concentrations between 3.0-5.0 mg L-1 was very effective in were formed at the base of the shoots and the weight varied promoting microshoots and resulted in 100% of microshoot from 40 to 700 mg. Interactions of different factors such propagation in ginger. Microshoots cultured on MS medium as BA, sucrose and photoperiod had a significant effect in supplemented with 3 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA the induction of micro rhizome. Concentration of sucrose produced the highest number of shoots while 0-0.5 mg L-1 was most effective in rhizome formation followed by BAP enhanced shoot length and 3mg L-1 NAA in combination photoperiod and BA in the medium. Micro rhizomes were with BAP produced highest number of roots. Microshoots harvested after 120 days of culture. Micro rhizomes were 112 K. Kandiannan, Sharon Aravind, Aarthi S., Akshitha H.J. and K. Nirmal Babu produced in vitro independent of seasonal fluctuation and incorporated a “rhizome compartment” separated and elevated sprouted with roots and shoots in potted soil during planting above an aeroponic spray chamber. Plants received bottom seasons which were then transferred to the field (Nayak, heat on perlite medium has showed accelerated growth and 2000). faster maturity. A non circulating hydroponic method was used at Hawaii to produce diseases free ginger seed production In vitro micro rhizome and mini rhizome production in (Hepperly et al., 2004). turmeric cultivar Alleppey supreme and its comparative anatomical and histochemical analysis were reported by Archana et al., (2014). The variety showed highest TREE SPICES response in liquid MS medium with 80 g L-1 sucrose in A. Nutmeg Planton culture vessels. Zheng et al (2008) reported that optimal condition for micro-rhizome production in ginger Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) yields two spices viz., was MS media with 80 g L-1 sucrose, 1.33-2.35 g L-1 GA, nut and mace. In India, nutmeg is mostly cultivated in Kerala 0.49-0.66 g L-1 Kinetin and 0.62 g L-1NAA whereas Amgai and parts of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andaman et al. (2017) reported MS basal media with 60 g L-1 sucrose and Nicobar. Nutmeg can be propagated by seeds as well + 5 mg L-1 BA + 0.5 mg L-1 NAA produced higher rhizome as vegetative means. The percentage of success in the weight in ginger. vegetative methods of propagation is between 38 to 80 per cent (Nybe et al., 2016). Miniraj et al. (2012) have given the seed nursery techniques to be followed in nutmeg. The HYDROPONICS AND AEROPONICS seedlings will segregate into male and female at varying Aeroponic cultivation of ginger can provide high-quality proportions. Research to determine the sex at the seedling rhizomes that are free from pesticides and nematodes and stage has not yielded conclusive results so far. Vegetative produced in mild-winter greenhouses. The hydroponic propagation has got the advantage of overcoming the dioecy system produced more yield and better quality rhizomes. problem in nutmeg and thus to considerably reduce the pre Unfortunately, there are few hydroponic or aeroponic bearing period. Due to the cross pollinated nature of the production systems suitable for rhizome crops. Most crop; it also helps in the multiplication of superior types. hydroponic systems are designed for crops that produce For these reasons, clonal propagation has become popular fruit or leaf products and have fibrous root systems and a now a days. predictable crown size at the soil line. Rhizome- producing crops have special requirements, in that the horizontal Budding (Fig: k) is the most popular method of vegetative growth habit of the rhizome needs room to expand and propagation in nutmeg. Rootstocks other than M. fragrans produce vertical shoots and secondary roots as needed, have been used for budding in nutmeg. M. fragrans, M. uninhibited by physical barriers (Prasath et al., 2017). beddomei and M. malabarica are used as rootstocks in Kerala with varying degrees of success. Budded plants on Aeroponics is another type of non-aggregate hydroponics, M. beddomei exhibit enlargement below the bud union at where the roots of the plants are suspended in an enclosed later stages. Even though the wild rootstocks possess chamber and sprayed periodically with a fertilizer solution capacity to withstand water stress and heavy winds, their by means of a timer and pumps. Aeroponics offers several performance is not uniformly good at different locations advantages over other hydroponic systems, particularly for and hence Kerala Agricultural University recommends M. root crops. The roots are easily accessible for monitoring, fragrans as the ideal rootstock for nutmeg (Miniraj et al., sampling and harvesting. Without the buffering capacity of 2014). In a study at ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices a solid or aggregate growing medium, the air/liquid medium Research, Kozhikode, M. malabarica exhibited relative of aeroponics permits precise control of the nutrient solution tolerance to water stress and M. fragrans and Gnema mineral composition and temperature. However, all canerica appeared as drought susceptible (Krishnamurthy aeroponic systems require a rigid structure at the crown of et al., 2008). the plant to support the plants while their roots are suspended in the fertilizer spray. This rigid support would restrict the Epicotyl grafting is the most widely adopted propagation horizontal growth habit of the rhizome. A new aeroponic technique in nutmeg. Epicotyl grafting is being done on M. system was needed to accommodate the horizontal nature fragrans (Krishnamoorthy and Mathew, 1985) and also on and growth habit of a rhizomatous crop (Prasath et al., wild species, M. beddomei and M. malabarica (Mathew 2017). Hayden et al.(2004) in Arizona tried soil less and Joseph, 1982). However, M. fragrans was found to aeroponic cultivation of ginger to get high-quality rhizomes be the most ideal rootstock. Prior defoliation is not a that are free from pesticides and nematodes in mild-winter prerequisite for this technique in nutmeg. It is essential to greenhouses. The unique aeroponic growing units provide a cover of polybag on scion stick especially in non  Innovative techniques in quality planting material production of spices 113 rainy season, whereas it is not essential when high humidity commercial produce is dried unopened flower buds of the prevails (July). The location of scion stick did not influence evergreen tree, reaching a height of 7 to 15 metres, an the success of epicotyl grafting. September was found to important spice noted for its flavour and medicinal values. be the most favourable season for epicotyl grafting in It is indigenous to Moluccas Island (Indonesia) and was nutmeg (Haldankar et al., 1999). Khandekar et al. (2006) introduced to India around 1800 A.D. by the East India found that maximum sprouting was recorded in July and Company in their spice garden in Courtallam, Tamil Nadu. August months followed by June in softwood grafting. Clove is commercially propagated by seeds. Kumar (2016) Unavailability of sufficient orthotropic shoots is a major suggests following points in clove propagation. limiting factor in budding/grafting of nutmeg. Raising a 1. The seeds are to be collected from healthy, regular close planted scion bank will ensure steady supply of straight bearing and high yielding trees only. shoot bud sticks year round (Miniraj et al., 2012). Rema et al. (2008) applied different measures to induce orthotropic 2. Fresh seeds should be used for raising the seedlings. shoots from plagiotropic grafts, it was observed that the 3. Seeds are to be initially raised in beds and when they frequency of occurrence of orthotropic shoot was low germinate, they can be picked out and transplanted and is very cumbersome. In certain cases, production of in big sized poly bags containing well decomposed orthotropic shoots was observed from plagiotropic grafts coir compost along with vermicompost enriched with of 7-10 year old. As this phenomenon is rare, this cannot biofertlisers and biocontrol agents like Trichoderma be a confirmatory method for converting the graft and Psuedomonas. architecture. Top working can be done by budding (Beena and Kurian, 1996) or by grafting (NRCS, 1990). Successful 4. Two year old seedlings (Fig: n) with a height of 30- graft union was obtained by wedge grafting during March 50 cm to 60-80 cm are suited for main field plant- with scion shoots having mature leaf and full green stem ing. and stock having two months growth (Rema et al., 2009). D. Vanilla B. Cinnamon Vanilla is propagated vegetatively using vines from Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Bercht. & Presl.) is the productive gardens, whereas seed propagation invariably oldest known spice by man. It is also known as ‘Ceylon done only for research purposes employing special cinnamon’ or ‘true cinnamon’. The true cinnamon is a native techniques because the seeds do not germinate readily under of Sri Lanka and was introduced in to India by the British natural conditions. Three types of planting materials are in the 18th century. Sri Lanka produces the largest quantity used for raising vanilla gardens (Bhat et al.,2006), they are and the best quality of quills of true cinnamon. C. verum is (i) cuttings, (ii) rooted cuttings in bags, (iii) tissue culture a moderately sized, bushy, evergreen tree growing up to derived plants. The length of vine used for planting varies 18 m tall, low branching, trunk stout up to 60 cm diameter; from place to place but it has a profound influence on further bark thin pale brown, up to10 cm thick and strongly growth and time taken to attain maturity. Large cuttings if aromatic. Cinnamon can be propagated from seeds and planted at the beginning of the rainy season maintain a cuttings of young three leaved shoots. However, propagation continuous growth and bear flowers and fruits in one or by seeds is easier and is the most common practice even two years while shorter cuttings do not flower until third though it is not advisable due to the heterozygous nature of or fourth year. Vine length of 60-120 cm with 15-20 the tree. Waman and Bohra (2018) reported that air layering internodes can be selected as planting material for direct has been considered as one of the efficient methods of planting in the field. Cuttings less than 60 cm should not be multiplication in cinnamon. However, the success of used directly for planting. Cuttings with 8 to 10 inter nodes layering varies greatly depending on the local environmental (about 1 m long) preferred as they come to flower earlier. conditions, they observed the performance of air layering Cuttings with less than five to six internodes and 60 cm at 20 days interval during rainy season (July 3rd to October length not used directly for planting, but when properly 11th) of two consecutive years in Bay islands, in Andaman rooted in the nursery, they establish well in the field and found that first week of July was the most suitable (Sudharshan et al. 2006). Cuttings were collected from time for air layering in cinnamon as it supported better mother vines in the field or nurseries specially prepared as rooting percentage (87.5%). source of cuttings. The limitation in getting cuttings from field plants is that usually it will be available only during the C. Clove harvesting season of September – October when pruning Clove, Syzygium aromaticum L. (Syn. Eugenia is done. In nurseries meant for production of cuttings, they caryophyllus), belongs to family: Myrtaceae. The will be available throughout the year. The cuttings should 114 K. Kandiannan, Sharon Aravind, Aarthi S., Akshitha H.J. and K. Nirmal Babu be supported using a standards or 1 inch PVC pipes. The lower propagation of vanilla. cut end has to be bent and tied to the standard so that the cut Divakaran et al., 2015 reported in vitro propagation using end does not touch the media to reduce the soil borne pathogen vegetative tissues and over 80% callusing was achieved in infection. For rooting of stem cuttings, net houses are made Murashige and Skoog’s medium supplemented with 4.44 with irrigation facility and vines are planted closely in row µM BA and 2.68 µM NAA. Callus differentiated into shoots and the new growth is allowed to trail on plastic netting, coir which could be multiplied successfully in 1: 12 ratio in a mats or bamboo supports and is removed when sufficient combination of 4.44 µM BA and 2.46 µM IBA, when length is reached. supplemented to MS medium. In vitro rooting was induced with an efficiency of 100% in basal MS media devoid of In vitro Propagation any growth regulators. The conventional method of propogation by stem cuttings has the disadvantages like low rate of multiplication and it requires CONCLUSION a lot of time and energy making it difficult to meet the needs Spices are high value and low volume crops. There is a of many cuttings in a short time. To overcome this obstacle great demand for Indian spices in the international market in vitro propagation through tissue culture techniques can be and it earns considerable foreign exchange for India. Each done. In vitro multiplication of V. planifolia has been reported state cultivates one or other spice. Lack of availability of through the culture of callus masses, protocorms, root tips quality planting material is one of the important production and axillary plants (Davidonis & Knorr , 1991; Phillip & constraints. There are adequate numbers of improved Nainar, 1986; Kononowicz & Janick, 1984; George & varieties available in spices; however, they are not reached Ravishankar, 1997). Bulbous shoot buds was induced in zeatin the farmers. Rapid multiplication techniques, potting mixture and BA combination and also in media supplemented with and size of the containers have been standardised for all TDZ+10% CM. Subsequent transfer of these BS onto shoot vegetative propagated spice crops. However, non-availability proliferation medium supplemented with BA (8.87 µM) or á- of good quality potting mixture, bio-control agents are naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (2.69 µM) resulted in multiple important constraints in the production of disease free QPM. shoot proliferation 17 ± 2.5 shoots and 30 ± 2.1 shoots were Establishment of regional nurseries or planting material produced per explant. The multiple shoots so obtained were production unit is essential to reduce the transportation cost. transferred to Nitsch medium (N69) containing BA (2.22 The quality and quarantine checks are must to avoid pests µM) and gibberellic acid (GA3) (0.029 µM) and also onto and disease spread. There is a great scope for container simultaneous shoot multiplication and root forming medium cultivation and vertical farming for seed production in ginger for further growth (Giridhar and Ravishankart, 2004). and turmeric under poly house condition. Advisories are Castella et al., 2014 standardized protocol for clusters of essential on quantity of QPM required in a year, according shoots formation in vitro using Murashige and Skoog (MS) to demand, the production of seed/saplings can be regulated medium supplemented with 9.55 ìM benzyladenine (BA) otherwise excess production without demand will lead to and 100 mL L-1 coconut water. Root initiation was 90% waste and retaining the saplings in the nursery beyond the successful in temporary immersion system (TIS) using specific period invite pests and diseases problems. Holistic half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.44 ìM NAA approach is essential by involving all the organizations of and an immersion frequency of 2 min every 4h.With this spices R & D to meet the steady demand of quality planting system, the shoot multiplication rate increased threefold as materials of spices. Private players are important in meeting compared to that obtained with solid medium. In addition, the QPM requirement in spices and their nurseries has to this system produced good results for the transplantation be accredited and it is taken up by the Directorate of and acclimation (90% of survival) of in vitro derived plants. Arecanut and Spices Development, Calicut. These results offer new options for large-scale micro  Innovative techniques in quality planting material production of spices 115 (a) Plug tray method (b) Vertical column method (c) Urban horticulture - bush pepper (d) Bush pepper cultivation under poly house (e) Clonal propagation of cardamom (f) Ginger under protected cultivation 116 K. Kandiannan, Sharon Aravind, Aarthi S., Akshitha H.J. and K. Nirmal Babu (g) Protray method of propagation in ginger (h) Protray method of propagation in turmeric (i) Micro rhizomes in ginger (j) Micro rhizomes in turmeric (k) Nutmeg grafts (l) Nutmeg budling production  Innovative techniques in quality planting material production of spices 117 (m) Cinnamon seedling nursery (n) Clove seedling nursery REFERENCES Davidonis G & Knorr D (1991) Callus formation and shoot regeneration in Vanilla planifolia, Food Biotechnology 5: 59-66. Amgai R B, Prasai H K, and Pandey Y R (2017) Effect of sucrose and growth Divakaran M, Babu KN, Ravindran PN and Peter KV (2015) Biotechnology for regulator’s level on ginger micropropagation. Journal of Nepal Agricultural micropropagation and enhancing variations in Vanilla. Asian Journal of Research Council 3: 45-48. 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