Ferdinand Magellan's Voyage (1519) PDF

Ferdinand Magellan's Voyage and Contributions Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães), born in 1480 in Sabrosa, Portugal, stands as one of the most renowned figures in the Age of Exploration. Though he died before completing the circumnavigation of the Earth, his expedition is regarded...

Ferdinand Magellan's Voyage and Contributions Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães), born in 1480 in Sabrosa, Portugal, stands as one of the most renowned figures in the Age of Exploration. Though he died before completing the circumnavigation of the Earth, his expedition is regarded as one of the most significant milestones in maritime history. Early Life and Background of Ferdinand Magellan Birth and Family: Ferdinand Magellan was born into a family of minor Portuguese nobility. His father, Rui de Magalhães, was a city official, and his mother, Alda de Mezquita, had connections to the Portuguese royal court. Early Life: Orphaned at age 10, Magellan became a pageboy in the Portuguese court, alongside his brother Diogo, serving Queen Leonor of Portugal. This role gave him access to education, where he studied subjects like astronomy, cartography, and celestial navigation, preparing him for a career in exploration. Career Beginnings: In 1505, at the age of 25, Magellan joined a fleet sent by the Portuguese king to East Africa. His early career included notable achievements such as fighting in the Battle of Diu (1509), an engagement that secured Portuguese dominance in the Indian Ocean, and participating in the capture of Malacca (1511), one of the wealthiest trading cities of Southeast Asia. Motivation and Break with Portugal Disfavor in Portugal: After serving in various expeditions, Magellan's reputation faltered in 1513 following an expedition to Morocco. He was wounded and accused of illegal trading with the Moors, which strained his relationship with King Manuel I of Portugal. Despite several attempts to regain favor, the king rejected his requests for further expeditions and better compensation. Decision to Leave Portugal: Frustrated, Magellan renounced his loyalty to the Portuguese crown and sought opportunities elsewhere. By 1517, he had moved to Spain, seeking patronage from King Charles I (later known as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). The Visionary Plan Ambitious Proposal: Magellan pitched his bold plan to King Charles I, proposing a westward route to the Spice Islands (present-day Maluku Islands in Indonesia). This was a critical trade route, as spices like cloves and nutmeg were highly valuable in Europe. The Portuguese controlled the eastern route around Africa, and Magellan sought to break their monopoly by finding an alternate path. Approval from Spain: King Charles I approved Magellan’s plan, granting him five ships and financing the voyage, despite Portuguese protests. On March 22, 1518, Magellan was appointed captain-general of the fleet and granted Spanish nationality. His expedition aimed to find a navigable passage through the Americas to the Pacific Ocean, which was largely unknown to European navigators at the time. The Voyage Begins Setting Sail: On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain, with a fleet of five ships: Trinidad (flagship), San Antonio, Concepción, Victoria, and Santiago. His crew of 270 men included sailors from several nations, though many were Spanish, which later led to tensions due to his Portuguese origins. Challenges in the Atlantic: After crossing the Atlantic, the fleet arrived in what is now Brazil and began searching for a passage through South America. Internal strife within the crew soon  erupted, exacerbated by the harsh conditions and the presence of Portuguese spies aboard the ships. Mutiny and Discipline The Mutiny at Port St. Julian: By March 1520, the fleet was anchored in Port St. Julian (modern- day Argentina). Facing severe conditions and the prospect of a long, arduous journey, a mutiny broke out among the Spanish captains, led by Gaspar de Quesada and Juan de Cartagena. Magellan acted swiftly and decisively, quelling the rebellion by executing or marooning the ringleaders. His harsh methods, though controversial, were effective in reestablishing his authority over the expedition. Discovery of the Strait of Magellan Strait of Magellan: After the mutiny, the fleet resumed its journey southward, and on October 21, 1520, they discovered a narrow, treacherous passage at the southern tip of South America— now called the Strait of Magellan. This passage allowed the fleet to navigate from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, a monumental geographic discovery. Desertion of the San Antonio: During this time, the San Antonio, the largest of the fleet’s ships, deserted and returned to Spain, leaving Magellan with only three vessels to continue the journey. The Pacific Ocean: “Mar Pacífico” First Crossing of the Pacific: Entering what he named the "Pacific Ocean" (from the Latin pacificus, meaning peaceful), Magellan and his crew faced a journey far longer and more difficult than expected. It took nearly three months to cross the Pacific, during which the crew endured extreme hunger, scurvy, and dehydration. The crew subsisted on hardtack, water tainted with mold, and even rats. Guam: On March 6, 1521, the fleet made landfall on the island of Guam, part of the Mariana Islands. This offered them a much-needed respite, where they could restock their provisions before continuing westward. Arrival in the Philippines Discovery of the Philippines: On March 16, 1521, Magellan’s fleet arrived in the Philippines, marking the first European contact with the islands. They landed on the island of Homonhon, now part of the Samar province. Magellan soon established friendly relations with Rajah Humabon, the ruler of Cebu, and facilitated the conversion of the local population to Christianity. Christianity in the Philippines: Magellan's introduction of Christianity is considered one of his lasting legacies in the Philippines. He presented Rajah Humabon and his wife with a statue of the Santo Niño, which is still venerated today as a symbol of Filipino Catholicism. The Battle of Mactan and Magellan’s Death Conflict with Lapu-Lapu: Despite his successes in Cebu, Magellan faced resistance from Lapu- Lapu, the chieftain of Mactan Island, who refused to acknowledge Spanish authority. On April 27, 1521, Magellan led a small force of around 60 men to confront Lapu-Lapu. Outnumbered and unfamiliar with the terrain, Magellan's forces were overwhelmed by 1,500 warriors, and Magellan was killed in the ensuing battle. Aftermath of the Battle: Following Magellan’s death, the expedition fell into disarray. Rajah Humabon, once an ally, turned against the Spaniards, killing many in a subsequent ambush. Completing the Circumnavigation Leadership of Elcano: The remaining ships, now under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano, continued the journey after Magellan's death. Only two ships survived to this point—Victoria and Trinidad. However, Trinidad was later captured by the Portuguese, leaving only Victoria to complete the voyage. Return to Spain: On September 6, 1522, Victoria returned to Spain, completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. Only 18 of the original 270 crew members survived the voyage, but their return confirmed that the Earth could be circumnavigated. Controversy over Circumnavigation Credit Magellan's Role: Although Magellan is often credited with leading the first successful circumnavigation of the Earth, he did not live to complete the voyage. Enrique's Possible Circumnavigation: There is also speculation that Magellan's Malay servant, Enrique, may have been the first to circumnavigate the globe. Enrique, who had been with Magellan since the expedition to Malacca, could have returned to his homeland after Magellan's death, completing the circumnavigation in a way. However, this theory remains unproven. Legacy of Ferdinand Magellan Geographical Discoveries: Magellan’s discovery of the Strait of Magellan and the Pacific Ocean significantly advanced European understanding of global geography. Impact on Global Trade: The expedition paved the way for future global trade routes, particularly between Europe and Asia, by demonstrating the possibility of a westward passage to the Spice Islands. Cultural and Religious Influence: In the Philippines, Magellan's role in spreading Christianity has had a profound and lasting impact on the country’s religious landscape. Historical Legacy: Despite his controversial leadership and the tragic end to his life, Magellan is remembered as one of the greatest navigators and explorers in history, and his expedition remains one of the most remarkable achievements in maritime exploration. Key Takeaways for Review: 1. Magellan's Shift from Portugal to Spain: Magellan’s decision to seek Spanish sponsorship after his falling out with the Portuguese crown played a pivotal role in his expedition’s success. 2. The Mutiny and the Discovery of the Pacific: Magellan's leadership was crucial in navigating internal strife and leading his crew through unknown waters, including the crucial discovery of the Strait of Magellan. 3. His Death in the Philippines: Magellan's life ended in the Philippines, but his expedition continued under Juan Sebastián Elcano, completing the first circumnavigation. 4. Enduring Legacy in the Philippines: Magellan's role in spreading Christianity in the Philippines has left Excerpts from Magellan's Voyage Around the World : reviewer 1. Arrival in the Philippines Date: March 16, 1521 Location: Zamal (modern-day Samar), approximately 300 leagues from the Latroni Islands. Rest and Resupply: The crew landed on an uninhabited island to rest. They set up tents for the sick and slaughtered a sow for food. 2. Interaction with the Natives Date of First Contact: March 18, 1521 Details: A boat with nine natives approached the camp. Magellan ordered his men to remain calm, and the natives offered gifts of fish, palm wine (uraca), coconuts, and rice. Magellan reciprocated with European goods like red caps, mirrors, combs, and bells. Outcome: Trade was established, and the islanders from Zuluan grew friendly with Magellan's crew. 3. Uses of the Coconut Description: The coconut tree was essential to the natives, providing fibers (for ropes), meat (as food), water (as a beverage), and oil (for cooking and skin protection). Wine Production: The sap from the coconut tree was collected and fermented into a sweet liquor, similar to wine. 4. The Island of Humunu (Homonhon) Location: Renamed "Acquada da li buoni Segnialli" ("Watering-place of Good Signs") due to the presence of clear springs and gold. Geographic Significance: Part of the San Lazaro Archipelago, named after Saint Lazarus. 5. The Return of the Natives Date: March 22, 1521 Gifts: The natives brought coconuts, sweet oranges, palm wine, and a live rooster. Appearance of Leaders: The chief had gold earrings and tattoos, while other natives wore gold armlets, headkerchiefs, and were adorned with designs. 6. Description of the Natives Physical Appearance: Dark-skinned, with long black hair, adorned with gold jewelry and tattoos. Weapons: They used spears, daggers, and knives decorated with gold. Chiefs wore embroidered silk clothing. 7. First Mass in the Philippines Date: March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday) Location: Mazaua (Limasawa)  Event: Magellan's crew celebrated the first Catholic mass in the Philippines with King Raia Colambu and King Raia Siaui. Both kings offered two swine before the mass. Significance: This event marked the introduction of Christianity in the Philippines and Magellan’s efforts to build goodwill with local rulers. 8. Visit of King Raia Colambu Date: March 29, 1521 Gifts from the King: Raw rice, fish, and other goods. Magellan reciprocated with a red-and- yellow Turkish-style garment and a red cap. Brotherhood Ceremony: Magellan proposed a "casi casi" (brotherhood) with the king, strengthening their alliance. 9. Gold in the Islands Details: Gold was sifted from the earth, and the chief owned golden dishes, jewelry, and parts of his house were decorated with gold. 10. Journey to Cebu Date: April 1521 Details: After leaving Mazaua, the crew passed through several islands, including Leyte, Bohol, and Gatighan, and eventually headed toward Cebu, a large island with a thriving trade. First Impressions: The fleet arrived in Cebu with banners and cannons firing, causing initial alarm. Magellan’s interpreter assured the locals it was a friendly gesture. 11. Diplomatic Relations with Cebu Meeting with King Humabon: The Spanish interpreter explained that Magellan’s goal was trade, not tribute. Blood Pact: King Humabon proposed a blood pact as a symbol of friendship and alliance, which the Spaniards accepted. 12. Religious Conversion and Conflict Baptism: King Humabon and his people were baptized as Christians on April 14, 1521, marking the official spread of Christianity in Cebu. Miraculous Healing: After baptism, a sick prince recovered, strengthening the locals' belief in Christianity. Conflict with Lapu-Lapu: The chief of Mactan, Lapu-Lapu, refused to submit to Spanish rule. Despite warnings, Magellan engaged in the Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521, where he was killed. Key Takeaways Cultural Exchange: Magellan introduced Christianity, European goods, and customs, while the crew learned about local resources, trade, and practices. Diplomacy: Magellan built alliances with local kings through gift exchanges, friendship pacts, and religious ceremonies. First Mass in the Philippines: A pivotal moment in the introduction of Christianity. Conflict: Resistance from Lapu-Lapu foreshadowed future opposition to Spanish colonization efforts. Ferdinand Magellan's expedition started with five ships when it set sail from Spain in 1519. Here’s what happened to each of those ships: 1. Trinidad Flagship of the fleet and commanded by Magellan. Fate: After Magellan's death in 1521, the Trinidad was captained by Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa. The ship attempted to return to Spain via the Pacific Ocean, but it was captured by the Portuguese in the Moluccas (Spice Islands) in 1522. The crew was imprisoned, and the ship eventually sank during a storm wh ile under Portuguese control. Only a few of its crew members survived, and they were held captive for several years before some made it back to Spain. 2. San Antonio The largest ship of the fleet. Fate: The San Antonio deserted the expedition in 1520 before the fleet crossed the Strait of Magellan. It turned back to Spain while the rest of the fleet continued westward across the Pacific. The crew reported to Spanish authorities about internal disagreements within the fleet and the harsh conditions they had faced. 3. Concepción One of the three ships that successfully crossed the Pacific Ocean. Fate: After Magellan’s death, the Concepción was deemed unseaworthy due to damage and a shortage of men. In 1521, the crew set it on fire near the Philippines to prevent it from falling into enemy hands. 4. Santiago A smaller ship in the fleet. Fate: The Santiago was sent to explore the South American coast while the rest of the fleet was waiting at Port St. Julian (in modern-day Argentina). It was wrecked in a storm in 1520. Most of its crew survived and managed to make it back to Port St. Julian to rejoin the fleet. 5. Victoria The only ship to successfully complete the circumnavigation of the globe. Fate: Commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano after Magellan's death, the Victoria successfully returned to Spain in 1522, becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the world. Of the original 270 men who set sail, only 18 returned to Spain aboard the Victoria. The journey took almost three years. Summary of the Ships' Fate: 1. Trinidad – Captured by the Portuguese, eventually sank. 2. San Antonio – Deserted and returned to Spain. 3. Concepción – Abandoned and burned near the Philippines. 4. Santiago – Wrecked off the coast of South America. 5. Victoria – The only ship to complete the circumnavigation, returning to Spain in 1522. The successful return of the Victoria under Elcano’s command completed Magellan’s vision of a westward route to the Spice Islands, despite Magellan himself not surviving the journey. Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage to the Philippines and his circumnavigation of the globe was one of the most remarkable achievements in maritime history. Here's a breakdown of the route focusing on key locations and events, including his arrival in the Philippines and the successful circumnavigation by Juan Sebastián Elcano. 1. Departure from Spain (1519) Date: September 20, 1519 Location: Seville, Spain Ships: Magellan's fleet, known as the Armada de Molucca, consisted of five ships: Trinidad (flagship), San Antonio, Concepción, Santiago, and Victoria.  Objective: Find a westward route to the Spice Islands (Moluccas). 2. Canary Islands (1519) Location: Canary Islands, off the coast of Africa Significance: The fleet stopped here for supplies before crossing the Atlantic Ocean. 3. Atlantic Ocean Crossing & South America (1519) Date: December 13, 1519 Location: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Significance: After a lengthy Atlantic crossing, Magellan’s fleet reached the coast of South America. 4. Winter in Port St. Julian, Argentina (1520) Date: March 31 - August 24, 1520 Location: Port St. Julian, Argentina Significance: The crew spent winter here, where Magellan suppressed a mutiny. The Santiago was sent on a scouting mission but was wrecked along the coast. 5. Strait of Magellan (1520) Date: October 21 - November 28, 1520 Location: Strait of Magellan, southern tip of South America Significance: Magellan discovered this passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, which is now named the Strait of Magellan. During this time, the San Antonio deserted the fleet and returned to Spain. 6. Pacific Ocean Crossing (1520-1521) Date: November 28, 1520 - March 6, 1521 Location: Pacific Ocean Significance: Magellan’s fleet became the first European expedition to cross the Pacific Ocean. The crew suffered from scurvy and starvation during this long, treacherous crossing. 7. Arrival in Guam (1521) Date: March 6, 1521 Location: Guam, Mariana Islands Significance: The fleet made landfall in Guam, where they encountered the indigenous Chamorro people. After a brief hostile encounter, they were able to resupply. 8. Arrival in the Philippines (1521) Date: March 16, 1521 Location: Samar, Philippines Significance: Magellan arrived in the Philippines, marking the first European contact with the islands. They established friendly relations with local rulers and began trading. 9. Cebu and Magellan's Death (1521)  Date: April 7, 1521 Location: Cebu, Philippines Significance: Magellan formed an alliance with Rajah Humabon, the ruler of Cebu, and converted him and many of his people to Christianity. However, Magellan later became involved in local conflicts. Battle of Mactan (April 27, 1521): Magellan attempted to subdue the local chieftain Lapu-Lapu on Mactan Island. In the ensuing battle, Magellan was killed. 10. Moluccas (Spice Islands) (1521) Date: November 1521 Location: Moluccas, Indonesia Significance: After Magellan’s death, the remaining fleet continued to the Spice Islands (Moluccas), the original goal of the voyage. They traded for valuable spices such as cloves. 11. The Return Journey – Indian Ocean (1521-1522) Date: December 21, 1521 Location: Indian Ocean Significance: The Victoria, commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano, set sail for Spain via the Indian Ocean, while the Trinidad attempted to return via the Pacific but was captured by the Portuguese. 12. Cape of Good Hope (1522) Date: May 1522 Location: Cape of Good Hope, South Africa Significance: The Victoria rounded the southern tip of Africa, enduring fierce storms and continuing its journey back to Spain. 13. Arrival in Spain – First Circumnavigation Completed (1522) Date: September 6, 1522 Location: Seville, Spain Significance: The Victoria returned to Spain, completing the first successful circumnavigation of the globe. Out of the original 270 men and five ships, only 18 men and the Victoria made it back, led by Juan Sebastián Elcano. Summary of Key Locations on Magellan's Route: 1. Spain → Canary Islands → Cape Verde (Atlantic crossing) 2. Brazil → Argentina (South America, Port St. Julian) 3. Strait of Magellan (Southern tip of South America) 4. Pacific Ocean (Crossing the largest ocean) 5. Guam → Philippines (First European contact in the Philippines) 6. Cebu → Mactan (Magellan’s death) 7. Moluccas (Spice Islands) → Indian Ocean 8. Cape of Good Hope → Spain (Completion of circumnavigation) Magellan’s Route Map:  Start: Seville, Spain Path: Spain → South America → Strait of Magellan → Pacific Ocean → Guam → Philippines → Moluccas → Indian Ocean → Africa → Spain Magellan’s expedition proved the world was round, despite Magellan himself not surviving the entire journey. Juan Sebastián Elcano and the Victoria completed the historic circumnavigation in 1522. These are the main figures directly involved in the early Spanish exploration and colonization of the Philippine s. 1. Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521) Role: Portuguese explorer leading a Spanish expedition. Significance: Magellan led the first European expedition to reach the Philippines in 1521, establishing initial contact and introducing Christianity. His alliances with local rulers, such as King Humabon of Cebu, paved the way for future colonization, though he was killed by Lapu- Lapu in the Battle of Mactan. 2. Antonio Pigafetta (c. 1491–c. 1531) Role: Italian chronicler and explorer. Significance: Pigafetta documented Magellan’s expedition, providing one of the most detailed and valuable accounts of early Spanish contact with the Philippines. His journal gives insights into the customs, culture, and geography of the islands during the first encounters between Europeans and Filipinos. After the death of Ferdinand Magellan in the Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521, Antonio Pigafetta continued with the remaining members of the expedition under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano. Pigafetta survived the dangerous journey and played a crucial role in documenting the rest of the voyage. Key events for Pigafetta after Magellan's death: 1. Continuation of the Expedition: o After Magellan's death, the expedition was left without its original leader. The remaining crew, under new leadership, continued their journey to the Spice Islands (modern-day Indonesia). o The crew faced several hardships, including skirmishes with local populations, food shortages, and diseases. 2. Return to Spain: o Pigafetta managed to survive the difficult voyage back to Spain. Of the original five ships and 270 men that set sail in 1519, only one ship, the Victoria, captained by Juan Sebastián Elcano, returned to Spain in 1522. There were only 18 survivors, including Pigafetta. o The successful return of the Victoria marked the first circumnavigation of the globe. 3. Writing of His Account: o Upon returning to Spain, Pigafetta composed his detailed account of the expedition, titled "Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo" ("Report on the First Voyage Around the World"). His account is one of the most valuable primary sources about the first circumnavigation of the Earth, including descriptions of the lands, peoples, and cultures encountered during the journey. o His writings are especially important for their documentation of the Philippines, including the first interactions with Filipino natives, their customs, and the events leading up to and following Magellan’s death.  4. Presentation to European Leaders: o Pigafetta presented his account of the voyage to European monarchs and leaders, including King Charles I of Spain (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) and European nobility. o His detailed journal provided valuable insights into the geopolitical and economic importance of the newly discovered territories, contributing to future expeditions and colonization efforts. Pigafetta’s later life remains somewhat unclear. After completing his writings, he is believed to have spent time in Italy and may have continued his scholarly pursuits, but there are no detailed records of his activities following the publication of his account. His work remains a critical historical source for understanding Magellan's voyage and early European exploration of Southeast Asia. 3. Enrique De Malacca Role: Magellan's interpreter and slave. Significance: Enrique was crucial in facilitating communication between the Spanish and local populations. He spoke Malay, which allowed him to converse with the natives in the Philippines, possibly making him the first person to circumnavigate the globe, as he may have returned to his homeland after Magellan's death. 4. Miguel López de Legazpi (1502–1572) Role: First Governor-General of the Philippines and Spanish conquistador. Significance: Legazpi led the formal Spanish colonization of the Philippines, establishing the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu in 1565. He later founded Manila in 1571, turning it into the capital of the Spanish East Indies and the center of Spanish power in the region. 5. Rajah Humabon Role: Ruler of Cebu. Significance: Humabon was one of the first local leaders to convert to Christianity following his alliance with Magellan. His conversion marked a significant step in the spread of Christianity in the Philippines, though his influence diminished after Magellan's death. 6. Rajah Sulayman Role: Muslim ruler of Manila. Significance: Sulayman led the resistance against the Spanish conquest of Manila in 1571. He fought against Miguel López de Legazpi's forces but was ultimately defeated, leading to the Spanish colonization of Manila and the establishment of Spanish control over Luzon. 7. Lapu-Lapu Role: Chief of Mactan Island. Significance: Lapu-Lapu is celebrated for resisting Spanish colonization. He led the forces that killed Ferdinand Magellan in the Battle of Mactan in 1521, becoming a symbol of Filipino resistance to foreign rule. 8. Andrés de Urdaneta (1508–1568) Role: Spanish navigator and Augustinian friar. Significance: Urdaneta was a key figure in establishing the vital Pacific trade route between the Philippines and Mexico, known as the "Urdaneta’s route." His discovery of the return route across the Pacific allowed for the successful establishment of the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade, which connected the Philippines to the Spanish empire. 9. Guido de Lavezaris (died 1589) Role: Second Governor-General of the Philippines (1572–1575).  Significance: Lavezaris continued the Spanish consolidation of power in the Philippines after the death of Miguel López de Legazpi, dealing with resistance and organizing colonial rule. 10. Fr. Pedro de Valderrama Role: Chaplain of Magellan's expedition. Significance: Valderrama celebrated the first Catholic mass in the Philippines on March 31, 1521, at Limasawa Island. This event marked the beginning of the Christianization of the Philippines. 11. Renato Constantino (1919–1999) Role: Filipino historian and nationalist. Significance: Constantino, though not directly involved in the colonization, critically analyzed the impacts of Spanish colonization on the Philippines. His work challenged traditional narratives and shed light on the long-lasting effects of colonialism in shaping Filipino society. Men of Ferdinand Magellan & Miguel López de Legazpi’s Voyage Men of Ferdinand Magellan’s Voyage (1519-1522) Magellan’s expedition to the Spice Islands, which led to the first European contact with the Philippines, had several important figures who played pivotal roles in the journey: 1. Juan Sebastián Elcano Role: Master of the Concepción, later captain of the Victoria. Significance: After Magellan's death in the Philippines, Elcano took command of the remaining fleet. He led the Victoria back to Spain, completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. Elcano’s leadership ensured the success of the expedition, even though only one ship and 18 men survived the entire voyage. 2. Antonio Pigafetta Role: Chronicler. Significance: Pigafetta’s detailed journal is the most important source of information about the expedition, including the first interactions with the Filipinos. His account preserves invaluable knowledge about the people, cultures, and geography encountered by Magellan’s fleet. 3. Enrique of Malacca Role: Magellan’s interpreter and slave. Significance: Enrique was instrumental in communicating with the local populations in the Philippines. Some believe he was originally from the region, possibly making him the first person to circumnavigate the globe if he returned to his homeland after Magellan's death. 4. Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa Role: Captain of the Trinidad after Magellan’s death. Significance: After Magellan's death, Espinosa took command of the Trinidad. He attempted to return to Spain via the Pacific but was captured by the Portuguese in the Moluccas. He was imprisoned for years before finally returning to Spain. 5. Duarte Barbosa Role: Captain of the Victoria after Magellan’s death. Significance: Barbosa took temporary command of the Victoria after Magellan’s death. However, he and several other crew members were killed in a massacre during a banquet arranged by Cebuano chieftains soon after. 6. João Serrão  Role: Captain of the Santiago. Significance: Serrão was a key figure in the early stages of the voyage. He was also present during the tragic events in Cebu, where he was either killed or left behind to die by the natives after the massacre that also claimed Barbosa’s life. 7. Juan Carvalho (Juan Carvalho or João Carvallo) Role: Quartermaster. Significance: Carvalho assumed leadership after the death of Barbosa and Serrão but was criticized for his poor leadership and greed. His decisions were often seen as self-serving, and he eventually lost his authority within the crew. Men of Miguel López de Legazpi’s Voyage (1564-1572) Legazpi’s expedition in 1564-1572 marked the formal colonization of the Philippines. He was accompanied by men who would play key roles in establishing Spanish rule: 1. Fr. Andrés de Urdaneta Role: Augustinian friar and navigator. Significance: Urdaneta was one of the most experienced navigators of his time. He discovered the return route across the Pacific Ocean, which established the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade route. Urdaneta’s contributions to the success of Legazpi’s voyage and the stability of the Spanish colony were crucial. 2. Martin de Goiti Role: Military officer. Significance: Goiti was Legazpi’s chief lieutenant. He played a central role in the conquest of Manila in 1570, defeating Rajah Sulayman in the Battle of Bangkusay. Goiti’s military leadership helped Legazpi secure control over Manila, which became the capital of the Spanish East Indies. 3. Juan de Salcedo Role: Spanish conquistador and grandson of Legazpi. Significance: Salcedo was instrumental in the Spanish conquest of the northern Philippines. He led campaigns in the Ilocos region and parts of Luzon, expanding Spanish control. His military prowess made him a key figure in the early Spanish colonial efforts. 4. Guido de Lavezaris Role: Treasurer of the expedition, later Governor-General of the Philippines. Significance: Lavezaris served as a close adviser to Legazpi and later succeeded him as Governor- General of the Philippines from 1572 to 1575. He helped maintain Spanish control and expanded their influence in the islands after Legazpi’s death. 5. Fr. Diego de Herrera Role: Missionary and Augustinian friar. Significance: Fr. Diego accompanied Legazpi as one of the primary missionaries tasked with converting the Filipino population to Christianity. He worked closely with Fr. Urdaneta and contributed to the early efforts of evangelization in the islands. 6. Rajah Tupas Role: Local ruler of Cebu. Significance: Rajah Tupas was the last king of Cebu before Spanish colonization. He fought against Legazpi's forces but was eventually defeated in 1565. Tupas later negotiated a peace treaty and accepted Spanish rule, paving the way for the establishment of the first Spanish settlement in Cebu. 7. Rajah Sulayman Role: Muslim ruler of Manila. Significance: Sulayman led the defense of Manila against the Spanish invasion in 1570. He fought against Legazpi’s forces but was defeated, which allowed the Spanish to capture Manila and establish it as the capital of their colony in the Philippines. Key Differences Between the Expeditions: Magellan’s Voyage: Focused on exploration and finding a westward route to the Spice Islands. It marked the first European contact with the Philippines but did not result in immediate colonization. The crew endured significant hardship, and only the Victoria returned to Spain. Legazpi’s Voyage: Focused on establishing Spanish colonial rule over the Philippines. Legazpi successfully founded settlements, defeated local rulers, and laid the foundation for more than 300 years of Spanish colonization in the archipelago. Both expeditions were pivotal in shaping the history of the Philippines, with Magellan’s opening the door for future Spanish ventures and Legazpi's completing the process of colonization. Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation The Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation was the first voyage to successfully sail around the world, marking one of the most significant achievements in the history of exploration. The expedition began under the command of Ferdinand Magellan and was completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano after Magellan's death. Below is a comprehensive summary of the journey: Background and Purpose Goal: The primary aim of the expedition was to find a westward sea route to the Spice Islands (Moluccas), bypassing Portuguese-controlled routes around Africa. These islands were extremely valuable due to their rich supply of spices, such as cloves and nutmeg. Sponsor: The voyage was funded by King Charles I of Spain (later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). Fleet Name: Armada de Molucca. The Fleet Ships: Five ships started the journey: o Trinidad (flagship) o San Antonio o Concepción o Victoria o Santiago Crew: Around 270 men, including Magellan, experienced sailors, and notable individuals like Antonio Pigafetta (chronicler) and Enrique (Magellan’s enslaved interpreter). Route of the Magellan-Elcano Circumnavigation 1. Departure from Spain Date: September 20, 1519 Location: Seville, Spain  The fleet left Seville, traveling down the Guadalquivir River to the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda before heading out to the open Atlantic. 2. Canary Islands Date: September 26, 1519 Significance: A brief stop for provisions and repairs. 3. Atlantic Crossing & South America Date: December 13, 1519 Location: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Significance: After crossing the Atlantic, the fleet reached the South American coast. They sailed down the coast searching for a passage through the continent. 4. Winter at Port St. Julian, Argentina Date: March 31 - August 24, 1520 Significance: The crew wintered here, enduring harsh conditions. A mutiny among the captains was suppressed by Magellan, with some executed. The ship Santiago was lost during exploration, reducing the fleet to four ships. 5. Strait of Magellan Date: October 21 - November 28, 1520 Location: Southern tip of South America Significance: Magellan discovered and navigated the narrow passage now known as the Strait of Magellan, leading from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. During this time, the San Antonio deserted and returned to Spain, leaving only three ships. 6. Pacific Ocean Crossing Date: November 28, 1520 - March 6, 1521 Location: Pacific Ocean Significance: Magellan and his crew became the first Europeans to cross the Pacific Ocean. The voyage took nearly four months, during which the crew suffered from starvation and scurvy due to a lack of fresh supplies. 7. Arrival in Guam (Mariana Islands) Date: March 6, 1521 Location: Guam Significance: The fleet resupplied on Guam after encountering the indigenous Chamorro people. They had a brief conflict over supplies but were able to continue their journey. 8. Arrival in the Philippines Date: March 16, 1521 Location: Samar, Philippines  Significance: Magellan became the first European to reach the Philippine archipelago. He formed alliances with local leaders, such as Rajah Humabon of Cebu, and attempted to convert them to Christianity. 9. Battle of Mactan and Magellan's Death Date: April 27, 1521 Location: Mactan Island, Philippines Significance: Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan by the forces of Lapu-Lapu, a local chieftain who resisted Spanish domination. Magellan’s involvement in local conflicts led to his downfall. 10. Command of the Expedition Passes to Juan Sebastián Elcano After Magellan’s death, the surviving members of the crew regrouped. Leadership eventually passed to Juan Sebastián Elcano. The fleet was reduced to two ships: Victoria and Trinidad. 11. Spice Islands (Moluccas) Date: November 8, 1521 Location: Moluccas (Spice Islands), Indonesia Significance: After continuing west, the expedition finally reached the Moluccas. The remaining crew successfully traded for valuable spices. 12. Return via the Indian Ocean Date: December 21, 1521 Significance: The Trinidad attempted to return via the Pacific but was captured by the Portuguese, leaving only the Victoria to complete the journey. The Victoria crossed the Indian Ocean and rounded the Cape of Good Hope. 13. Cape of Good Hope and African Coast Date: May 1522 Location: Cape of Good Hope, South Africa Significance: The Victoria, now commanded by Elcano, rounded the southern tip of Africa, enduring fierce storms and continuing the journey home. 14. Arrival in Spain Date: September 6, 1522 Location: Seville, Spain Significance: The Victoria returned to Spain with only 18 survivors out of the original 270 men. They brought back a cargo of spices worth a fortune, completing the first circumnavigation of the Earth. Key Figures in the Circumnavigation 1. Ferdinand Magellan – Led the expedition and discovered the Strait of Magellan but was killed in the Philippines before completing the voyage.  2. Juan Sebastián Elcano – Took command after Magellan’s death and completed the circumnavigation, becoming the first to sail around the world. 3. Antonio Pigafetta – Chronicler of the voyage who documented the journey in great detail. 4. Enrique of Malacca – Magellan’s enslaved interpreter who played a crucial role during the voyage, especially in Southeast Asia. Summary of Key Events Fleet Size: Began with five ships, only the Victoria completed the voyage. Survivors: Of the original 270 men, only 18 returned. Significance: The voyage proved the world was round, established the vast size of the Pacific Ocean, and provided valuable knowledge about the globe, although at the cost of many lives. Route Overview: 1. Spain → Atlantic Ocean → South America (Rio de Janeiro, Port St. Julian) 2. Strait of Magellan → Pacific Ocean → Guam → Philippines (Samar, Cebu, Mactan) 3. Moluccas → Indian Ocean → Cape of Good Hope → Spain The Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation was a monumental achievement, marking the first time humanity had sailed around the globe, dramatically altering our understanding of geography and paving the way for future exploration and global trade. Spanish Colonialism Period in the Philippines (1565-1898) How Did the Spaniards Change Filipino Life? Las Islas Felipinas: Hispanization of the Filipinos I. Establishing Spanish Towns 1. Poblacion: The Spanish Town o Pre-colonization Setup: Villages were along seashores and rivers. o Colonization: Spanish soldiers collected tributes, and missionaries evangelized. o Solution: Reducción – forced resettlement of native Filipinos to Spanish-style towns called poblaciones. o Uniform Town Design: Churches and government buildings were placed at the center, and people lived around them. II. Spreading Christianity 1. The Catholic Church's Role o Propagation of the Faith: Catholic orders evangelized the Filipinos and introduced new religious practices. o Missionary Orders and Areas: ▪ 1565: Augustinians – Manila, Visayas, Ilocos, Pampanga, Pangasinan. ▪ 1577: Franciscans – Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon, Camarines, Bicol.  ▪ 1581: Jesuits – Leyte, Cebu, Bohol, Samar, Mindanao. ▪ 1587: Dominicans – Manila, Cagayan, Pangasinan. ▪ Recollects: Northern Mindanao. 2. Missionary Strategy: o Spread the gospel in local languages (Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, etc.). o Bajo de la Campana: People lived near churches. o Prohibition of Animism: Native priests were exiled or killed, and animistic practices were banned. o Introduction of Catholic Rituals: Mass, fiestas, baptisms, and other sacraments were adopted. III. Supporting the Colony 1. The Colonial Economy: o Galleon Trade (1565-1815): The Philippines became a key link between Asia and the Americas. o Cash Crops: Sugar, tobacco, and abaca were grown for export. o Tobacco Monopoly: Farmers in Ilocos and Cagayan were required to produce tobacco or face penalties. 2. Effects on Agriculture and Industry: o Farmlands were turned into cash-crop plantations, leading to food shortages. o Local industries (textile, metal crafts) suffered due to competition from foreign goods. IV. Educating the Elite 1. Education System: o Schools were established in towns, supervised by priests. o The curriculum focused on the 4Rs: Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, and Religion. o For the Elite: Spanish was taught only in select schools for the mestizos and wealthy Filipinos. o Colegios for Girls: Girls were educated to become proper women in society, learning domestic arts (sewing, dancing, etc.). 2. Hispanization of the Elite: o The elite adopted Spanish language, culture, and customs. o They identified more with the Spanish rulers than with lower-class Filipinos. V. Making the Indio 1. Transformation of the Timagua (Freeman) to Subject: o Tributes: Natives paid taxes (in money or kind). o Forced Labor (Polo y Servicio): Males aged 18-60 were required to work 40 days a year on government projects (reduced to 15 days in the 19th century). o Bandala: Farmers were required to plant specific crops and sell them to the government at set prices.  2. Social Changes: o Local Culture: Despite Hispanization, native languages persisted. o Unification: The barangays were unified under Spanish rule and governed by a colonial administration. o Catholicism: Animistic religion was replaced by Catholicism. Spanish Colonial Economy: Galleon Trade (1565-1815) 1. Cargo from Asia to America: o Silk, cotton cloth, spices, porcelain, metalware, woodwork. 2. Return Cargo to the Philippines: o Income from sold goods, Royal Situado (funds for colonial administration), and some American flora and fauna. Social Changes: 1. Housing: o Nipa Hut (Bahay Kubo): Indigenous house symbolizing community unity (bayanihan). o Bahay na Bato: A Spanish-influenced stone house, often seen in cities like Vigan and Taal. House Parts: o Ground Floor: ▪ Zaguan: Passageway. ▪ Bodega: Storage room. ▪ Cuadra: Stable. o Second Floor: ▪ Sala: Living area. ▪ Comedor: Dining room. ▪ Azotea: Rooftop. Political Structure: 1. Governance: o Spain ruled the Philippines through a Viceroy in Mexico, and later directly through the Governor-General. o Governor-General: Represented the King of Spain in the colony. o Alcalde Mayor: Provincial governors. o Gobernadorcillo: Town mayors. o Cabeza de Barangay: Village leaders. Key Takeaways: Religious Conversion: Catholicism became the dominant religion, replacing local beliefs.  Economic Impact: The Galleon Trade made the Philippines a crucial link in global trade, but local agriculture and industries suffered. Social Structure: A new elite class emerged, adopting Spanish culture, while the majority of Filipinos became subjected to tribute and forced labor. Spanish Conquest and Settlement: I. The Advent of the Cross: Events in Europe Rise of the West: European interest in exploring and trading with the Orient. European Crusaders: Stories and trade with Asia, such as oriental spices, silk, rugs, perfumes, etc. II. Early European Expeditions to Asia 1. Antiquity & Middle Ages: o 330 BC: Alexander the Great (Central Asia, India) o 13th century: Roman traders in Southeast Asia o Giovanni da Pian del Carpine (first European to reach Mongol) 2. Italian Expeditions: o Niccolò and Maffeo Polo (1264-1269): First journey to China. o Marco Polo (1271-1295): Second trip, author of The Travels, inspiring further European exploration. III. Trade Routes to Asia Northern Route: Passed through Central Asia (Samarkand, Bokhara) to Constantinople. Central Route: From Malacca to India, then to Baghdad, and finally to Constantinople. Southern Route: From Malacca to India, then the Red Sea, and to Cairo. IV. European Exploration 1. 1453: Fall of Constantinople. o Portugal and Spain began seeking new routes to Asia for trade. V. Portuguese Expeditions 1. Prince Henry (1421): Discovery of Madeira and the Azores. 2. Bartholomeo Diaz (1487): Discovered the Cape of Good Hope. 3. Vasco de Gama: Reached India. VI. Spanish Expeditions 1. Christopher Columbus (1492): Sailed west to find a new route to Asia, discovered America. 2. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): o Imaginary line dividing the world for exploration between Spain (West) and Portugal (East). VII. Magellan’s Expedition (1519-1521) Ferdinand Magellan:  o First circumnavigation of the world. o Reached the Philippines on March 17, 1521 (Samar Island). o Named the islands "Islas de San Lazaro." o Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan. VIII. Spanish Expeditions after Magellan 1. Loaysa Expedition (1525-26) 2. Villalobos Expedition (1542): Named the islands "Las Islas Felipinas" in honor of Philip II. IX. Legazpi Expedition (1565) Miguel López de Legazpi: o Sent by King Philip II with Fr. Andres de Urdaneta. o Arrived in Cebu, established the first Spanish settlement. o Used the "Policy of Attraction" to negotiate with native leaders. X. Spanish Settlement in the Philippines 1. Founding of Cebu: o The settlement formed a triangle with fortifications. o Named "Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus". 2. Settlement in Panay (1569): o Moved from Cebu to Panay due to local conflicts. 3. Exploration of Luzon: o Juan de Salcedo and Martin de Goiti led expeditions. o Battle of Manila (1571): Defeated Raja Sulayman, established Manila as the capital of the Philippines. XI. Establishing Manila as the Capital Manila (1571): Legazpi declared it the capital city of the Spanish colony in Asia. "Distinguished and Ever Loyal City": Manila was a key port and administrative center. Legazpi’s Death (1572): He laid the foundation of Spanish rule in the Philippines. XII. Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815) The galleon trade made the Philippines a vital link between Asia and Latin America. Filipinos handed over criminals to Spaniards and vice versa. This streamlined format makes it easier to understand the major events and concepts during the Spanish Conquest and Settlement in the Philippines.