Infectious Diseases

INFECTIOUS DISEASES INFECTIOUS AGENT - types of microorganisms that cause infections such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and helminths. RESERVOIR...

INFECTIOUS DISEASES INFECTIOUS AGENT - types of microorganisms that cause infections such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and helminths. RESERVOIR - term used for any person, plant, animal, substance, or location that provides nourishment for microorganisms and enables further dispersal of the organism. PORTAL OF EXIT - organisms exit through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, the genitourinary tract, or the blood. An infected host must shed organisms to another or to the environment for transmission to occur MODE OF TRANSMISSION - connects the infectious source with its new host; through sexual contact, skin-to-skin contact, percutaneous injection, or infectious particles carried in the air. Carrier – a person who carries or transmits an organism but does not have apparent signs and symptoms of infection SUSCEPTIBLE HOST - for infection to occur, the host must be susceptible (not possessing immunity to a particular pathogen). Previous infection or vaccine administration may render the host immune (not susceptible) to further infection with agent PORTAL OF ENTRY - is needed for the organism to gain access to the host such as mucous membranes, GI tract, GU tract, respiratory tract and broken skin Colonization Infection Infectious Disease used to describe microorganisms indicates a host interaction with state in which the infected host present without host interference an organism (local response-e.g displays a decline in wellness due or interaction redness and swelling on an to the infection (systemic eg. infected area, or + Tuberculin Fever, weight loss, advancing test) Pneumonia) Organizations related to infection prevention and control CDC – Centers for Disease Contril and Prevention WHO – World Health Organization  CONTACT DROPLET AIRBORNE MRSA Pertussis Chickenpox Diarrhea Influenza Dissemnetaed herpes zoster Rotavirus Meningitis Measles Enterovirus Pneumonia Tuberculosis Hepatitis A Scarlet fever Avian influenza (Bird flu) Conjunctivitis Mumps Influenza Rhinovirus Scabies Streptococcal pharyngitis Chickenpox COVID 19 Herpes simplex Herpes zoster Impetigo HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS (HAIs) 1 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) 1.1 Healthcare-Associated MRSA 1.2Community-Associated MRSA 2 Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) 3 Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Organisms Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS (VRE) - is the second most frequently isolated source of HAIs - this gram-positive bacterium, which is part of the normal flora of the GI tract, can produce significant disease when it infects blood, wounds, or the urinary tract. Easily transmittable because: Therapy: - A normal part of the GI flora- Bile resistant Penicillin formulations (Ampicillin) - Able to withstand harsh anatomic sites such as Vancomycin+aminoglycosides (Gentamicin) the intestine Linezolid - Persists well on the hands of the health care providers and on environmental objects Multidrug-Resistant Gram Negative Organisms - -resistance is due to the extensive use of antibiotics - transmission has been associated with contamination of equipment and with transfer via the hands of health care workers. Bacteria Resistant P. Aeruginosa Fluoroquinolone/Carbapenems Acinetobacter species Carbapenems Klebsiella pneumoniae and E.coli Extended-spectrum beta lactam antibiotics Preventing Healthcare Associated Bloodstream Infections (Bacteremia And Fungemia) 1. Hand hygiene and strict attention to aseptic technique during insertion of vascular access device (VAD) 2. Use surgical technique, including surgical gloves/gowns with long sleeves, masks, and a large drape over the patient when inserting central catheters. 3. Chlorhexidine gluconate- preferred disinfecting solution for the insertion site 4. Infusion sets and stopcock caps should be changed every 3 days 5. Infusion sets and tubing for blood, blood products, or lipid emulsions should be changed within 24 hours of initiating the infusion. 6. Blood infusions should finish within 4 hours of hanging the blood; lipid solutions should be completed within 24 hours of hanging. 7. Injection ports should be cleaned with 70% alcohol or iodophor before accessing the system.