Fundamentals of Microbiology Lecture 1 PDF

FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY: WHAT IS MICROBIOLOGY AND WHY DOES IT MATTER? Dr. Martina Mikail, PharmD Adjunct Professor Marshall B. Ketchum Email: [email protected]  OBJECTIVES Discuss the Discuss the Discuss the Discuss the histor...

FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY: WHAT IS MICROBIOLOGY AND WHY DOES IT MATTER? Dr. Martina Mikail, PharmD Adjunct Professor Marshall B. Ketchum Email: [email protected]  OBJECTIVES Discuss the Discuss the Discuss the Discuss the historical significance of relevance of importance of background of studying microbiology Microbiology Microbiology Microbiology in healthcare in regards to infectious disease Discuss the Discuss the Discuss the epidemiology significance of Discuss host pathogenesis of of studying defense Microbiology microbiology Microbiology  WHAT IS MICROBIOLOGY? Microbiology: the study of microscopic living organisms that are too small to be seen without magnification. Cellular Non-Cellular Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoa Helminths Archaea Helminths  THE IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY Microbiology is essential in Microbiology impacts medicine and healthcare, as our everyday life. it helps in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases. Microorganisms are Understanding microbial the primary forces genetics and metabolism that shape the has led to advancements in structure and genetic engineering and composition of soil, synthetic biology. water, and the environment.  THE RELEVANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY TO HEALTHCARE Normal Flora: “Commensal Microbes” Describes the diverse community of bacteria that live on different body surfaces and cavities normally without producing illness. There are some areas in the body that are considered sterile. These include blood, CSF, bladder, central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), synovial fluid, and the lower respiratory tract.  THE RELEVANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY TO HEALTHCARE Diagnosing Infectious Emerging Diseases: Diseases: Microbiologists monitor Microbiology is crucial and research developing in the identification and infectious illnesses, characterization of enabling quick infectious agents, which responses and enables accurate containment strategies. diagnosis and effective treatment. Antibiotic Development: Microbiology research is Microbial Resistance: essential for developing Studying microbial new antibiotics to resistance mechanisms combat drug-resistant helps devise strategies pathogens and to prevent and manage improving existing antibiotic resistance. treatments  THE RELEVANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY TO HEALTHCARE Infection Control: Vaccines: Microbiologists Understanding microbial Hospital Acquired Infections: help to develop vaccines behavior helps healthcare (nosocomial infection) an that reduce the spread of professionals implement infection that develops during infectious illnesses and effective infection control the course of medical care or boost herd immunity. measures and reduce hospital- treatment in a healthcare acquired infections setting. Immunology: Microbiology Public Health Surveillance: contributes to our Microbiology is critical for understanding of the immune tracking disease outbreaks, system, allowing us to design facilitating early detection, and immunotherapies and guiding public health treatments for immunological- interventions. related illnesses.  INFECTIOUS DISEASE Most microorganisms that are associated with humans are either beneficial or harmless. A small fraction of microbes are involved in infections, and an even smaller fraction cause disease in humans. Virulence: a Pathogens: a Pathogenicity: the pathogen’s ability microorganism potential of a to overcome the that cause an pathogen to cause body’s defenses infection disease and establish itself.  INFECTIOUS DISEASE What is an infection: the invasion of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present in the body. Requirements for an infection: Entry into host (getting in) Establishment in host (staying in) Defeat/avoiding host defenses Damage to host Exit and transmission to the next host.  MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASE In some instances, when Some pathogens are always there is increase host Accidental pathogens can associated with disease and susceptibility a pathogen can cause disease but are are known as primary or become an opportunistic actually not usually found obligate pathogens. pathogen. For example: near people. Example: Candida albicans can cause Clotridium tetani. thrush and vaginal yeast infections. (C. albicans usually found in mouth/throat, GI tract, genital region, skin, & nails.  INFECTIOUS DISEASE Most pathogens can be looked at from the following three perspectives: HOST EPIDEMIOLOGY PATHOGENESIS DEFENSE  EPIDEMIOLOGY Epidemiology: the study of factors influencing the occurrence and spread of diseases. Pathogens must accomplish five steps to cause disease: 1.Entry 2. Establishment 3. Defeat the 4. Damage the 5. Be (Get In) (Stay In) host defense host transmissible  EPIDEMIOLOGY Pathogens are classified through: Transmission Mechanisms Geographic Distribution Air Restricted to certain Food or Water geographic areas Insect Vectors Found worldwide Person to Person contact Outbreaks are caused by a variety of factors including: Poor socioeconomic conditions. Poor Hygiene Natural Disasters Ignorance of the cause of infection  PATHOGENESIS 1. Virulence factors are required for a pathogen to: Persist in a host Cause disease Escape that host defenses and continue causing infection 2. Viral cells produce a massive number of viral particles causing death to host cells Produce digestive enzymes Produce toxins 3. Viral cells produce a massive number of viral particles causing death to host cells  PATHOGENESIS Infection-related damage may result from the host defense overcompensating. respiratory inflammation- infection-coughing redness, fever, pain, and swelling digestive infection-diarrhea Overcompensation of the host defenses can damage the host if too severe.  Infection: HOST DEFENSE Infection is caused by the pathogen versus failure of the host host defense. defense. Two basic types of host defense: Innate immune response: Adaptive Immune Response: First line of defense Involves immune system Involves chemical and memory mechanical factors Specific response Nonspecific response  TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS Antibiotics, DISEASE disinfections, and antiseptics are therapeutic tools to treat and protect us from infections. Antibiotics have to be selective because they can in turn cause adverse reactions and have the potential to Treatments are harm a patient. easier for bacterial infections. Viral infections are difficult to treat because they are intracellular parasites.  TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE The best treatments for disease prevention are public health measures and immunization. Public health measures include: Disinfection of Increased care in Insect and pest Proper care in Proper hygiene water supplies. preparation of control. waste removal and sanitation. food supplies. and treatment.  SUMMARY Microbiology is essential in medicine Infection-related and healthcare, as it damage may result Microbiology is relevant helps in the diagnosis, from the host defense to our everyday lives. treatment, and overcompensating prevention of infectious diseases Microbiology is crucial Antibiotics have to be in the identification selective because they and characterization of can in turn cause Treatments are easier infectious agents, adverse reactions and for bacterial infections. which enables accurate have the potential to diagnosis and effective harm a patient. treatment. QUESTIONS?