Infancy and Toddler Development PDF

INFANTS AND TODDLERS Padma A. Rahman Lecturer in Occupational Therapy  Previous lectures we had RECAP covered: Prenatal development PRESENTATION OUTLINES Physical growth Motor development Sensory development Cognitive development Psych...

INFANTS AND TODDLERS Padma A. Rahman Lecturer in Occupational Therapy  Previous lectures we had RECAP covered: Prenatal development PRESENTATION OUTLINES Physical growth Motor development Sensory development Cognitive development Psychosocial development LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this lecture, you should be able to: 1) Explain physical growth, motor, cognitive and psychosocial development. 2) Explain theories related to these development 3) Identify contributing factors that might influence these development. PHYSICAL GROWTH Newborn weight -doubles by 4 Triples by 12 (average 7.5 months months lbs) 20 inches at 32-36 inches by Length birth age 2 Body proportions THE BRAIN https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0fiu2S0_3M Size increase (25% to 75%) Growth of connectors Loss of connectors Myelination Variation in maturation MOTOR DEVELOPMENT Newborn reflexes Automatic responses stimuli Include sucking, rooting, palmar grasp MOTOR DEVELOPMENT i) Gross Motor Skills Large Movements ii) Fine Motor Skills Precise movements of hand and fingers Eye hand coordination Manipulating small objects Take longer to acquire MOTOR DEVELOPMENT MOTOR DEVELOPMENT SENSORY DEVELOPMENT Vision –least Newborn Problems developed focus 8-16 scanning/ sense at birth inches away tracking Binocular Hearing most Color vision vision at 14 developed poor weeks sense at birth NUTRITION: IDEAL DIET Breast milk Pros of breastfeeding 1) Providing immunity 2) Decreasing the risk of infection in the newborn child When to avoid breastfeeding? MALNUTRITION Please answer in UFuture : The implications of malnutrion among infancy and toddlers on their development. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Language and Thought SENSORIMOTOR INTELLIGENCE Jean Piaget Stage One Birth to 1 month Reflective actions Few schema Stage two 1-4 months 1st adaptations to the environment More schema SENSORIMOTOR INTELLIGENCE Jean Piaget Stage Three 4 – 8 months Repeating actions Starts to realize that he or she can have impact on the world Stage Four 8 to 12 months New adaptations and anticipation Look forward to upcoming events Object permanence achieved SENSORIMOTOR INTELLIGENCE Jean Piaget Stage Five 12 to 18 months Experimentation of little scientist Discovering features such as gravity, simple cause and effect Trial and error learning Stage Six 18 – 24 months Mental combinations Child begins to think in order to solve problems Less reliance on trial and error learning Deferred imitation LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Newborn communication No language, but effective communication Use cries Facial expressions Body postures LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 2 – 5 months Cooing begins Squealing Laughing Taking turns in communication Deaf babies also vocalize Pointing and gesturing at 5 months LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 6 months Babbling Make the sound required for any language Gradually, will only continue making sounds that are part of one’s own language (at 1 year) Deaf babies babble with rudiments of signs in used. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 10 months Understanding comes before speaking LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 12-13 months First spoken words Holophrasic speech Underextension Overextension Vocabulary of about 50 words Deaf babies vocalizations disappear by age 2 LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 18-24 months Vocabulary growth spurt at 18 months Two word sentences at 21 months 3-5 word telegraphic (or ‘text message’) speech at 24 months THEORIES OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Infants teach themselves (Chomsky’s L.A.D) – but must be in person Infants are taught (Skinner) Infants learn in order to communicate (Social- pragmatics) For all 3 reasons PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Early Social Relationships and Emotions PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT EMOTIONS Attraction and withdrawal Social smiling (2 months) Laughter (3-5 months) Fear, sadness, anger (6-8 months) Jealousy (6 months) Stranger wariness, separation anxiety PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT EMOTIONS Self awareness (15 months) The rouge test Guilt Shame Embarassment PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT EARLY RELATIONSHIPS Attachment styles 1) Secure attachment Child receives care, concern and affection Leads to a sense of trust and curiosity Signaled by separation anxiety and stranger wariness PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT EARLY RELATIONSHIPS 2) Insecure- Resistant Needs not consistently met Insecurity and fear of being alone Fussy, clingy, hard to satisfy PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT EARLY RELATIONSHIPS 3) Insecure- Avoidant No attachment; needs not met Child does not seek comfort from caregiver Child is neither curious nor clingy PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT EARLY RELATIONSHIPS Disorganized Neither plays nor responds Actions of mother Cry. Freeze, hit, retreat, etc PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ATTACHMENT STYLES Also vary by culture: Germany: Insecure-avoidant Japan: insecure-resistant PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Temperament Inborn behavioural tendencies A way of relating to people, places and things Not due to parenting Shaped into personality PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Eric Erikson Trust Vs Mistrust Problems in developing trust Parents who don’t show affection toward child Tension, irritability in the household (Stress and Neurological Development) PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Eric Erikson Requirements for developing trust Regular, adequate care Sufficient sucking Cuddling and physical contact Overall message that they are loved PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Eric Erikson Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt Found in 1-2 year old children Toddlers want independence or autonomy Should be allowed to be independent within safe limits Pride requires self-evaluation THANK YOU