NACC Question Bank II ANSWERS PDF

Infants a few days old may prefer familiar a. faces. b. smells. c. voices. d. all of these answers 2. Parents' and caregivers' attitudes and expectations about infants' awareness and sensory abilities may be predictive of a. height and weight. b. future musical abilities. c. deve...

Infants a few days old may prefer familiar a. faces. b. smells. c. voices. d. all of these answers 2. Parents' and caregivers' attitudes and expectations about infants' awareness and sensory abilities may be predictive of a. height and weight. b. future musical abilities. c. developmental growth. d. speech growth. 3. One of the best predictors of infant development is his mother's or caregiver's a. ability to be playful. b. ideas concerning the baby's awareness and competence. c. ability to be verbal during caretaking interactions. d. ability to feed, bathe, and mimic baby noisemaking. 4. The critical time to diagnose and treat hearing impairment so that the child's speech develops normally is at a. one month of age. b. six months of age. c. eight months of age. d. eleven months of age. 5. A mother's special speech to her baby, sometimes referred to as "parentese," may a. limit infant speech growth. b. help the infant become aware and hold his attention. c. produce a musically talented toddler. d. promote infant behaviors that are unsociable. 6. Infants react to the speech sounds they hear and a. learn to speak by remembering words. b. build a vocabulary of 20 to 25 sounds. c. decode and divide them into abstract categories. d. watch how the people around them form their vowel sounds. 7. Musical activities are offered to infants because a. they enhance children's thinking abilities. b. they are enjoyable. c. they lay the foundation for later musical activities. d. all of these answers 8. The reading of picture books to children younger than one year of age a. may create intelligent preschoolers. b. is probably of limited benefit. c. may create positive or negative attitudes about book reading. d. increases most infants alertness. 9. New technology used to study infant's brain function and developing language ability suggests that a. infants are smarter and display more emotions than previously believed. b. the ability of many American infants has declined. c. much of what was suspected about language growth has been disproven. d. fine distinctions between speech sounds is rarely recognized by babies during the first months of life. 10. Highly repetitive and simplified "parentese" is a. typical in all cultures. b. not recommended in the text. c. inappropriate in some cultures. d. appropriate, but most mothers need training to do it. 11. The best distance between a care giver and an infant during face-to-face imitation games is a. closer than 4 inches. b. between 4 and 6 inches. c. between 8 and 12 inches. d. more than 2 feet. 12. Books that infants and young toddlers seem to prefer and that are recommended in the text include a. oversized books. b. books with large print. c. colorful touch-and-feel books. d. those without contrasting backgrounds. 13. An infant's early ability to recognize subtle differences among sounds in all world languages a. disappears with age. b. confirms most theories of child language development. c. increases with age. d. remains constant if good child care is provided. 14. Providing infants with soft, safe writing tools a. is necessary for early drawing experience and increases intelligence. b. speeds motor development. c. is thought not to be developmentally appropriate. d. will require adult supervision. 15. Identify the mother who would best promote her infant's language growth. a. one who talked baby talk and listened b. one who was animated, expressive, and liked to sing c. one who was confident in her infant's abilities, watchful, warm, and responsive d. one who spent lots of time with her infant and provided many educational toys 16. The number of brain synapses is believed to peak at a. 6 months. b. 12 months. c. 18 months. d. 24 to 36 months. 17. Every time an infant communicates successfully by using a nonverbal baby sign, it is believed that this a. makes subsequent efforts easier. b. weakens brain connections. c. impedes his efforts to speak. d. displays superior intelligence. 18. Neurolinguistics is best defined as a. the study of language complexity. b. a branch of speech theory. c. the study of linguistics and brain structure and function. d. the study of language acquisition. 19. Infant care staff members are trained to a. treat all infants alike. b. make sure their tone of voice is high-pitched. c. overlook nonverbal communication and focus on verbalizations. d. read infants' individual characteristics. 20. A good technique for reading to infants is to a. make sure the child cannot grab the book and damage it. b. read on even if the child seems disinterested. c. use gestures or make animals sounds when appropriate. d. encourage the child to listen quietly without interruption. 21. "Parentese" is often used to a. quiet an infant or gain his attention. b. influence an infant's sense of well-being. c. communicate by using exaggerated voice inflections. d. all these answers. 22. By the last half of an infant's first year, he reaches the milestone of a. gaze coupling. b. tracing objects with his eyes. c. sharing attention given to objects with another person. d. turning toward voices or a sound. 23. Listening to music in infancy improves children's communication ability. This statement is a. supported by scientific evidence. b. not supported by scientific evidence. c. partially true. d. discounted by most professional educators. 24. Some research studies indicate that infants a. may remember and give greater attention to rhymes or stories read to them before their birth. b. may not remember or react to literature read to them before their birth. c. as adults select English majors in college because they were read to before their birth. d. may be more intelligent if they were read to before their birth. 25. A newborn's auditory system a. regresses shortly after birth. b. may have developed so well that an unborn child can hear his mother's voice. c. is better developed than his sight system. d. is rarely affected prenatally by a mother's health. 26. An infant at 3 to 6 months of age can be expected to a. turn to look at the family's pet dog barking. b. make vocal sounds including consonant-like babbles. c. react to changes in a primary caregiver's tone of voice. d. all the above. 27. Probably the most critical area of an infant's life that affects language growth is a. intellectual experiences. b. certified and degreed caregivers. c. an environment full of sensory experience and developmentally appropriate activities. d. emotional relationships and attachment. 28. Families can create a loving and emotionally supportive environment for children by a. providing good nutrition. b. maintaining a safe environment for exploration. c. participating in active play and positive attention. d. all of the above 29. If you noticed an infant wanted a ball but couldn't reach it and you were interested in developing a sign for ball, you would a. form a ball-like hand sign, say ball, and give it to him. b. watch to see if he could reach or give him a toy rake to use. c. wait until he made a sign before giving the ball. d. ask his parents if he has a sign for ball. 30. Toddler group times are a. short. b. full of active child participation. c. planned to promote child speech. d. all of these answers 31. Considering story books with electronic features, educators believe that a. they may be more educative than human read-alouds. b. they are not worth the money. c. they attract but do not hold toddlers' attention for long. d. reading with a responsive adult is best. 32. When using a block as a baby bottle, the toddler is engaging in a. cooperative play. b. symbolic play. c. sensory play. d. elaborative play. 33. Parents who believe reading is a source of enjoyment usually have children who a. have positive attitudes about reading. b. avoid books when play is available. c. collect books and handle them gently. d. use books for informational purposes. 34. Prudent advice to parents about book sharing with a toddler is to a. concentrate on the book's content. b. pass on the information in the book. c. emphasize important words. d. relax and enjoy. 35. One can expect toddlers to use crayons a. without attempting to chew them. b. with a scrubbing motion. c. and make scribbles and enclosed shapes. d. and make recognizable forms. 36. Phonology is connected to a. intellectual learning. b. using words as symbols. c. the sounds of speech. d. the meanings of words. 37. The smallest unit of speech that distinguishes one utterance from another is called a a. morpheme. b. symbol. c. syntax unit. d. phoneme. 38. A toddler who says "peas" for please a. lacks the ability to say "please" but may hear it as "please." b. has an inability to hear precisely or is lazy. c. should feel warmly toward adults who say "peas" for please. d. none of these answers 39. Toddlers learning the grammar of their native language a. use correct forms of words and later use incorrect ones. b. understand general rules before exceptions. c. learn how sounds are organized to communicate meaning. d. all of these answers 40. Syntax involves a. the sounds of symbols. b. rules and word order. c. prefixes and suffixes. d. phonemes and morphemes. 41. When a child says, "It falled down," it is a a. pronunciation error. b. syntactic error. c. symbolic error. d. overregulation error. 42. A toddler who calls a melon a ball is displaying a. knowledge of balls. b. illogical thinking. c. faulty thinking. d. a sense of humor. 43. Which of the following is a useful pivot word? a. car b. kitty c. where d. cookie 44. If you were planning a toddler story time with a group of 12 toddlers, a. invite their mothers. b. choose three to four good books. c. plan for 20 to 30 minutes. d. place chairs in a circle. 45. The toddler who uses the word no in speech is a. displaying a negative attitude. b. wants to be cooperative. c. may be testing to see if there is a choice. d. needs firm handling. 46. Pragmatics involve a. toddlers' learning to ask questions. b. toddlers' use of social speech conventions. c. toddlers' use of logic and language. d. toddlers' tendency to be polite. 47. Each human language has a. common sounds or gestures very similar to another language. b. flexible rules rather than fixed ones. c. grammar and spelling similar to English. d. blended sounds that create meaning. 48. Examples of pragmatic skills include a. learning that it is not appropriate to talk in certain situations. b. knowing you are expected to answer when you are asked a question. c. taking turns talking during a conversation. d. all of the above 49. Adults probably have a. just as much inner speech as children. b. learned to inhibit self talk. c. sometimes used inner speech for problem solving. d. all the above. 50. Most toddlers can understand nonverbal signs used in the past with familiar adults. A good example of one is a. a smile when a toddler exhibits poor behavior. b. a fist raised in the air. c. stretched straight forward arm with an opened hand palm out and fanned fingers facing 51. A stretched straight forward arm with an opened hand palm out and fanned fingers facing a. to gain the attention of a listener. b. to use correct grammar from the beginning. c. become a clear articulated speaker. d. none of the above 52. Characteristic toddler speech includes a. whispering. b. stuttering. c. telegraphic speech. d. anti-social speech. 53. It is best to say the following to a toddler when you want him to go to the snack table a. "Are you hungry?" b. "Do you want to see me eat an apple slice?" c. "It is time to finish and have a snack. It's snack time." d. "Follow me to the snack table." 54. Self-talk may help children a. sequence actions. b. control behavior. c. be flexible in their thinking. d. all of these answers 55. At three years of age, most children can a. monologue and dialogue. b. display an advanced, productive vocabulary of 2,400 words. c. repeat a sentence of six words or more d. none of these answers 56. Use of the word aminal displays a. faulty hearing. b. poor enunciation. c. omitting sounds. d. substituting sounds. 57. A child who pronounces words correctly 95 percent of the time is probably a. an articulate two-year-old. b. a slow-developing three-year-old. c. a typical four-year-old. d. a grammar school child. 58. A child just beginning to use forms of the verb to be is probably a a. two-year-old. b. three-year-old. c. four-year-old. d. none of these answers 59. A child using the word pee pee a. is bound to get into trouble. b. is teasing. c. may be using the only word he knows for the function. d. is using a forbidden word. 60. A preschooler with a vocabulary of about 4,000 words would be considered a. a slow developer. b. advanced. c. very advanced. d. moderately delayed. 61. While watching a clown fall down, which statement by a young preschooler would be most typical? a. "Did he hurt himself?" b. "He dead?" c. "He fell down." d. "What a joke." 62. The wind blows the door shut, and the children insist another teacher or a mother closed the door. This is an example of children a. making an inference. b. being humorous. c. being creative. d. who have a tendency to guess when they do not know. 63. Most preschoolers can produce a. all the vowel sounds. b. all the sounds in their native language. c. all consonants. d. none of these answers 64. A lot of young preschoolers' comments describe a. sophisticated features of objects. b. details and cause-and-effect environmental relationships. c. what they have done and what they are doing. d. what others are doing wrong. 65. Preschoolers use self talk to a. influence others b. keep some of their ideas a secret c. direct their actions. d. communicate new ideas to others. 66. When preschoolers first begin to imitate the actions of others, their play will probably involve a. the behavior of cartoon characters b. their peer's actions c. things seen at home d. things seen at their play center 67. Being presented with an unknown kiwi fruit and told to eat it, a preschooler refuses saying, "No, it's ugly" because he is probably a. making a judgment based upon superficial properties. b. testing if he has to eat it. c. being negative and contrary. d. an adventurous child. 68. Asked to put a wide range of objects in categories, a child puts those of the same color together. He is sorting a. by function. b. by a visual attribute. c. in an intellectually immature manner. d. none of the above 69. A good way to promote the learning of new skills is to a. present many of them at the same time. b. have interesting room furnishings and play things. c. make sure the child has a degree of success. d. praise him lavishly. 70. Creative speech for preschoolers evident in group play may include a. role-playing. b. imitating a cartoon character. c. making up a silly saying and repeating it. d. all of the above. 71. A consonant can be described as a. both a speech sound and a characteristic of some alphabet letters. b. the alphabet letter U. c. something that happens frequently. d. none of the above. 72. Most preschoolers' logic as expressed in their verbal statements is a. immature but develops in kindergarten. b. faulty. c. logical considering their past experience. d. all of the above. 73. If all of a sudden a child who hears well doesn't anymore, suspect a. earwigs. b. a cold or infection. c. he is choosing to fool you. d. boredom. 74. Preschool playmate friendships become a. more volatile with age. b. more fixed and stable with age. c. more important with age. d. less important with age. 75. One thing to expect in the make-believe play of older preschoolers is a. it causes hurt feelings. b. no one wants to be the dog. c. it displays more speech complexity and depth. d. they will want the teacher to join in. 76. The best thing about using impact words a preschooler may find is a. you can insult others. b. it can cause an uproar or gain attention. c. it makes a child feel like a mom or dad. d. it always gets laughs. 77. A learning disability in language arts refers to significant difficulties in a. listening. b. speaking. c. reading or writing. d. all of these answers. 78. Instruction in English in the U.S. public school system always begins a. during preschool attendance. b. in first grade. c. at some point during elementary school. d. none of these answers 79. Early childhood educators rarely correct a young child's language errors because they a. fear it will stop the child from speaking. b. are more concerned with meaning and intent. c. are poorly trained. d. are aware they will sound like they are focused on corrections. 80. Having a child become bilingual may a. improve the child's self esteem. b. stress family members who don't speak English. c. weaken family relationships. d. all the above. 81. Undetected hearing loss during preschool often results in a. language delay. b. diminished school achievement. c. socialization difficulties in young children. d. all of these answers 82. Identification of hearing loss and subsequent help can significantly improve language and cognitive development if it takes place before a. three months of age. b. six months of age. c. twelve months of age. d. all of the above. 83. Speech that is spoken rapidly and seems incomplete or jerky, slurred, spoken in bursts, and difficult to understand may be defined as a. accented speech. b. intoned speech. c. receptive speech. d. cluttered speech. 84. Considering the long-term use of early childhood stuttering, children in the majority of cases a. will continue stuttering into adulthood. b. will improve, for it is temporary. c. require immediate intervention to improve. d. recover by age two. 85. Otitis media may affect an infant's ability to a. make social connections. b. make appropriate gestures. c. babble. d. explore the environment. 86. Many children who are enrolled in special speech and language treatment programs in lower elementary school a. have a history of middle ear infections. b. come from middle-class neighborhoods. c. did not attend preschools. d. have parents who cannot read. 87. Children at risk for reading difficulties include a. poor children. b. preschoolers with expressive language delay. c. preschoolers with receptive language delay. d. all of these answers. 88. Federal legislation mandates that school district educators working with students with special needs must a. allow private tutoring. b. develop an Individualized Education Plan. c. urge parents to work as volunteers. d. provide developmentally appropriate materials. 89. Useful strategies for assisting children with disabilities and special needs include a. gesturing and/or signing to help communication. b. researching appropriate media and equipment for use in the classroom. c. creating visual aids, such as posters and pictures, to supplement instruction. d. all of the above 90. Black English is a. systematic. b. rule-governed. c. often stereotyped. d. all of these answers. 91. The preschool program type that best suits the needs of other-than-English-speaking children a. is clearly researched. b. has been professionally identified. c. is a politicized issue. d. has been identified by the U.S. Department of Education. 92. A truly bilingual child speaks a. two languages like a native. b. two languages with some degree of proficiency. c. two languages---one well and one without skill. d. two languages---one well and one with only a few words. 93. The "multiple literacies" that young children who live in cultures different from the American mainstream culture experience can a. be corrected at school if teachers are supplied with the right teaching aids. b. cause kindergarten teachers problems. c. cause kindergarten teachers problems. d. prove to be advantageous and promote literacy skill development 94. A feature of African-American English speakers is a. extreme reduction of final consonants. b. adding extra vowel sounds to words. c. emphasis placed on the letter "r" sound. d. moving sentence subject to end of a sentence. 95. If you were searching for preschoolers with outstanding linguistic ability, you would watch for. a. those with excellent auditory memory. b. those who answer quickly. c. those who learn signs and symbols in their native language early. d. both a. and c. 96. The educator should be aware that a. some families expect child silence after adults talk. b. some children listen to learn rather than ask questions. c. it isn't appropriate to single out children in some cultures. d. all the above. 97. The following is true a. Children's intent in speaking is more important than correctness. b. Embarrassing a child is a good learning technique because child emotion is involved. c. When learning English children think in English. d. none of the above. 98. Newer research suggests a. learning most world languages is not easy. b. bilinguals may gain an aptitude to learn a third language. c. bilingual children are confused and set back at least a year in language and academic development. d. all children should be bilingual. 99. Most educators estimate that learning a second language will take children a. at least 3 years to learn it. b. until adolescence to learn it. c. 2 to 6 years to become competent users of English. d. less time if they are forced to speak only English. 100. English language preschool learners need a. lots of pretend play opportunities. b. teachers who extend and promote the length of pretend play periods. c. to hear read-alouds that lead naturally to pretend play. d. all the above. 101. There is no a. wrong way to develop programs for English language learners. b. comprehensive research that identifies the best program for second language learners. c. educator consensus concerning the best program for English language learners. d. none of the above. 102. A topic web used for developing a theme is a. a visual outline concerning a specific topic. b. a pictorial method identifying possibilities. c. a helpful road map for some teachers. d. all of these answers 103. The theme approach to instruction a. usually involves step-by-step learning. b. usually involves a classroom transformation c. usually involves a good deal of teacher-directed learning. d. none of these answers. 104. Language arts are a. best instructed during a language arts planned time of day. b. ignored during science and number-related lessons. c. best learned in discussion groups. d. none of these answers. 105. It is \_\_\_\_ that an activity plan is necessary for every planned language arts activity that a teacher undertakes. a. true b. false c. true for all language arts activities d. none of these answers 106\. Mother Goose stories are a. Mother Goose stories are b. undisputed cultural classics. c. inappropriate for preschoolers because of their violent content. d. sexist, stereotypical, and irrelevant for today's children. 107\. Literacy materials in preschool classrooms should a. be available in quantities reflecting one for each enrolled child. b. promote democratic ideals. c. celebrate cultural diversity. d. both promote democratic ideals and celebrate cultural diversity. 108\. In some preschool teacher-planned language arts activities, teachers will a. have to practice literary material beforehand. b. have to separate advanced children from average children. c. need to ignore the interests of the group and stick to the plan. d. all of these answers. 109. A planned reinforcement application or follow-up activity a. usually strengthens what was learned previously. b. can be a variation of the original activity. c. can attempt another way for children to discover the same learning. d. all of these answers. 110. Literacy skills are a. separate entities. b. nationally standardized. c. interrelated. d. all of these answers. 111\. Whether a program's identified goals for language arts instruction are reached depends on a. staff commitment. b. staff enthusiasm. c. staff ingenuity and resourcefulness. d. all of these answers. 112\. Early childhood programs affected by the No Child Left Behind Act a. are accountable for providing data that show children's progress. b. are exempt from assessing young children. c. are required to use standardized assessment tests. d. have ignored testing requirements. 113\. According to the National Early Literacy Panel, a strong predictor of a young child's later literacy and success in learning to read include a child's a. ability to write her name. b. alphabet knowledge. c. phonological awareness. d. all of these answers. 114\. The periodic assessment of preschool children's abilities is a. acceptable to early childhood educators. b. required in all preschools. c. standard practice. d. controversial. 115\. When some early childhood centers plan their language arts program goals and the activities that will help children attain these goals, they will consult a. parents for input. b. state standards. c. well-recognized standards and goal statements. d. all of these answers. 116\. A child's literacy portfolio does not usually include a. photographs of the child's work. b. any literacy accomplishments. c. standardized test results. d. items in chronological order. 117\. The No Child Left Behind Act (2002) has led to a. a large jump in test scores in reading ability. b. testing, observation and documentation activities in publicly supported early childhood centers. c. preschools are giving more attention to physical skills. d. less teacher training. 118\. Standards used in preschools are designed to a. clarify what exactly what will be taught. b. increase children's achievement and prepare preschoolers for kindergarten. c. ensure accountability for public money spent. d. all the above 119\. Critics of standards for early childhood centers mention a. a curricula's only aim is to help children past tests. b. standards tend to increase teacher flexibility. c. they effect teacher pay and increase union membership. d. none of the above 120\. Ideally, family involvement in program planning activities should a. be limited to teacher explanations of the curriculum. b. include family wishes and input. c. include volunteering and monetary support. d. only clarify what teachers expect from families. 121\. A major goal when considering social and cultural language goals is a. that children tolerate other children b. children play only with children they like. c. that children see the value of language and literacy in their lives. d. that children ignore put downs. 122\. Theme instruction is a. superior to other types of instruction. b. superior to other types of instruction. c. is selected frequently because it is an integrated approach. d. growing out of favor because it requires large efforts in bringing new items to class. 123\. Teachers are finding a. multiple ways of documenting child growth when theme instruction is used. b. documentation in theme instruction leads to insights into children's thinking. c. that photo and video technology can document child growth in most instructional approaches. d. all of the above 124\. Repetition is thought to be an effective and successful learning tool a. after a child learning experience. b. when new material is reviewed using specifically timed intervals. c. when new material is reviewed using specifically timed intervals. d. when review takes the form of a test 125.To interrupt a child in deep concentration a. is not recommended. b. is a useful learning strategy because he is interested. c. to add words connected to his focus is beneficial. d. speeds his learning. 126\. Theme instruction may a. engage children in sensory activities. b. focus on integrating language with speech, writing, listening, and reading. c. equire teacher planning and preparation to gather materials and set up the classroom. d. all of the above 127.Scaffolding, a teacher technique, is a teacher skill that requires a thoughtful teacher decision about a. whether to sound out alphabet letters. b. telling a child about a classroom rule. c. whether or not to give the correct answer. d. he kind of comments that will suit a particular child. 128\. In conversing with preschoolers, the teacher's behaviors should promote the a. child's expression of his own conclusions. b. child's ownership of ideas c. collaboration among children. d. all of these answers. 129\. To handle a child's interruption of adults or other children during group discussions, the text suggests a. accepting the child's comment and discussing it then or later. b. reminding the child about raising his hand. c. some teachers accept this behavior as natural for preschoolers. d. all of these answers. 130\. Teachers who are playful interactors and fun-loving companions a. exhibit an enthusiasm for life and the company of children. b. have personalities that all teachers should have. c. find that children avoid them. d. find that children want answers, not actors. 131\. the three-step approach begin by a. creating motivation. b. focusing the child's attention. c. providing information. d. none of the above 132\. If a teacher is trying to promote language arts use and a child asks, "Can I paint now?" the teacher might respond a. "Come along. We will see if your name is on the waiting list." b. "You should put a paint apron on first, Aki." c. "Didn't I see you painting a few minutes ago?" d. "Looks like the paint easels are in use right now." 133\. A teacher trying to connect a green ice cream activity to children's past experiences might say a. "We're eating Irish ice cream, Lynetta. It's St. Patrick's Day!" b. "What colors of ice cream have you tasted, Renea?" c. "Has anyone tasted pink ice cream?" d. both "What colors of ice cream have you tasted, Renea?" and "Has anyone tasted pink ice cream?" 134\. When a child says "He gimme dat," the teacher should a. accept and respond. b. accept and correct quickly. c. accept by pointing out there is another way to say it. d. none of these answers. 135\. When a teacher notices that the children do not understand a new word he has used, he can a. say it louder and more clearly. b. define the word using terms children understand. c. write it on the chalkboard and discuss it with them. d. drop it from his vocabulary until the children can understand it. 136\. There are not enough chairs at a table for children who wish to sit down. A teacher wishing to introduce a number word might say a. "Oops, only four chairs and five children. I will send someone to tell you when there is room for you." b. "There are only four chairs, Mitchell; please add your name to the waiting list." c. "Please wait, Crista. Our four chairs are full right now. Mike is just leaving." d. all of these answers. 137\. A personal resource file is suggested in the text because a. it is hard to remember all of the interesting activity ideas one encounters. b. good activities can be presented over and over and will get you through your first year of teaching. c. there is a limited supply of appropriate language arts activities. d. none of these answers. 138\. A technique called "extension" a. utilized puppets and props when conversing with children. b. involves pausing in the middle of a sentence. c. builds on a child's statement through the teacher's addition of information and meaning. d. praises a child for not making speech errors. 139\. If teachers react to child statements with "yes," "good," "do tell," and similar responses, they reward the child's efforts a. and additional child conversation may follow. b. but adding new information relevant to the child's topic may be better. c. but longer conversations usually result when more pertinent teacher utterances occur. d. all of these answers. 140\. Asking a lot of questions that call for correctly recalled answers is a. recommended as a teacher interaction technique. b. helpful in identifying talented or gifted children. c. not recommended in the text. d. a technique used by language-promoting teachers. 141\. When it comes to listening to children, teachers should listen a. primarily to respond quickly. b. intimately and closely. c. for correctness. d. for feelings rather than content. 142\. Early educators avoid a. putting children "on the spot" for a reply. b. changing the conversation's topic when answering questions. c. talking about what children are doing while they are doing it. d. both putting children "on the spot" for a reply and changing the conversation's topic when answering questions. 143\. A lot of child learning of language occurs a. in social activities with others. b. in skill and drill classrooms. c. when imitation and memorizing happens. d. when teachers mean business. 144\. High quality early childhood centers a. have lots of financial support. b. are places where cognitively challenged conversations and group book experiences occur. c. are places where socially connected teachers use a wide vocabulary in child-teacher interactions. d. both b and c 145\. Teachers should a. connect learning to children's lives purposefully. b. help children make new intellectual connections. c. provide for few room distractions. d. both a and b 146\. As a teacher offering a learning opportunity you don't a. want to shake up a child's existing schema. b. want to hear an alternate perspective. c. want children to run to another teacher to check correctness. d. none of the above 147\. If preschoolers are arguing over the right way to say something grammatically a. let them work it out or ask you about it. b. step in and ask if they want your opinion. c. make a note to emphasize the grammatically correct form during a later activity. d. all the above 148\. Preschool teachers sometimes choose to a. emphasize and overuse words found in beginner readers. b. offer vocabulary words considerably above everyday vocabulary. c. increase children's vocabulary by using rich and specific words. d. all the above 149\. Which of the following typifies good listening skill? a. being able to hear everything in a room b. watching a speaker's face c. mimicking d. explaining cause and effect 150\. Teacher eye contact can a. encourage listening. b. discourage listening in most children. c. scare children. d. make children uncomfortable. 151\. Phillipe needs to stop pushing. One technique a teacher can use is to a. physically ignore him. b. say his name and state what is expected. c. say, "Please don't do it again." d. say, "Enough already." 152\. One way for a teacher to gauge whether a small group of children is listening to what is going on is to a. ring a bell. b. lower her voice. c. speak in a higher volume. d. pan the group with her eyes for signs. 153\. When working with a child with hearing loss, a teacher should a. gestures and visual clues to supplement his/her speech. b. keep a normal tone of voice and volume. c. have the child sit up front where it is easiest to see the instruction. d. all of the above. 154\. Activities mentioned in the text to promote phonemic awareness include a. reading nursery rhymes. b. discussing alliteration. c. making alphabet books. d. all of these answers. 155\. A teacher verbalization recommended for use during small group time is a. "Raise your hand if you have something to tell." b. "Each of us will have a turn." c. "If you don't want a turn to talk, say 'pass'." d. all of these answers. 156\. Among the recommended ways to provide a good setting for listening at group times is to a. have the other children go in the yard. b. choose an area away from distracting sounds. c. use screens, dividers, or bookcases between activity areas. d. both choose an area away from distracting sounds and use screens, dividers, or bookcases between activity areas. 157\. Celeste, a four-year-old, monopolizes group times and rambles on and on until the other children get restless. The text suggests a. telling Celeste to keep it short. b. using an egg timer. c. saying, "When your friends are restless, you need to stop." d. both telling Celeste to keep it short and using an egg timer. 158\. A part of a word such as -ame or -ay is called a. an inset. b. an onset. c. a rime. d. a rhyme. 159\. When it comes to children's phonemic awareness skill, a. the majority of children develop it without direct instruction. b. teachers prefer to teach it by direct instruction. c. it typically begins developing in five-year-olds. d. it develops before phonetic awareness. 160\. In listening centers, one usually finds a. headsets. b. that they are partitioned off from other room areas. c. commercially developed products. d. all of these answers. 161\. Television use in preschool classrooms is a. recommended. b. a good way to develop listening skills. c. a resource for practicing auditory discrimination. d. none of these answers. 162\. When it comes to the listening abilities of boys and girls, a. they have close to the same skill level. b. research has verified that girls are superior in creative listening. c. research has verified that boys are skilled in appreciative listening. d. none of these answers. 163\. The use of preschool listening games is a. not recommended. b. a method of instruction. c. recommended as long as the game contains a competitive feature. d. all of these answers. 164\. Some experts believe that phonological development progresses in stages; these are a. from simple, complex to complete. b. awareness of words, then word parts, then knowing syllables have sounds. c. hearing words, hearing sentences, and hearing meaning. d. recognizing words, recognizing syllables, and understanding phonemes. 165\. Phonemic awareness a. aids reading comprehension. b. helps children decode words. c. is an instructional goal that involves teaching sounds. d. all of these answers. 166\. Phonemic awareness instruction helps a. at-risk children only. b. normally developing readers only. c. preschool children who can segment phonemes but not those who cannot. d. none of these answers. 167\. The ability to blend phonemes a. is a skill necessary for kindergarten success. b. is not a skill that is necessary for reading success. c. helps children decode words. d. may confuse preschoolers who see no use for the skill. 168\. In a quality early childhood center listening a. is both passive and receptive. b. involves active thinking and interpretation. c. experiences for children are varied. d. all the above 169\. The highest grade level of information that a child understands when it is read to the child is the child's a. receptive listening level. b. listening comprehension level. c. reading comprehension level. d. purposeful listening level. 170\. The songs and music teachers offer in their classroom a. are full of appreciative listening features. b. develop an awareness of pitch. c. develop an awareness of intonation and rhythmic patterns. d. all the above 171\. The text recommends that some type of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ be used when group attention is needed. a. b. music c. sound d. signal or distinctive sound e. natural and clean voice 172\. Discriminating between sounds to determine their pitch, intensity and tempo in a teacher planned activity is planned to increase a child's a. ability to enjoy music. b. listening comprehension. c. pre-reading skill. d. auditory perception skill. 173\. Probably the best thing a teacher can do to give a child the idea that teacher is listening to what the child is saying is to a. get down to the child's eye level and look in his eyes. b. say "I'm listening." c. tell other children near to be quiet so you can hear Angelo. d. all the above 174\. Recordings for children can be useful tools in a classroom but require a. an evaluation of content by a teacher or administrator. b. multiple listeners using the same media at the same time. c. preliminary teacher supervision. d. an evaluation of content by a teacher or administrator and preliminary teacher supervision. 175\. Phonetic awareness a. boosts reading comprehension. b. helps children decode words. c. helps children attend to and manipulate speech sounds. d. all the above 176\. After book-reading times, discussions may a. promote vocabulary understanding. b. promote analysis of the story. c. promote analysis of word usage. d. all of these answers. 177\. Prestigious American children's picture book awards most often are connected to which of the following associations? a. PTA b. AMA c. ALA d. CTA 178\. Early childhood teachers find reading a picture book to a large preschool group means a. more behavior control statements will be necessary. b. more behavior control statements will be necessary. c. it will probably be harder to hold group attention. d. all of these answers. 179\. Asking a number of questions such as "What was the cat's name?" in a book-reading time discussion a. helps children learn to formulate ideas. b. is discouraged in the text. c. is more difficult than asking open-ended teacher questions. d. is recommended and promotes child verbalization. 180\. Big, oversized books are popular with preschool teachers because they a. have large, colorful illustrations. b. have large-sized print. c. are easy to see. d. all of these answers. 181\. A child who makes a big clay dog after hearing the picture book Clifford the Big Red Dog a. may be symbolizing the experience. b. is trying to cope with the experience. c. may be afraid of dogs and is working out his fear. d. is looking for attention. 182\. A picture book dealing with how plants change sunlight into food is a. fiction. b. nonfiction. c. predictable. d. a novelty book. 183\. Early American literature (1700s) for young children was a. artfully decorated. b. often full of moral and spiritual themes. c. mainly adventure stories full of violence. d. simple poems and songs. 184\. Picture books dealing with the reality of young children's lives were published in quantity in a. early America. b. during the Civil War period. c. from 1900 to 1935. d. from 1970 to 2000. 185\. Books with talking animals a. confuse children. b. may confuse children if they cannot identify with the animals' message. c. may confuse children if teachers do not point out that animals really cannot talk. d. none of these answers. 186\. The text recommends that teachers a. screen all books selected for school purchase. b. form a community committee to select a program's books. c. select books for children's special interests. d. both screen all books selected for school purchase and select books for children's special interests. 187\. In arranging a setting for reading a book to a group of children, one should a. plan for illustrations to be at children's eye level. b. avoid highly trafficked areas. c. think about lighting. d. all of these answers. 188\. When children want a picture book reread immediately after it has just been read, the teacher should a. be pleased and do it if possible. b. be pleased and say, "Another time OK?" c. worry about child capacity to sit through another reading. d. both be pleased and do it if possible and worry about child capacity to sit through another reading. 189\. Dramatizing a picture book a. requires props. b. may be aided by props and costumes. c. enhances children's ability to remember story details. d. both may be aided by props and costumes and enhances children's ability to remember story details. 190\. When children make their own books and illustrations, a. their diction should be edited. b. the activity is fun rather than educational. c. they learn to read the text. d. none of these answers. 191\. A collection of picture books that may help children with life problems, pain, and strong emotions is called a a. nonfiction book list. b. counseling collection. c. bibliotherapy collection. d. psychotherapy book list. 192\. To build child involvement and participation during a book-reading time, the teacher could invite children to a. speak a character's dialogue with her. b. clap word syllables. c. discuss illustrations a few times. d. all the above 193\. To increase use of the classroom book center, the teacher should a. plan for times when he will be there. b. assign children to times when they will play there. c. ask children to show him their favorite books. d. praise children who spend time there. 194\. Picture books once read to children can be turned into a. dramatization opportunities. b. flannel board sets. c. the basis for a theme instruction topic if great interest exists. d. all of these answers. 195\. If teachers are successful in making books attractive and rewarding to preschool children during read alouds, the children will probably a. always choose books over playtime. b. lose their focus at reading times. c. visit the classroom library. d. none of the above 196\. When a teacher says, "Charlette, you have a pet," at story time, he is probably trying to a. get her attention. b. relate the story to the children's lives. c. teach the word poodle. d. just be friendly. 197\. Children in preschool can learn about a. story beginnings and endings. b. when commas are used. c. about title pages in books. d. both story beginnings and endings and about title pages in books. 198\. In speaking about fiction and nonfiction books to preschoolers, it is prudent to describe them a. as fantasy. b. by saying one contains stories while the other usually does not. c. as informational. d. as make believe or true. 199\. Children from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ families are more dependent on school for their progress in literacy development. a. low -- income b. middle income bilingual c. higher income single parent d. multiple children 200\. During read-alouds children are exposed to a. discourse rules. b. forms of written language. c. both a and b d. none of the above 201\. Multicultural books offer children opportunities to a. respect differences. b. recognize similarities. c. value our shared humanity. d. all of the above 202\. Educators investigate whether the illustrations in a picture book a. connect to the cover. b. support the story. c. are esthetic. d. are numerous or limited. 203\. The genre of a book refers to a. its illustrations. b. its length. c. whether it is fiction or nonfiction. d. its category such as form or content. 204\. Rereading favorite stories is a a. task teachers perform with enthusiasm. b. growth producing activity for the teacher. c. technique that isn't recommended. d. lesson that makes preschool boring. 205\. Suggestions for techniques useful for storytelling include a. being at the child's level. b. maintaining eye contact. c. using a prop. d. all of these answers. 206\. One's opening phrase in storytelling should a. transport listeners from conversational speech to the other-world of story. b. alert children to sit quietly. c. cause children to want to clap. d. none of these answers. 207\. A fairy tale a. can be a folktale. b. can be about real-life problems. c. sometimes includes giants, nonhumans, and magical events. d. all of these answers. 208\. Beginning child storytellers a. have story sense and story grammar immediately. b. sequence story events in mature ways. c. often tell a series of unrelated events. d. display mature gesturing ability. 209\. Taking child dictation successfully involves being both a. a scribe and a facilitator. b. an editor and an encourager. c. one who suggests/corrects and a writer. d. a motivator and an editor. 210\. The act of pantomiming a. can introduce and enhance storytelling. b. does not suit the developmental level of young children. c. may frighten preschoolers. d. can add words to children's vocabulary. 211\. Because holding attention in storytelling may be more difficult than reading a picture book, teachers a. issue many more statements to change child behavior. b. include lots of child participation in the telling. c. become animated and dramatic at times. d. include lots of child participation in the telling and become animated and dramatic at times. 212\. When comparing the value of storytelling and reading books to young children, storytelling a. actually promotes more language development. b. actually promotes less language development. c. actually promotes more vocabulary development. d. promotes literacy also. 213\. Memorizing a story word for word a. takes effort but it is worth it. b. lets a teacher sound real instead of mechanical. c. was recommended as professional preparation. d. none of these answers. 214\. Most good stories end with a. children mesmerized. b. a quick, satisfying conclusion. c. the main character getting what she deserves. d. rising action and suspense. 215\. A teacher trying to promote story comprehension after a storytelling session would ask which of the following questions? a. "Could the story have a different ending?" b. "How did Rover catch the cat?" c. "What was the name of the cat?" d. "How many times did Rover bark at the door?" 216\. If children have numerous experiences hearing stories that make them laugh, they a. put humor in their own story creations. b. may realize words have power. c. use funny gestures in their own storytelling. d. all the above. 217\. One can dialogue a. with others. b. with one self. c. with inanimate objects. d. when there is a conversation going on. 218\. Preschoolers may get the idea while telling their own stories that they can a. tell lies about themselves. b. tell better stories than the teacher. c. alter or influence audience feelings. d. none of the above 219\. At every point in a teacher's telling of a story, she is aware of a. child feedback b. how long she is taking in minutes. c. what other adults may think of her. d. the intensity of her dramatics and diction. 220\. Parts of stories that create high interest in the child audience can a. be noted and discussed at staff meetings. b. satisfy the teacher. c. be drawn out to enhance their effect while telling. d. recorded and analyzed. 221\. Sources for stories are a. numerous. b. often found in the teller's life experiences. c. found in collections at libraries. d. all the above 222\. A good sensory and visual image is found in which of the following story lines a. Toad jumped in the water. b. Little fuzzy duck shook wet drops of water in a spray off his yellow feathers. c. The cool air felt cold on the green frog's bumpy skin so he leaped a giant leap and slid into the warm lily pond. d. either b or c 223\. Poetry often builds its unique rhythm a. through accented syllables. b. by combining words within words. c. by using commas and colons. d. none of these answers. 224\. Giving teapots life in poetry is an example of a. reality. b. personification. c. allusion. d. animalism. 225\. Poetry has a. form and order. b. often been put to music. c. often stimulated a child's imagination. d. all of these answers. 226\. Poetry types include a. free verse. b. nonfiction. c. limerick. d. both free verse and limerick. 227\. The main goal in introducing children to poetry is a. the literary value it holds. b. to promote pleasure and enjoyment with this language art. c. to build vocabulary. d. to teach the "Alphabet Song." 228\. A suspected benefit of a literary background that includes poetry experience is a. the child's academic learning is enhanced. b. the poetry experience promotes later math ability. c. its relationship to learning to read with ease. d. it increases oral vocabulary and IQ. 229\. A poem that does not rhyme is called a. free verse. b. narrative. c. a lyric. d. none of these answers. 230\. A poem's message or subject matter can a. be developmentally appropriate. b. be developmentally inappropriate. c. be both developmentally appropriate and developmentally inappropriate. d. none of these answers. 231\. A poet may use a device called \_\_\_\_ to attract child attention. a. double verb action. b. pictorial symmetry. c. onomatopoeia. d. none of these answers. 232\. Poetry can a. amuse and entertain or become boring. b. be considered playful but not really educational. c. destroy child self esteem. d. be considered as more appropriate for elementary school aged children rather than preschoolers. 233\. Poetry is considered to be a. aesthetically crude. b. more suited to and enjoyed by educated people. c. part of our literary heritage. d. part of our literary logic. 234\. Many chants are a. also poetry. b. not cultural literacy in action. c. used in ritual deportations. d. all of the above 235\. Poetry that does not rhyme is called a. open verse. b. free verse. c. melodic poetry. d. descriptive poetry. 236\. Mother Goose poems typically have a. at least twenty lines. b. strong rhythm and cadence. c. lots of extra words. d. none of the above 237\. "The clock said the words one, two, three" is an example of a. diction. b. cadence. c. implied analogy. d. personification. 238\. When teacher reads poetry she should a. emphasize rhyming line endings. b. read it with familiarity. c. ask children to remember it. d. read it from a wall chart. 239\. Latisha, age four, stops her grandma from entering an exit door next to an "enter" door. You suspect Latisha a. has a sight word vocabulary. b. is a bossy child. c. is afraid of doors. d. is way ahead in her oral language development. 240\. Alphabet letters and numerals both are a. representative symbols. b. graphic representatives for words. c. unique and invented by leading scientists. d. none of these answers. 241\. The speed and accuracy that individual children display in naming alphabet letters is called a. consistency. b. fluency. c. articulation. d. velocity. 242\. The ability to notice and use critical features of graphic symbols in a written language is called a. phonemic awareness. b. phonetic awareness. c. orthographic awareness. d. lexicon awareness. 243\. The alphabet principle involves an awareness that spoken language can be analyzed into a. sequences of syllables. b. phonemes. c. strings of separate words. d. all of these answers. 244\. Early literacy classrooms are described as a. literacy-rich. b. print rich. c. print-prolific. d. all of these answers. 245\. Skill-and-drill instruction in alphabet letter formation a. helps turn off some previously interested children. b. is enjoyable and appropriate. c. in preschool creates early reading ability. d. is recommended in the text. 246\. Considering physical growth, preschoolers' printing attempts can be described as a. controlled and uniform. b. accurate and time-consuming. c. facilitated by large-muscle development. d. writers of tiny print. 247\. Early readers probably come from families that a. read to children frequently. b. purposefully taught reading if the child was interested. c. provided pencil and paper to children. d. all of these answers. 248\. The early childhood educator who is remembered for designing many teaching aids to promote printing in preschoolers through the child's sense of touch was a. Watson. b. Spinoli. c. Ferreira. d. Montessori. 249\. Working with preschoolers in a developmentally appropriate fashion to promote language arts involves a lot of a. spontaneous and incidental teaching. b. commercially developed materials. c. sincere and physically sound teaching. d. group experiences with children learning letter shapes. 250\. The small arrows on most printing guides show adults and children a. how bold to make letters. b. the directions of formation strokes. c. how circles and lines intersect. d. none of these answers. 251\. When children do print alphabet letters, among the easiest to print are a. A and X b. O and L c. C and U d. S and M 252\. When a teacher writes an alphabet letter for a child, the letter should be a. about 1 inch high or larger. b. described as each individual stroke is made. c. sounded out. d. printed in ink. 253\. When left-handed children are using writing tools, teachers a. hand them things on the right side of their body. b. show them how to use their right hand. c. accept the child's hand preference. d. point out that it is easy to print right-handed. 254\. A rebus chart has a. numbers and letters. b. pictures and print. c. color and texture. d. prose and poetry. 255\. When children have lots of scribbling, painting, and drawing experience they a. become good readers. b. may make decisions that lead to discovery at times. c. may gain control of writing tools. d. b & c 256\. A proper writing grip a. should be taught in a quality preschool. b. is awkward for most preschoolers. c. is any grip a child chooses to use, some educators believe. d. will determine a child's printing ability. 257\. Understanding the functional uses of print is a. attaining some degree of print awareness. b. knowing about print's usefulness. c. an appropriate goal for preschoolers. d. all the above 258\. When teachers print words on a chart that children in a group are saying and want written down, children a. are learning about dictation. b. are learning about recording. c. are learning that words have meaning. d. all the above. 259\. When children arrive at kindergarten thinking they can write a. their messages are more important than their print script form. b. they are eager to do it correctly. c. they probably think they know more that they really do. d. both a and c 260\. Young children approach the act of writing a. as explorers. b. as future artists. c. as experts and masters. d. as seasoned visitors who know what they are doing. 261\. The most common occurrence of sight reading in preschoolers is a. reading charts. b. reading labels in the room. c. reading other's nametags. d. reading teacher's desk nameplate. 262\. The text does a. recommend that teachers ask children to be able to form and practice alphabet letter shapes. b. not recommended alphabet letter shape practice sessions. c. recommend group instruction of print script writing. d. none of the above 263\. When identifying children at-risk for reading delays, early childhood educators should be on the lookout for lags in a. expressive language. b. letter identification. c. verbal memories for stories. d. all of these answers 264\. Children who need additional help and support to aid their language development should a. receive it as early as possible. b. be identified as early as possible. c. have preschool teachers able to discern their needs. d. all of these answers. 265\. The language arts are a. thought to include six arts areas. b. interrelated and interdependent. c. separate, distinct areas of study. d. all of these answers. 266\. Formal reading instruction for preschoolers a. takes place in most preschools. b. puts preschoolers ahead of children schooled at home. c. now has U.S. government endorsement. d. none of these answers. 267\. Most early childhood educators are a. trained to teach reading to small groups of preschoolers. b. aware of the superiority of phonics instruction. c. equipped to teach reading to limited-English children. d. none of these answers. 268\. Children with many experiences with stories a. can accurately sound out words. b. tend to know stories have predictable segments and features. c. can read simple words such as was or am by late preschool years. d. realize words are separated in sentences and that sentences end in periods. 269\. The earlier reading instruction begins, the better. a. This is a true statement. b. Research backs this conclusion. c. Research does not back this conclusion. d. This is true only for gifted children. 270\. Sending or receiving written messages a. is not an appropriate activity for preschoolers. b. is confusing to young children. c. may aid preschoolers' knowledge of print use. d. is appropriate for preschoolers if all letters in words are capitalized. 271\. A preschool child can be designated a reader when he a. writes a word. b. sounds out a word and is almost correct. c. has both phonemic and phonological awareness. d. understands and/or acts appropriately when looking at a written word. 272\. Noted early childhood experts worry that preschool reading-skill instruction activities may a. reduce play time. b. intimidate parents. c. accelerate mental growth. d. lead kindergartners to be bored in kindergarten. 273\. Some preschoolers read simple books at age a. 20--30 months. b. 30--40 months. c. 40--60 months. d. all of the above. 274\. Literary activities that promote children's recognition of incongruities a. deal with inappropriateness. b. help children recognize the ridiculous. c. deal with finding mistakes in literature. d. all of these answers. 275\. If stories and hands-on projects build child vocabulary, then a. both should be part of a ready-to-read-with-ease curriculum. b. they can be thought of as literacy activities. c. the child needs to come in contact with other children and adults. d. all of these answers. 276\. If a teacher stops during a book reading with children and says, "This illustration has a clue to what might happen on the next page," he is a. interrupting the story line. b. probably building critical thinking skill. c. probably building learning-to-read-with-ease skill. d. all of these answers. 277\. The best predictor of a child's first year reading achievement is a. coming from a family that reads. b. knowing all the letter sounds in preschool. c. how much drawing he has done in preschool. d. a preschooler's alphabet letter knowledge. 278\. A child's oral vocabulary is closely related to a. his printing ability and scholarship. b. reading comprehension and ease in learning to read. c. creativity and motivation. d. attention span and distractibility. 279\. The size of a child's reading vocabulary refers to a. words he can speak. b. words he recognizes when he hears them. c. words he recognizes in print. d. none of these answers. 280\. If you ask a young child to give you a red ball and he brings a blue one, the child does not possess the word red in his a. sight vocabulary. b. reading vocabulary. c. oral vocabulary. d. growing vocabulary. 281\. Today the field of reading instruction seems to lack consensus concerning a. best practices for teaching reading. b. whether phonics should be taught at all. c. the training of reading teachers. d. none of these answers. 282\. One common goal that centers should choose if they include reading readiness among their goals is children should a. acquire the ability to listen. b. recognize context clues in picture books. c. be able to spot rhyme. d. all the above 283\. When a child dislikes a certain picture book a. it diminishes his positive attitude toward books. b. he may not handle the book with care. c. his school shouldn't purchase it for their collection. d. it is okay. 284\. Transitional kindergartens have developed to a. increase language skills over the summer. b. take the place of regular kindergarten c. work with unruly children before kindergarten. d. let parents know their child lags behind. 285\. Reading methods vary a. but one method is best. b. but rarely are politics involved in their selection. c. but each is concerned with adopting the one best method to teach children to read. d. but phonics instruction is emphasized in all of them. 286\. Children's progress in elementary school is tied to a. their motivation. b. their inherited ability. c. their ability to read. d. their ability to get along with others. 287\. Those who study research usually recommend that early literacy instruction in a preschool should concentrate on a. rhyming, alliteration and fluency, and phonics and printing. b. letter naming, vocabulary, the alphabet principle, print awareness, and phonics. c. phonics, rhyming, phonemic awareness, printing, and the alphabet. d. phonemic awareness, comprehension, vocabulary, and fluency. 288\. Selecting computer programs involves screening for a. violence. b. child control of pace and action. c. its ability to be used by one child or more. d. all of these answers. 289\. The best location for computers in a preschool classroom is a. a screened-off quiet area. b. in an adjacent room. c. a visible, easily monitored location. d. one that accommodates both secluded use and a relaxed atmosphere. 290\. When new media or materials are stocked in a classroom language center, a. the teacher usually introduces them and explains their use. b. a child sometimes has to watch a teacher demonstration before use. c. they may be related to some language arts goal or objective. d. all of these answers. 291\. Display areas are a. important instructional areas. b. primarily used for adult viewing. c. esthetically pleasing rather than connected to school goals and objectives. d. full of colorful items obtained from school supply stores. 292\. Chalkboards in preschool classrooms a. have limited usefulness. b. can provide clever and creative language-related activities. c. are rare because of preschoolers' fascination with erasers. d. none of these answers. 293\. Language arts centers should be a. inviting and cozy. b. near the block area. c. designed with ample work space. d. both a and c. 294\. One welcomed edition to a language center might be a. a crawl into space. b. dolls. c. printscript strips with children's and staff's names. d. play telephones and cell phones. 295\. Communication equipment or audiovisual machines a. are usually serviced and repaired by parents. b. are not purchased for children under age 4. c. will typically need a child training period. d. are off-limits when a teacher isn't present. 296\. The teacher's main role in a language arts center is a. to slip in and out when not offering assistance or creating motivation. b. conducting teacher directed writing activities. c. stimulating child excitement. d. to straighten and restock supplies. 297\. Of great concern to most educators is the idea that electronic and digital media use a. may affect children's brains. b. is that time spent in front of screens may have negative consequences. c. might introduce unsuitable material to children if programs are not screened by teachers. d. all the above. 298\. It is likely that a preschooler who learns to read early a. will watch a lot of television. b. will enjoy playing outdoors, as do other children. c. will watch less television than other children. d. will enjoy playing outdoors, as do other children and will watch less television than other children 299\. If television viewing in a preschooler's home takes place, parents are urged to a. discuss it. b. prohibit their four-year-olds from watching. c. monitor programs for appropriateness and quality. d. both discuss it and monitor programs for appropriateness and quality. 300\. One way to encourage reading in the home is to a. buy a lot of books. b. plan a family reading time. c. make sure reading time and television time are equal. d. all of these answers. 301\. To promote print awareness in the home, parents a. can share some of the mail in the mailbox. b. read wrappers and packaging print. c. encourage scribbling. d. all of these answers. 302\. When children are creating or making something at home, parents should a. ask "What is it?" b. encourage the child to talk about the project in his/her own words. c. demonstrate the best way to accomplish the task. d. ignore the project until it is cleaned up and put away. 303\. Families can usually have more educationally pertinent conversations with their children than teachers because a. their children trust them. b. their background experiences are more common. c. they know how to talk to their children. d. they understand closure, extending, and expanding. 304\. Family game playing that includes children a. usually requires rule-abiding behavior. b. usually involves focus and memory. c. often involves language and cognition. d. all of these answers. 305\. What characteristics may be more predictive of children's academic performance in their first grades of school, excluding their cognitive skills or family backgrounds a. past experience and educational opportunities b. inherited genes and health c. emotional, social skill, and self-regulation of behavior d. intelligence and physical skills 306\. Federal funds for early childhood care and education help a. educate parents about children's learning. b. strengthen early learning for young children. c. create new centers for family supportive assistance. d. all of these answers 307\. Some federally funded programs have provided a. tutors for children younger than age five. b. vouchers so that preschool children's parents could choose between existing schools c. food, housing, and parent education classes. d. integrated child and family education and supportive family services. 308\. The text stated that it is appropriate to "school" preschooler's parents about a. children having no need to be tested. b. children's ability to hear phonemes. c. children's ability to memorize seven poems and songs. d. children's ability to know all the sounds of the alphabet before entering kindergarten. 309\. The text suggested families might a. make up chants for boring household jobs. b. take family photos and label them with their children. c. sing songs with rhyming words. d. all the above 310\. Parents and families are urged to communicate with children using a. business-like talk that guides behavior. b. adult-child play talk that affects development. c. standard English even if the family is not English speaking. d. both a and b 311\. Many adults who are successful in their chosen adult careers have as children a. pursued a passion or interest as children. b. had teachers who realized their potential. c. attended schools that were failing students d. none of the above 312\. Family members who read to young children should a. ask children where books come from. b. ask children only what they like about a book. c. tell them to sit and not wiggle during readings d. talk about what the illustrations tell them. 313\. Early childhood educators are not behaving as informed professionals if they a. ask parents to promote child self-regulation. b. try to provide parents with information promoting children's ability to plan ahead. c. don't share with children's families the importance of children's self-control skills. d. none of the above 314\. Educators urge parents to a. expect children to finish tasks. b. jump in with suggestions when a child hits a road block. c. play games without rules. d. understand each task a child chooses can be left partially completed. 315\. In order to increase parent and family attendance at center meetings, celebrations, open houses, etc. early childhood centers have tried a. offering child care and transportation. b. securing bilingual speakers in the family's language. c. planning culture celebrations in many cultures. d. all of the above 316.How do we define "child?" a. A person undergoing development from infancy to puberty b. A person undergoing development during the first three years of life c. There is no agreement on how to define "child" d. The period of development prior to the development of complex speech 317.How is the definition of "child" different from that of "infant?" a. Infancy is defined as the first two years of life, whereas childhood lasts from birth until puberty b. Infancy lasts until age 2, whereas childhood lasts until age 5 c. Infancy is defined by a lack of complex speech, whereas childhood is defined as the presence of complex speech d. The definition of child and infant are the same 318.The term "infancy" is derived from Latin roots meaning a. not walking. b. not speaking. c. not eating solid foods. d. a child younger than age 3. 319\. Dillon is in the period known as "early" childhood. His membership in this group is determined by his a. ability to communicate with others. b. age. c. level of social skill. d. height and weight. 320.Whereas early childhood includes the ages from 2 to 5 years, middle childhood can best be defined as the a. blank slate period. b. years from 6 to 12. c. years from 6 to 9. d. time of greatest gains in height and weight. 321\. The period of middle childhood is generally defined as the years from 6 to 12. In Western societies, the beginning of this period is usually marked by a. a child's entry into preschool. b. a child's entry into first grade. c. the development of mixed-sex friendship groups. d. a well-defined sense of self-concept. 322.The study of development includes an examination of a. the process of conception. b. the prenatal period. c. the origin of sperm and ova. d. All of the above 323.Development is a. quantitative change in the individual over time. b. predictable and consistent for all people. c. the orderly appearance, over time, of physical structures, psychological traits, and behaviors. d. qualitative change in the individual over time. 324.Kylie first learned to lift her head, then sit up, crawl, stand, and walk. These changes in type and kind of motor development represent a. qualitative changes. b. quantitative changes. c. both qualitative and quantitative changes. d. neither qualitative nor quantitative changes. 325.Sydney is 3 years old. Her height and weight are determined by a. genetics only. b. external factors only, such as nutrition. c. factors such as genetics and nutrition. d. her level of cognitive and emotional development. 326.The terms "growth" and "development" are a. synonymous. b. opposites. c. different; growth refers to changes in quality, whereas development refers to changes in quantity. d. different; growth refers to changes in quantity whereas development refers to changes in quality. 327.Why do we study child development? a. To gain insight into the origins of sex differences b. To help us understand developmental problems c. To help us ensure optimal conditions of child development d. All of the above 328.Dr. Thomas wants to determine why some children are hyperactive, whereas others are not. Which of the following motives for studying child development does this best represent? a. To gain insight into the origins of adult behavior b. To gain insight into sex differences and gender roles and the effects of culture on development c. To gain insight into the origins, prevention, and treatment of developmental problems d. All of the above 329.According to your textbook, the study of issues such as the effects of daycare programs on children's social and intellectual development fall under which of the following motives for studying child development? a. Gaining insight into human nature b. Gaining insight into sex differences and gender roles c. Gaining insight into the origins and prevention of developmental problems d. Optimizing conditions of development 330.In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children were a. nurtured until they were 7 years old. b. perceived as innately good. c. considered blank slates. d. protected by laws from harsh treatment. 331\. Which thinker suggested that children are born a "tabula rasa?" a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau b. John Locke c. Alfred Binet d. Sigmund Freud 332\. Which thinker suggested that children are innately good? a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau b. John Locke c. Alfred Binet d. Sigmund Freud 333.How have children been viewed historically? a. As innately evil and in need of harsh discipline b. As miniature adults after age 7, or the "age of reason" c. As clean slates changed by experience d. All of these 334\. What changes regarding children did not occur until the 20th century? a. Viewing children as miniature adults after the age of 7 b. Passing laws to protect children from strenuous labor and caretaker abuse c. Convicting children of crimes, sending them to monasteries, and marrying them without their consent d. Viewing children as the property of their parents 335.Charles Darwin is best known as a. the creator of the theory known as behaviorism. b. the founder of child development as an academic discipline. c. the originator of the theory of evolution. d. the developer of the research method known as the cross-sectional study. 336\. Who is credited with founding child development as an academic discipline and used questionnaires to study the "contents of children's minds?" a. John Watson b. G. Stanley Hall c. Jean Piaget d. John Locke 337\. Developmentalists seek to a. describe child development. b. explain child development. c. predict child development. d. All of the above 338\. Just four years after Watson proposed his view that children are blank slates, whose ideas, preferences, and skills are shaped by the environment, Gesell came forward with which perspective of child development? a. Children are inherently evil b. Children are inherently good c. Biological maturation was the main principle of development d. Environment was the main principle of development 339.How is "theory" defined? a. Testable predictions about an event b. Related sets of statements about events c. A feedback process that predicts development d. A scientific method used to study child development 340\. Useful theories have which of the following characteristics? a. They allow us to make predictions b. They have a wide range of applicability c. They enable researchers to influence events d. All of the above 341\. Who was the originator of psychoanalytic theory? a. Horney b. Jung c. Freud d. Darwin 342.According to psychoanalytic perspectives, children and adults are caught in conflict. Early in development, this conflict takes place between the child and a. the external world. b. their internal forces. c. his/her superego. d. the fixations the child develops during the psychosexual stages of development. 343\. According to Freud, which aspect of our personality is present at birth and is unconscious? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. Superid 344.Freud believed that most of the human mind lay beneath consciousness, similar to a/n a. volcano. b. submarine. c. reflection. d. iceberg. 345.According to Freud, where in consciousness does the psychic structure called the id reside? a. Preconscious b. Conscious c. Unconscious d. It varies throughout life 346.According to Freud, the psychic structure called ego a. provides rational ways of coping with frustration. b. is driven by a quest for pleasure. c. is our moral base that forces us to follow rules. d. is biologically based and present at birth. 347\. The superego a. represents the moral standards and values of parents. b. is innate and transmitted to the child genetically. c. develops to help the child find rational ways of satisfying urges. d. None of these 348.There is research evidence to support the idea that children who are weaned early or breast-fed too long develop oral fixations such as nail biting or smoking. a. True b. False c. True for men, but not for women d. False. Instead, the fixation leads to traits such as sloppiness and carelessness. 349.According to Freud, during the first year of life, children are in the \_\_\_\_ stage of development. a. oral b. fixated c. anal d. latency 350\. According to Freud, what causes a child to get "fixated" in a stage of development? a. Insufficient gratification b. Excessive gratification c. Conflicts in gratification d. All of the above 351\. Which of the following persons would be labeled "anal-expulsive?" a. Someone who is overly dependent b. Someone who is very gullible or easily fooled c. Someone who is orderly and neat d. Someone who is careless and sloppy 352\. Conner is 4 years old. He has developed a strong attachment to his mother and sees his father as a rival for her affections. According to Freud, which of the following stages is Connor in? a. Phallic b. Latency c. Genital d. Fixation 353\. Which of the following is the correct order of Freud\'s psychosexual stages? a. Anal, latency, phallic, oral, genital b. Oral, latency, anal, phallic, genital c. Phallic, oral, anal, latency, genital d. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital 354\. Children enter the latency stage at 5 or 6 years of age and a. usually never progress to further stages. b. generally stay there until puberty. c. then enter the phallic stage at adulthood. d. stay there until the anal stage at age eight. 355\. Anna is an eight-year-old girl. Her sexual impulses are suppressed, and she spends her time focused on her schoolwork and developing relationships with same-sex friends. Which of Freud's psychosexual stages is Anna in? a. Phallic b. Latency c. Genital d. Oral 356\. Freud's theory a. has had little impact on modern thought and is not used today. b. has influenced our ideas about when and how to toilet train children. c. was praised for being based primarily on adult's recollections of their childhoods. d. None of these 357\. What aspect(s) of Freud's theory has/have endured over time? a. His suggestion that behavior is determined and not arbitrary b. The idea that childhood experiences can have far-reaching effects c. The idea that our cognitive processes can be distorted to defend us against feelings of anxiety or guilt d. All of these 358\. Who suggested that we develop in a healthy fashion by confronting and resolving developmental life crises? a. Karen Horney b. Erik Erikson c. Sigmund Freud d. Alfred Adler 359\. Erikson's psychosocial theory deviates from Freud's psychosexual theory in that Erikson a. emphasized sexual and aggressive instincts. b. emphasized social relationships and physical maturation. c. extended Freud's five stages to 10 stages. d. All of these 360\. Erikson labeled the stages of his theory based upon a. chronological age. b. psychosexual conflicts. c. life crises. d. unhealthy patterns of parenting. 361\. According to Erikson, early experiences a. have no impact on later development. b. exert a continued influence on later development. c. are determined by internal struggles and unconscious urges. d. only predict future development once we reach 6 to 8 years of age. 362\. Elena is a 6-month-old infant. She is leaning to trust her caregivers and her environment. According to Erikson's theory, which stage of psychosocial development is Elena in? a. Trust vs. mistrust b. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt c. Initiative vs. guilt d. Industry vs. inferiority 363\. What is the second stage of psychosocial development, according to Erikson? a. Trust vs. mistrust b. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt c. Initiative vs. guilt d. Industry vs. inferiority 364\. According to Erikson, which stage of development occurs between the ages of 3 to 6? a. Trust vs. mistrust b. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt c. Initiative vs. guilt d. Industry vs. inferiority 365\. Which stage in Erikson's theory involves the development of independence? a. Trust vs. mistrust b. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt c. Initiative vs. guilt d. Industry vs. inferiority 366\. According to Erikson, what is the primary task of the teenage years? a. Sexual maturation b. Gaining metacognitive abilities c. Developing an identity d. All of these 367\. Jeremy is 16 years old. He's in the process of figuring out not only his future career goals but also his political viewpoints and his perspectives on religion. According to Erikson, which is true about Jeremy? a. He is in the initiative vs. guilt stage. b. He has feelings of shame and doubt. c. He is in the identity vs. role diffusion stage. d. He is attempting to master his feelings of industry. 368\. Which of the following is considered an advantage of Erikson's theory? a. It reinstated the importance of unconscious forces in human development. b. He suggested that childhood experiences could easily be overcome as we develop in our lives. c. He emphasized the importance of human consciousness and choice. d. He reminded us that humans are selfish and need to be forced to adhere to social norms. 369\. Zack has been wetting the bed. A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping. If the pad becomes wet, a circuit closes, causing a bell to ring. After several repetitions, Zack learns to wake up before wetting the pad. Over time, Zack stops wetting the bed altogether. This is an example of the application of what theory to the treatment of bed-wetting? a. Psychodynamic theory b. Psychosocial theory c. Cognitive theory d. Learning theory 370\. Applying learning theory when trying to help children overcome behavioral disorders or to cope with adjustment problems is often referred to as a. psychology of adjustment. b. behavior modification. c. classical conditioning. d. sensitization learning. 371\. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon, as soon as she says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh. This is an example of a. habituation learning. b. classical conditioning. c. sensitization learning. d. operant conditioning. 372\. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon, as soon as she says "gotcha" Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the conditioned response? a. Laughing when his neck is touched b. Saying "gotcha" c. Laughing when he hears "gotcha" d. Touching his neck 373\. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon, as soon as she says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the unconditioned stimulus? a. Laughing when his neck is touched b. Saying "gotcha" c. Laughing when he hears "gotcha" d. Touching his neck 374\. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon, as soon as she says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the unconditioned response? a. Laughing when his neck is touched b. Saying "gotcha" c. Laughing when he hears "gotcha" d. Touching his neck 375\. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon, as soon as she says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus? a. Laughing when his neck is touched b. Saying "gotcha" c. Laughing when he hears "gotcha" d. Touching his neck 376\. Which person introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism? a. Freud b. Skinner c. Watson d. Piaget 377\. Nathan enjoys riding his bicycle outside. Each day that Nathan cleans up the toys in his room, he gets to ride his bike for an extra 15 minutes that day. The additional bike-riding time a. is a negative reinforcer. b. is a positive reinforcer. c. is a punishment. d. is an unconditioned response. 378\. With negative reinforcement, a. you eliminate an unwanted behavior by administering something bad. b. you decrease an unwanted behavior by withholding something desired. c. you increase a desired behavior by taking away something unpleasant. d. negative reinforcement is the same as punishment. 379\. In the classic study by psychologist Harriet Rheingold, extinction of infant vocalizations occurred when the researcher a. provided encouraging sounds, smiles, and touches. b. passively observed each infant. c. used punishment. d. provided a negative reinforce. 380\. When Tomas teases his younger brother, his parents make Tomas sit in a corner for long periods of time. From what you have learned from the textbook about punishment, what is the likely outcome? a. It will increase the frequency of Tomas teasing his brother. b. It will teach Tomas new ways to interact with his brother. c. Tomas's parents should punish him by spanking, as it is proven to work best. d. Tomas may learn to tease his brother only when his parents are not around. 381\. Chris's mother offers to give him a cookie, but only if he doesn't throw a temper tantrum in the grocery store. What concept of operant conditioning is at work here? a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Extinction d. Conditioned stimulus and conditioned response 382\. Timothy, who is 4 years old, is taking a soccer class. His parents are highly critical of his soccer skills and regularly scold him for not making more goals. Research suggests which of the following? a. The scolding is a neutral stimulus b. The scolding may result in Timothy's withdrawal from wanting to play soccer c. The scolding helps Timothy understand how to improve his soccer skills d. All of these 383\. The concept of shaping suggests a. we can teach complex behaviors by reinforcing small steps toward behavioral goals. b. children will behave the way they behave regardless of parental intervention. c. children learn through observation only. d. children will engage in more disruptive behaviors if you ignore them. 384\. Tamika is learning how to tie her shoes. Her father praises her for crossing the shoelaces. Then, he praises her again as she learns to form one end into a loop. Slowly, Tamika learns how to tie a bow with the laces. This reinforcing of small steps toward a desired behavior is called a. negative reinforcement. b. extinction. c. conditioned response. d. shaping. 385\. What appears to be the most effective way for teachers to increase appropriate behaviors and decrease disruptive behaviors in their students? a. Be very firm and harsh in response to disruption b. Do not reinforce the positive but be sure to punish the negative c. Reinforce appropriate behaviors and ignore misbehavior d. None of these 386\. Which of the following is an example of "time out from positive reinforcement"? a. Placing the child in a time out seat at the front of the classroom b. Punishing the child by making him write sentences on the board c. Refusing to put stars and fun stickers on improperly completed homework d. Placing the child away from peers for a time with no reinforcement 387\. When her daughter misbehaves, Olivia has her daughter sit quietly by herself for a few minutes without being allowed to play with other children or toys. What else should Olivia do to ensure that the time out is effective in reducing her daughter's unwanted behavior? a. She should warn her daughter that a time out would occur if misbehavior continues b. She should also use punishment to make the time out more effective c. She should not tell her daughter how long the time out will last d. She should not remind her daughter why the time out is occurring 388\. Social cognitive theorists, such as Albert Bandura, suggest that a. children do not learn by use of such principles as reinforcement and punishment. b. children do not learn unless they are given hands-on practice with what is to be learned. c. children learn much of what they learn through observation of others. d. None of these 389\. Is it possible for skills a child has learned to remain "latent" or unused? a. No, if they don't use it, they lose it. b. Yes, they may only use it when it is needed. c. No, learning is an active, not a passive process. d. Yes, but only for motor skills such as jumping rope or playing basketball. 390\. Albert Bandura would agree with which statement? a. A child can learn how to use crayons by watching others use crayons. b. The bell-and-pad method for bed-wetting is a social-cognitive approach. c. Children react mechanically to stimuli. d. People are driven by motives such as sex and aggression. 391\. According to Bandura, a. children choose whether or not to show new behaviors they have learned. b. children can only learn by doing. c. children will not imitate the behavior of others unless they are rewarded for doing so. d. children are passive recipients of knowledge. 392\. Which of the following represents observational learning? a. Jonathan jumps when he hears loud thunder. b. Antony isn't given any dessert because he didn't eat his green vegetables at dinner. c. Gina watches her mother mow the grass and then she pushes her toy lawnmower around the lawn in a similar way. d. Sara stops having temper tantrums in public when her father begins ignoring them. 393\. Brian wanted to learn how to play lacrosse. He chose to sign up for classes. The more he paid attention to his coaches, the better his skills became. People commented on how gifted a lacrosse player he was. As a result, he now thinks of himself as an excellent player. This example best illustrates a. classical conditioning. b. the conflict between the id and the superego. c. positive reinforcement. d. assimilation and accommodation. 394\. Piaget is known for developing a. psychosexual stages. b. psychosocial stages. c. operant conditioning. d. cognitive developmental theory. 395\. In his research, Piaget became fascinated by the wrong answers children gave to items on intelligence tests. These wrong answers reflected a. inconsistent but logical mental processes. b. consistent but logical processes. c. inconsistent but illogical processes. d. consistent but illogical processes. 396\. Which of the following is a cognitive theorist MOST likely to study? a. How children confront and resolve developmental crises in their lives b. How id, ego, and superego work together to form a healthy personality c. How patterns of reinforcement and punishment promote learning d. How children perceive and mentally represent the world 397\. From his work at the Binet Institute in Paris, Piaget concluded that a. children's incorrect answers resulted from inconsistent cognitive processing. b. only their correct answers demonstrated what children were thinking. c. children's incorrect answers followed consistent cognitive processes. d. there was nothing to learn about cognitive processes from children's incorrect answers. 398\. Piaget saw children as a. budding scientists. b. ignorant blank slates. c. at the mercy of instinctive impulses. d. passive vessels waiting to be filled with knowledge. 399\. According to Piaget, which of the following represents a scheme for infants? a. Things I can put in my mouth b. Things I can grab c. Things I can see from my crib d. All of these 400\. If Kaylee's scheme of "things I am good at" changes, according to Piaget, how did this happen? a. Through assimilation b. Through accommodation c. By comparing new information to existing schemes d. All of these 401.Which word is not associated with Piaget's cognitive developmental theory? a. Sensorimotor b. Operations c. Equilibration d. Scaffolding 402\. Schemes serve a. as action patterns that serve to guide behavior. b. to limit our ability to learn about and to represent our world mentally. c. to guarantee that information processing will be unique and individualized. d. to restrict our understanding of the world. 403\. Infants a. do not have schemes. b. are incapable of cognition. c. have schemes that involve simply what they can and cannot do with objects. d. are entirely dependent upon reflexes for survival. 404\. Piaget called a biological tendency to interact with and respond to the environment a. adaptation. b. accommodation. c. assimilation. d. referencing. 403\. Assimilation is a. learned. b. acquired. c. unusual. d. biological. 404\. Baby Tyrese has an understanding of "things he can reach," such as a toy in his crib, and "things he can't reach," such as the mobile hanging above his crib. According to Piaget, what are these cognitive structures called? a. Theories b. Schemes c. Assimilation categories d. Accommodation categories 405\. Quinn is 3 years old. He is unable to focus on two aspects of a situation at once. According to Piaget, this indicates that Quinn lacks conservation skills. What developmental stage is Quinn in? a. Sensorimotor b. Concrete operations c. Preoperational d. Formal operations 406\. Which of Piaget's stages is characterized by deductive logic, mental trial-and-error, and hypothesis testing? a. Preoperational b. Concrete operational c. Formal operational d. Advanced adult operational 407\. Cynthia's mother gives her an apple each day and tells her that apples are