Developmental Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the average weight of a newborn at birth?

  • 8.5 lbs
  • 10 lbs
  • 5 lbs
  • 7.5 lbs (correct)

    • What is a key characteristic of fine motor skills in infants?

  • Initial reflex actions
  • Precise movements of hands and fingers (correct)
  • Large movements of the body
  • Automatic responses to stimuli

    • Which is a primary benefit of breastfeeding for infants?

  • Ensures larger body proportions
  • Provides immunity to the infant (correct)
  • Promotes quicker cognitive development
  • Enhances physical growth rapidly

    • At what age should binocular vision in infants typically start to develop?

    <p>14 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about cognitive development milestones in infants is correct?

    <p>Cognitive skills develop through interactive experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does malnutrition affect infants and toddlers?

    <p>Can severely hinder cognitive and physical development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor that influences psychosocial development in infancy?

    <p>Quality of attachment with caregivers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an established characteristic of motor development?

    <p>Motor development is solely dependent on age. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically begin producing their first spoken words?

    <p>12-13 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attachment style is characterized by the child receiving care and affection, resulting in trust and curiosity?

    <p>Secure attachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant language development milestone occurs between 18-24 months?

    <p>Vocabulary growth spurt occurs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotion typically appears in infants around 6-8 months?

    <p>Fear (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of language development involves children using 3-5 word telegraphic speech?

    <p>Telegraphic speech (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage of Piaget's Sensorimotor Intelligence does a child begin to carry out mental combinations and think in order to solve problems?

    <p>Stage Six (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental milestone is primarily achieved by 8 to 12 months in Piaget's Sensorimotor stages?

    <p>Understanding object permanence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary way newborns are able to communicate even before developing language skills?

    <p>Crying and facial expressions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of language development involves a child making the sounds required for any language before gradually honing in on their own?

    <p>6 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant cognitive action begins to develop in children during the 4 to 8 months stage?

    <p>Repeating actions to influence the environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Holophrasic Speech

    A single word expressing a complete thought or sentence.

    Overextension

    Using a word to describe a wider range of things than it actually applies to.

    Secure Attachment

    A child's healthy emotional bond with a primary caregiver, characterized by trust and exploration.

    Stranger Wariness

    A typical infant response to unfamiliar individuals, marked by anxiety or withdrawal.

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    Self-Awareness (15 months)

    The understanding that one is a separate individual distinct from others.

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    Sensorimotor Intelligence (Stage 1)

    Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, encompassing the period from birth to 1 month. Characterized by reflective actions and limited schemas.

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    Object Permanence

    The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight. A key development in Piaget's Sensorimotor stage.

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    Babbling (Language Dev.)

    The early stage of language development, typically occurring around 6 months old, characterized by the production of various sounds, including the sounds needed for any language.

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    Deaf Babies communication

    Deaf babies also vocalize and use rudimentary signs that develop into their native sign language

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    Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage 6

    The final stage (18-24 months) of Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage, where children start to develop mental combinations, and problem-solving through mental actions, and reducing trial-and-error.

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    Infant Physical Growth

    Infants experience significant weight gain, doubling their birth weight by four months and tripling it by twelve. Length also increases, from about 20 inches at birth to 32-36 inches by age two.

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    Brain Development in Infancy

    The infant brain increases significantly in size from 25% to 75% of adult size and has the creation of connection points in the brain and myelination processes (covering nerves).

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    Newborn Reflexes

    Newborns exhibit automatic responses to stimuli through reflexes like sucking, rooting, and palmar grasp.

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    Gross Motor Skills

    These are large movements, such as sitting or crawling.

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    Fine Motor Skills

    These involve precise movements of hands and fingers, enabling tasks like manipulating small objects. They take longer to develop.

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    Early Vision Development

    Vision is the least developed sense at birth, with newborns having limited focus and blurry vision.

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    Breastfeeding Benefits

    Breast milk provides immunity and reduces the risk of infection in newborns.

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    Malnutrition Implications

    Malnutrition during infancy and toddlerhood can hinder development.

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    Study Notes

    Recap of Previous Lectures

    • Previous lectures covered prenatal development.

    Presentation Outline

    • Physical growth
    • Motor development
    • Sensory development
    • Cognitive development
    • Psychosocial development

    Learning Outcomes

    • Explain physical, motor, cognitive, and psychosocial development
    • Explain theories of development
    • Identify factors influencing development

    Physical Growth

    • Newborn weight: average 7.5 lbs
    • Weight doubles by 4 months
    • Weight triples by 12 months
    • Length: 20 inches at birth
    • Length: 32-36 inches by age 2
    • Body proportions

    The Brain

    • Size increases 25% to 75%
    • Growth of connectors
    • Loss of connectors
    • Myelination
    • Variation in maturation

    Motor Development

    • Newborn reflexes: automatic responses to stimuli, including sucking, rooting, and palmar grasp

    • Gross motor skills: large movements

    • Fine motor skills: precise movements of hand and fingers, eye-hand coordination, manipulation of small objects, takes longer to acquire

    • Motor Development Timeline

    • 0-3 months: holding head up

    • 4-5 months: rolling over in both directions

    • 5-7 months: rising up on hands

    • 6-8 months: crawling

    • 6-8 months: sitting without support

    • 9-10 months: standing with support

    • 11-15 months: walking

    • Fine Motor Development Timeline

    • 0 months: reflexes such as grasping

    • 1-3 months: reaching (ineffective)

    • 3 months: grasping

    • 4-5 months: reaching and grasping

    • 6-7 months: control of reach and grasp

    • 9 months: pincer grasp

    • 10 months: clasps hands

    • 12-14 months: releases objects crudely

    • 18 months: controlled release

    Sensory Development

    • Vision: least developed sense at birth; newborns focus 8-16 inches away; binocular vision at 14 weeks; color vision is poor
    • Hearing: most developed sense at birth

    Nutrition: Ideal Diet

    • Breast milk is ideal
    • Pros of breastfeeding:
    • Provides immunity
    • Decreases risk of infection in newborns

    Malnutrition

    • Implications of malnutrition in infancy and toddlerhood on their development—answer in UFuture

    Cognitive Development

    • Language and thought

    Sensorimotor Intelligence (Jean Piaget)

    • Stage One: Birth to 1 month: reflexive actions, few schemas
    • Stage Two: 1-4 months: first adaptations to environment, more schemas
    • Stage Three: 4-8 months: repeating actions, understanding impact on the world
    • Stage Four: 8-12 months: new adaptations, anticipation, object permanence
    • Stage Five: 12-18 months: experimentation (little scientist), discovering features like gravity, trial and error learning
    • Stage Six: 18-24 months: mental combinations, solving problems, less reliance on trial and error, deferred imitation

    Language Development

    • Newborn: No language, but effective communication through cries, facial expressions, and body postures
    • 2-5 months: Cooing begins, squealing, laughing; taking turns in communication; deaf babies also vocalize; pointing and gesturing at 5 months
    • 6 months: Babbling—making sounds required for any language; gradually, will only continue making sounds that are part of one's own language (at 1 year); deaf babies babble with rudiments of signs in use
    • 10 months: Understanding comes before speaking
    • 12-13 months: First spoken words, holophrasic speech, underextension, overextension, vocabulary of about 50 words; deaf babies' vocalizations disappear by age 2
    • 18-24 months: Vocabulary growth spurt at 18 months; two-word sentences at 21 months; 3-5 word telegraphic (or "text message") speech at 24 months

    Theories of Language Development

    • Infants teach themselves (Chomsky's LAD) —but must be in person
    • Infants are taught (Skinner)
    • Infants learn to communicate (social-pragmatics)
    • For all three reasons

    Psychosocial Development

    • Erikson's Stages:

    • Trust vs Mistrust (infant-18 months)

    • Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (18 months-3 years)

    • Initiative vs Guilt (3-5 years)

    • Industry vs Inferiority (5-13 years)

    • Identity vs Confusion (13-21 years)

    • Intimacy vs Isolation (21-39 years)

    • Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65 years)

    • Integrity vs Despair(65+)

    • Emotions:

    • Attraction and withdrawal

    • Social smiling (2 months)

    • Laughter (3-5 months)

    • Fear, sadness, anger (6-8 months)

    • Jealousy (6 months)

    • Stranger wariness, separation anxiety

    • Self-awareness (15 months), Rouge test

    • Guilt

    • Shame

    • Embarrassment

    • Early Relationships (Attachment Styles):

    • Secure attachment: child receives care, concern, and affection, leads to a sense of trust and curiosity, signaled by separation anxiety and stranger wariness

    • Insecure-resistant: needs aren't consistently met, insecurity and fear of being alone, fussy, clingy, hard to satisfy

    • Insecure-avoidant: no attachment, needs not met, child does not seek comfort and not curious

    • Disorganized: neither plays nor responds, actions of mother, crying, freezing, hitting, retreating

    • Temperament:

    • Inborn behavioral tendencies

    • A way of relating to people, places, and things, not due to parenting

    • Shaped into personality

    • Trust vs Mistrust (Eric Erikson)

    • Problems in developing trust

    • Parents who don't show affections to their children

    • Tension/Irritability in household(Stress and Neurological Developmental)

    • Requirements for developing trust:

    • Regular, adequate care

    • Sufficient sucking

    • Cuddling and physical contact

    • Overall message that they are loved

    • Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Eric Erikson)

    • Found in 1 to 2-year-old children

    • Toddlers want independence, and or autonomy

    • Should be allowed to be independent within safe limits

    • Pride requires self-evaluation

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts of prenatal and early childhood development. Explore physical growth, motor skills, sensory development, cognitive progress, and psychosocial factors. Test your understanding of various developmental theories and their influencing factors.

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