Developmental Psychology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the average weight of a newborn at birth?

8.5 lbs

10 lbs

5 lbs

7.5 lbs (correct)

What is a key characteristic of fine motor skills in infants?

Initial reflex actions

Precise movements of hands and fingers (correct)

Large movements of the body

Automatic responses to stimuli

Which is a primary benefit of breastfeeding for infants?

Ensures larger body proportions

Provides immunity to the infant (correct)

Promotes quicker cognitive development

Enhances physical growth rapidly

At what age should binocular vision in infants typically start to develop?

14 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about cognitive development milestones in infants is correct?

Cognitive skills develop through interactive experiences. Signup and view all the answers

How does malnutrition affect infants and toddlers?

Can severely hinder cognitive and physical development. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that influences psychosocial development in infancy?

Quality of attachment with caregivers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an established characteristic of motor development?

Motor development is solely dependent on age. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically begin producing their first spoken words?

12-13 months Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by the child receiving care and affection, resulting in trust and curiosity?

Secure attachment Signup and view all the answers

What significant language development milestone occurs between 18-24 months?

Vocabulary growth spurt occurs Signup and view all the answers

What emotion typically appears in infants around 6-8 months?

Fear Signup and view all the answers

What type of language development involves children using 3-5 word telegraphic speech?

Telegraphic speech Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of Piaget's Sensorimotor Intelligence does a child begin to carry out mental combinations and think in order to solve problems?

Stage Six Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental milestone is primarily achieved by 8 to 12 months in Piaget's Sensorimotor stages?

Understanding object permanence Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary way newborns are able to communicate even before developing language skills?

Crying and facial expressions Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of language development involves a child making the sounds required for any language before gradually honing in on their own?

6 months Signup and view all the answers

What significant cognitive action begins to develop in children during the 4 to 8 months stage?

Repeating actions to influence the environment Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Recap of Previous Lectures

Previous lectures covered prenatal development.

Presentation Outline

Physical growth
Motor development
Sensory development
Cognitive development
Psychosocial development

Learning Outcomes

Explain physical, motor, cognitive, and psychosocial development
Explain theories of development
Identify factors influencing development

Physical Growth

Newborn weight: average 7.5 lbs
Weight doubles by 4 months
Weight triples by 12 months
Length: 20 inches at birth
Length: 32-36 inches by age 2
Body proportions

The Brain

Size increases 25% to 75%
Growth of connectors
Loss of connectors
Myelination
Variation in maturation

Motor Development

Newborn reflexes: automatic responses to stimuli, including sucking, rooting, and palmar grasp
Gross motor skills: large movements
Fine motor skills: precise movements of hand and fingers, eye-hand coordination, manipulation of small objects, takes longer to acquire
Motor Development Timeline
0-3 months: holding head up
4-5 months: rolling over in both directions
5-7 months: rising up on hands
6-8 months: crawling
6-8 months: sitting without support
9-10 months: standing with support
11-15 months: walking
Fine Motor Development Timeline
0 months: reflexes such as grasping
1-3 months: reaching (ineffective)
3 months: grasping
4-5 months: reaching and grasping
6-7 months: control of reach and grasp
9 months: pincer grasp
10 months: clasps hands
12-14 months: releases objects crudely
18 months: controlled release

Sensory Development

Vision: least developed sense at birth; newborns focus 8-16 inches away; binocular vision at 14 weeks; color vision is poor
Hearing: most developed sense at birth

Nutrition: Ideal Diet

Breast milk is ideal
Pros of breastfeeding:
Provides immunity
Decreases risk of infection in newborns

Malnutrition

Implications of malnutrition in infancy and toddlerhood on their development—answer in UFuture

Cognitive Development

Language and thought

Sensorimotor Intelligence (Jean Piaget)

Stage One: Birth to 1 month: reflexive actions, few schemas
Stage Two: 1-4 months: first adaptations to environment, more schemas
Stage Three: 4-8 months: repeating actions, understanding impact on the world
Stage Four: 8-12 months: new adaptations, anticipation, object permanence
Stage Five: 12-18 months: experimentation (little scientist), discovering features like gravity, trial and error learning
Stage Six: 18-24 months: mental combinations, solving problems, less reliance on trial and error, deferred imitation

Language Development

Newborn: No language, but effective communication through cries, facial expressions, and body postures
2-5 months: Cooing begins, squealing, laughing; taking turns in communication; deaf babies also vocalize; pointing and gesturing at 5 months
6 months: Babbling—making sounds required for any language; gradually, will only continue making sounds that are part of one's own language (at 1 year); deaf babies babble with rudiments of signs in use
10 months: Understanding comes before speaking
12-13 months: First spoken words, holophrasic speech, underextension, overextension, vocabulary of about 50 words; deaf babies' vocalizations disappear by age 2
18-24 months: Vocabulary growth spurt at 18 months; two-word sentences at 21 months; 3-5 word telegraphic (or "text message") speech at 24 months

Theories of Language Development

Infants teach themselves (Chomsky's LAD) —but must be in person
Infants are taught (Skinner)
Infants learn to communicate (social-pragmatics)
For all three reasons

Psychosocial Development

Erikson's Stages:
Trust vs Mistrust (infant-18 months)
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (18 months-3 years)
Initiative vs Guilt (3-5 years)
Industry vs Inferiority (5-13 years)
Identity vs Confusion (13-21 years)
Intimacy vs Isolation (21-39 years)
Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65 years)
Integrity vs Despair(65+)
Emotions:
Attraction and withdrawal
Social smiling (2 months)
Laughter (3-5 months)
Fear, sadness, anger (6-8 months)
Jealousy (6 months)
Stranger wariness, separation anxiety
Self-awareness (15 months), Rouge test
Guilt
Shame
Embarrassment
Early Relationships (Attachment Styles):
Secure attachment: child receives care, concern, and affection, leads to a sense of trust and curiosity, signaled by separation anxiety and stranger wariness
Insecure-resistant: needs aren't consistently met, insecurity and fear of being alone, fussy, clingy, hard to satisfy
Insecure-avoidant: no attachment, needs not met, child does not seek comfort and not curious
Disorganized: neither plays nor responds, actions of mother, crying, freezing, hitting, retreating
Temperament:
Inborn behavioral tendencies
A way of relating to people, places, and things, not due to parenting
Shaped into personality
Trust vs Mistrust (Eric Erikson)
Problems in developing trust
Parents who don't show affections to their children
Tension/Irritability in household(Stress and Neurological Developmental)
Requirements for developing trust:
Regular, adequate care
Sufficient sucking
Cuddling and physical contact
Overall message that they are loved
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Eric Erikson)
Found in 1 to 2-year-old children
Toddlers want independence, and or autonomy
Should be allowed to be independent within safe limits
Pride requires self-evaluation

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts of prenatal and early childhood development. Explore physical growth, motor skills, sensory development, cognitive progress, and psychosocial factors. Test your understanding of various developmental theories and their influencing factors.