Indian and Chinese Geographers PDF

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yy mm yy mm mmyy mmyy mmyy d ee d ee d ee d ee d ee A cacad A A cacad A A cacad A A cacad A A cacad A J KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ AA AA AA AA g hht t@@ g hht t@@ g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h h y iyrig r yriyrig y iyrig r y iyrig r y iyrgig r oopp oopp oopp oopp oopp CC CC CC CC CC mmyy mmyy mmyy mmyy mmyy dd aca ee dd aca ee dd aca ee dd aca ee dd aca ee A c A c A c A c A c JA KKJJ A KKJJ A KKJJ A KKJJ A AA AA AA AA g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h h y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y irgig oopp oopp oopp oopp oopp CC CC CC CC CC mmyy mmyy mmyy mmyy mmyy ddee ddee ddee ddee ddee A caca A A caca A A caca A A caca A A caca A J KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ AA AA AA AA g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h h y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y irgig oopp oopp oopp oopp oopp CC CC CC CC CC mmyy mmyy myy m mmyy myy m ddee ddee ddee ddee ddee A caca A A caca A A caca A A caca A A caca A J KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ AA AA AA AA h t t@@ h t t@@ h t t@@ h t t@@ h r irgi g h r irgi g h r irgi g h r ig r i g h r irgi g oo yy pp oo yy pp oo yy pp oo yy pp oo yy pp CC CC CC CC CC mmyy mmyy yy mm yy mm yy mm d ee d ee d ee d ee d ee A cacad A A cacad A A cacad A A cacad A A cacad A J KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ AA AA AA AA g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g hht t@@ g hht t@@ h y iyrig r y iyrig r y iyrig r y iyrig r yriyrgig oopp oopp oopp oopp oopp CC CC CC CC CC  yy mm yy mm mmyy mmyy mmyy d ee d ee d ee d ee d ee A cacad A AAcacad AAcacad AAcacad AAcacad J KKJJ JJ KK JJ KK JJ KK AA AA AA AA g hht t@@ g hht t@@ g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h h y iyrig r yriyrig y iyrig r y iyrig r y iyrgig r oopp oopp oopp oopp oopp CC CC CC CC CC mmyy mmyy mmyy mmyy mmyy dd aca ee dd aca ee dd aca ee dd aca ee dd aca ee A c A c A c A c A c JA KKJJ A JJ A KK JJ A KK JJ A KK AA AA AA AA g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h h y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y irgig oopp oopp oopp oopp oopp CC CC CC CC CC mmyy mmyy mmyy mmyy mmyy ddee ddee ddee ddee ddee A caca A AAcaca AAcaca AAcaca AAcaca J KKJJ JJ KK JJ KK JJ KK AA AA AA AA oo CC y pp r y irgi h g h Download t t@@ oo CC y pp r y irgi h g t t@@ h oo CC y pp r y irgi h g t t@@ h oo CC y pp r y irgi h g t t@@ h oo CC y pp r y irgigh mmyy mmyy myy m mmyy myy m ddee ddee ddee ddee ddee caca caca caca caca caca A J A AKJ Academy App Now r irgi h g t h t@@ KK AA JJAA r irgi h g t h t@@ AA JJ KK AA r irgi h g t h t@@ AA JJ KK AA r ig r i h g t h t@@ AA JJ KK AA r irgi h g oo yy pp oo yy pp oo yy pp oo yy pp oo yy pp CC CC CC CC CC mmyy mmyy yy mm yy mm yy mm d ee d ee d ee d ee d ee A cacad A AAcacad AAcacad AAcacad AAcacad J JJ KK JJ KK JJ KK JJ KK Abhishek t t@@ AA Kumar Jha (AKJ t t@@ Sir) AA t t@@ AA t t@@ AA g iyrig r h h g iyrig r h h r g iyrig hh g iyrig r hh riyrgig h oo y pp oo y pp oo y pp oo y pp oo y pp CC CC CC CC CC  yy mm yy mm mmyy mmyy mmyy d ee d ee d ee d ee d ee cacad cacad cacad cacad cacad A J A How To Download AKJ Academy App? g iyrig r hht t@@ KK AA A JJ A r g iyrig hht t@@ AA JJ KK AA g iyrig r h t t@@ h AA JJ KK AA g iyrig r h t t@@ h AA JJ KK AA iyrgig r h oo y pp oo y pp oo y pp oo y pp oo y pp CC CC CC CC CC mmyy mmyy mmyy mmyy mmyy ee ee ee ee ee A JA c dd aca A c JJ A dd aca Android A JJ A c dd aca iOS A JJ A c dd aca A JJ A c dd aca KK AA AAKK AAKK AAKK g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h h y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y irgig oopp oopp oopp oopp oopp CC CC CC CC CC mmyy mmyOpen y PlayStore mmyy Open AppStore mmyy mmyy ddee ddee ddee ddee ddee A caca A A caca A AAcaca AAcaca AAcaca J KKJJ JJ KK JJ KK JJ KK AA Search "AKJ AA AA AA h t t@@ h t t@@Academy Search h t t "MyInstitute" @@ h t t@@ h r irgi g h r irgi g h r irgi g h r irgi g h r irgig oo y pp y " oo y pp y oo y pp y oo y pp y oo y pp y CC CC CC CC CC mmyy mmyy myy m Click on “Install” mmyy myy m ddee ee dd Click on Install. caa d ee ddee ddee A caca A A caca A AA c d AAcaca AAcaca J KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ AA AA AA AA oo yy pp r irgi h g t h t@@ oo yy pp r irgi h g t h t@@ oo Use yy pp r irgi h g t h t@@ Org Code- oo yy pp r ig r i h g t h t@@ oo yy pp r irgi h g CC CC CC CC CC d eemmyy d eemmyy d ee yy mm xzwou d ee yy mm d ee yy mm A cacad A A cacad A AAcacad AAcacad AAcacad J KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ AA AA AA AA g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g hht t@@ g hht t@@ h y iyrig r y iyrig r y iyrig r y iyrig r yriyrgig oopp oopp oopp oopp oopp CC CC CC CC CC  yy mm yy mm mmyy mmyy mmyy d ee d ee d ee d ee d ee A cacad A A cacad A A cacad A A cacad A A cacad A J KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ AA AA AA AA g hht t@@ g hht t@@ g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h h y iyrig r yriyrig y iyrig r y iyrig r y iyrgig r oopp oopp oopp oopp oopp CC CC CC CC CC mmyy mmyy mmyy mmyy mmyy dd aca ee dd aca ee dd aca ee dd aca ee dd aca ee A c A c A c A c A c JA KKJJ A KKJJ A KKJJ A KKJJ A AA AA AA AA g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h h y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y irgig oopp oopp oopp oopp oopp CC CC CC CC CC mmyy mmyy mmyy mmyy mmyy ddee ddee ddee ddee ddee A caca A A caca A A caca A A caca A A caca A J KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ AA AA AA AA g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h h y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y irgig oopp oopp oopp oopp oopp CC CC CC CC CC mmyy mmyy myy m mmyy myy m ddee ddee ddee ddee ddee A caca A A caca A A caca A A caca A A caca A J KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ AA AA AA AA h t t@@ h t t@@ h t t@@ h t t@@ h r irgi g h r irgi g h r irgi g h r ig r i g h r irgi g oo yy pp oo yy pp oo yy pp oo yy pp oo yy pp CC CC CC CC CC mmyy mmyy yy mm yy mm yy mm d ee d ee d ee d ee d ee A cacad A A cacad A A cacad A A cacad A A cacad A J KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ AA AA AA AA g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g hht t@@ g hht t@@ h y iyrig r y iyrig r y iyrig r y iyrig r yriyrgig oopp oopp oopp oopp oopp CC CC CC CC CC  mmyy yy mm mmyy mmyy mmyy d acadee d ee d ee d ee d ee A cContributions A of IndianA A cad caScholars A cacad A A cacad A A Acacad J KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ AA AA AA AA India, home g h h of@ one of the world’s t t@ g h t t@ h @ earliest civilisations, ghas h t t@@a long-standing intellectual h g h t t@@ h tradition. The gh r i i g y yr studies in India began r ir y ywithi g r ir i g y yCivilization r i i g y yr Occupying a strategic yryirig geographical o p p o pp the dawn of Indiano pp in ancient otimes. p p o pp CCo CCo CCo CCo CCo location in Asia, Indian history is at crossroads of cultures from China to Europe. The contributions of Indian mmyy mmyy mmyy mmyy mmyy scholars dd aca ee in the ancient period dd aca ee are parallel to that of Chinese, dd aca ee Greeks and Romans. dd aca ee dd aca ee A c A c A c A c A c J A The vast galaxy ofKK JJ A KKJJ A KKJ J Aa wealth of history of KK JA Jthought. AA seer scientists, philosopher-poets AA and sages left behind AA AA In fact hhtt @@ hhtt @@ hh @@ t tthe Western world have hh @@ tbeen t several inventions r irgi g and discoveries believed r irgi g to have originated r irgiin g r irgi g studied centuriesrirgigh y y pp our ancestors. Looking oby oo y y ppback at the roots of Indian pp oo y y y y pp rich and strong Indian yy pp earlier CC o CC CC geography revealsCCovery o oo CC intellectual yy heritage, a legacyyof y over 2000 years old.mm yy yy yy ddeemm ddeemm ddee ddeemm ddeemm A c aca A ‘Geography’ in HindiA A aca cis called “Bhugol’; ‘bhu’A A aca cmeaning ‘the Earth’ andA cac‘gol’ A a meaning ‘round’, A caca i.e. A ‘the study J K JJ K K JJ K KJJ K K JJ K of round earth’. AA Indian astronomers propounded AA the theory that the ‘Earth AA is a Sphere’. AA hhtt @@ hhtt @@ hhtt @@ hhtt @@ h y r irgi g y r irgi g y r irgi g y r irgi g y r irgig Acharya y pp Kapil contributed tooo y pp science of Cosmology. y pp Acharya Bharadwaj y ppis known for outstanding pp y oo CC CC the CCoo oo CC oo CC discoveries y y in Aviation science. yy yy yy yy e m em dBaudhāyana eemm dd mathematician, noted ee dformm ddeemm ddeemm c aca d caca was anAIndian caca d writing the earliest c“Sulba-Sutra”, aca the texts aca cdealing with A J A J J A J A J A J A J A J A J A geometry and mathematical KK AA principles. @ AAKK AAKK KK AA h tt@@ h tt@ h tt@@ h tt@@ h r i gi g h r i gi g h r i gi g h r ig i g h r i gi g Acharya pp r y yCharak, crowned as the ppy y‘Father of Medicine’,opproduced r yy r “Charak Samhita” pp r y y as his most renowned yy pp r oo CC oo CC CCop oo CC oo CC work, in which he has described the functions and medicinal properties of some hundred thousand plants. Being a mm part y yof India we are aware m my y all Indian ideas on the that yorigin mm y and evolution of mmy y universe are rather a matter the y y of mm d e d e d ee d ee d ee d ee A cacareligion A than of A science.cacad A A cacad A A cacad A A Acacad J KKJJ KKJJ JJ KK KKJJ AA AA AA AA g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g hht t@@ g h t t@@ h h y iyrig r y iyrig r y iyrig r y iyrig r y riyrgig DownloadC ooppAcademy App / Abhishek Kumar oopJha p General pp Kumar Jha NET Professor/TGT/PGT/KVS/NVS/DSSSB/CUET/EMRS oo oopp oopp AKJ C CC / NTAPaper & Geography byC UGC-INET/SET/JRF/NTA-PhD/Assistant C Abhishek JRF SolutionistCC CC  yy mm mm yy mmyy mmyy mmyy d ee d ee d ee d ee d ee A cac adIndian cosmological A A cacad doctrines A had certain A cacad fundamental A presuppositions, A cacad were strikingly at Avariance which A cacad A with J K J J K J J K J J K J J Semitic ideas. These AAK suppositions were : AAK AAK AAK hhtt @@ hhtt @@ hhtt @@ hhtt @ @ h 1. The Geo-centric y r irgi g universe is very y r i oldrgi g y r irgi g y r irgi g y r irgig ooppy ooppy ooppy ppy oo ooppy CC CC CC CC CC 2. Ity is very large yy yy yy yy mm y m m mm mm mm ee dd Its evolution and decline ac3.a ee dd are cyclic aca dd aca ee dd aca ee dd aca ee A c A c A c A c A c JA KJJ A K KKJJ A KJJ A K K JJ A K 4. There are other AA universes beyond your A ownA AA AA hht t@@ hht t@@ hht t@@ hht t@ @ h r irgig r irgig r irgig r irgig r irgig The Puranas, oo CC y pp y however, outlined oo CC papdifference between “Bhogal y y CCooppy y (Geography) andCKhogal pp oo y y (Science of space)”. oo CC y pp y It also mentions “Jyotisha-shastra” (Astrology). But a clear classification was lacking and ancient geography C mmyy appeared to accommodate m myy astronomy in its sphere, In mmy yfact 34 heavenly bodies mmyor y Grahs were identified mmyin y the dd ee ddee ddee ddee ddee A caca A Rigveda, and A caca surprisingly A the colors that we A caca associate A some planets withA cactoday, A a were known to caca them A A so many J KKJ J J J KK was the red planet. AA KKJ J KKJ J hundreds of years AAbefore. Venus, white andAMars A AA g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h g h t t@@ h h How didothe y r y ir i g ancient Earth originate y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y ir i g y r y irgig p pp pp pp pp CCop oo CC CCoo CCoo oo CC Ancient y y geographers believedy yearth solidified from gaseous y y matter. yy yy eemm ddIts crust consequently chardened ddeem m eemm ddhard rocks or sila, clayey eemm dd soil or bhumih and sandy eemm dd soil of A cac a A A A aca and comprisedAAcof aca A caca A A caca A J asma. KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ KKJJ AA AA AA AA h t t@@ h t t@@ h t t@@ h t t@@ h References r irgi g to h earthquakes or bhukampasr irgi g h and also volcanoes r i or rgi g h jwalamukhis, are found r irgi g inh the Puranas. r irgi g ooppyy ooppyy ooppyy pp oo yy oo yy pp CC CC CC CC CC In fact it was assumed that deities like Vayu-god of air, Indra-god of rain and Varuna, god of water, caused y y earthquakes. these mm mm yy mmyy yy