Theories of Aging PDF

1 12- Oct-24 2 Biological theories of aging  The process of biological aging differs not only from species to species but also from one human being to another.  Varying degrees of physiologic changes, capacities, and limitations will be found among peers of a given age...

1 12- Oct-24 2 Biological theories of aging  The process of biological aging differs not only from species to species but also from one human being to another.  Varying degrees of physiologic changes, capacities, and limitations will be found among peers of a given age group.  The rate of aging among different body systems within one individual may vary, with one system showing marked decline while another demonstrates no significant change. 12-Oct-24  Biological theories of aging 3 To explain biological aging, theorists have explored many factors, both internal (error in the DNA, free radical) and external (radiation, pollution) to the human body, and have divided them into two categories: stochastic and nonstochastic. Stochastic theories )‫)عشوائية‬view the effects of aging as resulting from random assaults from both the internal and external environment.  Nonstochastic theories )‫)غير العشوائية‬see aging changes resulting from a complex, predetermined process. 12-Oct-24 ‫ عشوائية‬Stochastic Theories Nonstochastic Theories ‫غير العشوائية‬ random assaults from both the internal complex, predetermined process. and external environment 4 Cross-Linking Theory: (radiation or Apoptosis: this programmed cell death is a chemical reaction in which a cross- part of the normal developmental process linking agent attaches itself to a DNA) that continues throughout life. Free Radicals and Lipofuscin Genetic Theories: genetic mutations Theories: aging is due to oxidative are responsible for aging by causing organ metabolism and the effects of free decline as a result of self-perpetuating cellular radicals (damage proteins, enzymes, mutations. and DNA) Wear and Tear Theories ‫البالء‬: aging Autoimmune Reactions: reduction in to the repeated use and injury of the immunologic activities also leads to an body over time, smoking, poor diet, increase in autoimmune response with age and substance Abuse, stress). Evolutionary Theories: Genetics, Neuroendocrine and Neurochemical aging occur due to interplay between Theories: aging is the result of changes in the the processes of mutation and natural brain and endocrine glands. specific anterior selection. pituitary hormones promote aging+ imbalance of chemicals in the brain impairs 12-Oct-24 healthy cell division throughout the body.  Stochastic Nonstochastic Theories ‫غير العشوائية‬ ‫عشوائية‬Theories complex, predetermined process. random assaults from both the5internal and external environment Biogerontology: Radiation Theories: Bacteria, fungi, repeated exposure to ultraviolet light is known to viruses, and other cause solar elastosis, the “old age” type of skin organisms are wrinkling that results from the replacement of responsible for collagen by elastin. certain physiologic Radiation may induce cellular mutations that changes during the promote aging. aging process. Nutrition Theories: the influence of nutritional supplements on the aging process. Environmental Theories: Several environmental factors are known to threaten health and are thought to be associated with the aging Process (Smoking, air Pollutants, crowded 12-Oct-24 living conditions, high noise levels. 6 Sociologic Theories of Aging Disengagement Theory Sociologic theories address the impact of society on older adults and vice versa. These theories often reflect the view held about older adults at the time they were developed. The norms of society affected how the older adult’s roles and relationships were viewed. 12-Oct-24  Sociologic Theories of Aging It views aging as a process in which society and the 7 individual gradually withdraw, or disengage, from Disengagement Theory each other, to the mutual satisfaction and benefit ‫نظرية فك االرتباط‬ of both. Activity Theory presence of multiple losses associated with the aging process : reduce in intellectual activities, physical activities, retirement, Declining health, loss of roles, reduced income, a shrinking circle of friends (society’s negative view of inactivity). Continuity Theory Basic psychological patterns are consistent ‫نظرية االستمرارية‬ throughout the life span. Personality and basic patterns of behavior are said to remain unchanged as the individual ages. Subculture Theory This theory views older adults as a group with ‫فئة عمرية مجتمعية‬ distinct norms, beliefs, expectations, habits, and ‫خاصة‬ issues that separate them from the rest of society Age Stratification Theory Persons within a similar age group generally have ‫نظرية الطبقات العمرية‬ similar experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and life transitions that offer them a unique shared history. 12-Oct-24 8 Psychological Theories of Aging -Developmental Tasks  Psychological theories of aging explore the mental processes, behavior, and feelings of persons throughout the life span, along with some of the mechanisms people use to meet the challenges they face in old age.  Among these theories are those that describe the process of healthy psychological aging as the result of the successful fulfillment of developmental tasks. 12-Oct-24  Psychological Theories of Aging 9 Developmental Developmental tasks are the Tasks challenges that must be met and )‫المهام التطورية (النمو‬ adjustments that must be made in response to life experiences that are part of an adult’s continued growth through the life span. Gerotranscendence aging entails a transition ‫التعالي‬ from a rational, materialistic metaperspective to a cosmic and transcendent vision 12-Oct-24 10 Nursing Theories of Aging  Although there are many classic theories that describe biological, social, and psychological aging, none integrate all of these various dimensions of aging into a holistic theory.  Because nurses address all aspects of the person, theories that offer the holistic perspective would be valuable in guiding nursing care.  In an effort to address this need, several nurses have recently developed theories of aging. 12-Oct-24  Nursing Theories of Aging Functional 1-Integrates theories from aging and holistic Consequences 11 Theory nursing. (Miller, 2014). 2- It holds that nurses can promote wellness by ‫نظرية العواقب الوظيفية‬ addressing individuals holistically, recognizing the interconnection of body, mind, and spirit. 3-The consequences of age-related changes and risk factors can result in either positive or negative functional consequences (i.e., wellness outcomes) for older adults. Theory of Thriving Based on their view that aging theories have (Haight, Barba, Tesh, & been remiss in linking theories together, the Courts, 2002). authors of this theory propose that everything that ‫نظرية االزدهار‬ impacts people throughout their lives must be linked to create a holistic view of aging Theory of Successful people with high levels of personal control and a Aging positive affect will experience higher levels of (Roy & Andrews, 2008). wellness in aging due to their ability to participate in health-promoting activities. These factors contribute to greater life satisfaction and the aging individual’s positive perception of his or her status. 12-Oct-24  Factors Contributing to a Long and 12 Healthy Life 1) Diet. A positive health state that can contribute to longevity is supported by reducing saturated fats in the diet, limiting daily fat consumption to less than 30% of caloric intake, avoiding obesity, decreasing the amount of animal foods eaten, substituting natural complex carbohydrates for refined sugars, and increasing the consumption of whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. 12-Oct-24 13 Factors Contributing to a Long and Healthy Life 2) Activity. Exercise is an important ingredient to good health. It increases strength and endurance, promotes cardiopulmonary function, and has other beneficial effects that can affect a healthy aging process. 3) Play and laughter. Laughter causes a release of endorphins, stimulates the immune system, and reduces stress. 12-Oct-24 14 Factors Contributing to a Long and Healthy Life 4) Faith. A strong faith, church attendance, and prayer are directly related to lower rates of physical and mental illness. Religion and spirituality can have a positive effect on the length and quality of life. 5) Empowerment. Losing control over one’s life can threaten self-confidence and diminish self- care independence. Maximum control and decision making can have a positive effect on morbidity and mortality. 12-Oct-24 15 Factors Contributing to a Long and Healthy Life 6) Stress management. It is the rare individual who is unaware of the negative consequences of stress.  The unique stresses that may accompany aging, such as the onset of chronic conditions, retirement ‫تقاعد‬, deaths of significant others, and change in body appearance, can have significantly detrimental effects.  Minimizing stress when possible and using effective stress management techniques are useful interventions. 12-Oct-24