NCMB314 LEC Prelim (Week 1) PDF

NCMB314 LEC | Prelim Care of the Older Adult Week 1 Theories of Aging GERONTOL...

NCMB314 LEC | Prelim Care of the Older Adult Week 1 Theories of Aging GERONTOLOGICAL NURSING Geriatrics Biological Theories Programmed Theory » Branch of medicine that deals with disease and problem of old age. » We are genetically programmed to age and die Gerontology Programmed Longeticity » Scientific study of process of aging » Claims that life is determined by a sequential turning Gerontology Nursing on and off genes Endocrine Theories r Focus on caring for Older Adults r Gerontology Nurses work in various setting » Hormones, which control the function of organs, r (rehab center, hospice, nursing home, patient could be behind the aging process homes) Immunologic Theory r Provide practical care, develop care plan and » Involves a highly complex series of processes educate patient on well being and quality of life » Is suspected to be largely controlled by the immune Classification of Geriatrics system Young Old Error Theories § 65-74 years old » Environmental assaults to living organisms that Middle Old induce cumulative damage at various levels as § 75 -84 years old the cause of aging Very Old Frail Elderly Wear and Tear Theory § >85 and above » States that bodies wear out after time. Roles of Gerontological Nurse » The wear-and-tear theory was first proposed Ñ Provider of Care scientifically by German biologist Dr. August Ñ Teacher Weismann in 1882. Ñ Manager » Some examples of the wear-and-tear theory in Ñ Advocate your body include wrinkles and other skin Ñ Research Consumer changes that accrue with time, or arthritis joints Why The Population is Aging? that become more stiff and painful as you age. Factors that drive increase life expectancy Cross-Link Theory § Age Dynamics » Also referred to as the glycosylation theory of § Declining fertility rates aging, was proposed by Johan Bjorksten in § Longevity increase 1942. Life expectancy at all time » An accumulation of cross-linked proteins § Its substantial and pleasing rise result from damages cells and tissues, slowing down bodily infectious disease control, public health processes resulting in aging. initiatives, and new surgical and rehabilitation » The binding of glucose (simple sugars) to techniques. protein, (a process that occurs under the A skewed sex ration presence of oxygen) that causes various r It’s a woman’s world problems. § Women characteristically compromise the » Protein becomes impaired and is unable to majority of older population in the majority of perform as efficiently. countries throughout the world. » Living a longer life is going to lead to the The sex ratio changes increased possibility of oxygen meeting glucose r 65-74 age group and protein and known cross-linking disorders § 100 females: 86 males include senile cataract and the appearance of r 75-84 age group tough, leathery and yellow skin. § 100 females: 72 males Free Radical Theory r 85 and above § 100 females: 49 males » Free radicals are a byproduct of normal cell Impact of aging members in the family function o Sadness » Free radicals bond to other molecules in the o Resentment body, causing proteins and other essential o Relationship molecules to not function as they should o Work » Free radicals can be formed through this natural o Self Time process, but they can also be caused by diet, stress, smoking, alcohol, exercise, inflammation drugs, exposure to the sun or air pollutants Page 1 of 8 Mr. Edwin Malic, RN, MAN By: @ranzscmllas  NCMB314 LEC | Prelim Care of the Older Adult Somatic DNA Damage Theory » Accumulation of mutations in the genetic material of somatic cells as a function of time results in a decrease in cellular function. » The accumulation of random mutations inactivates genes that are important for the functioning of the somatic cells of various organ systems of the adult, which results in a decrease in organ function. When the organ function decreases below a critical level, death occurs Implication for Nursing Ñ Aging and disease do not necessary go hand Ñ Have a clear understanding between age related changes and those that may be pathologic Ñ Among biologic two concept have gained wide acceptance Ñ Limited replicative capacity of certain cells Ñ Free radical may cause damage to cells Jung’s Theory of Individualism Ñ Gerontological Nurse can promote health » Individual personality is compose of ego o Helping smoking cessation (smoking increase (personal unconsciousness and collective rate of cell damage) consciousness) o Promotional activity (sun exposure) » A person’s personalities is either toward external o To reduce radical damage nurse can advise word (introversion) or toward subjective inner patient to ingest varied nutritious diet & experience (extroversion) supplement with antioxidants such as Vitamin C » Middle life crisis at middle age person questions and E values, beliefs, and possible dream and left o Prevention of atrophy of muscle unrealized) o Deep breathing exercise (Increase the flow of » As person ages chronologically the individual Oxygen in brain) begins to search answer from being outwardly o Daily walking focus to becoming more inward. o Encouraging preventive measures (Annual Successful Aging influenza) o Recognition of stress physical & psychological Ñ Person looks inward & value him/herself (music therapy, therapeutic touch, heat and cold Ñ Accepts past accomplishment and limitations application) Erickson Development Theory » Eight stage of life (infancy, toddlerhood, Psychological Aging Theories preschool, early school years, adolescence, » Development does not end when a person reaches young adult, middle adulthood, late adulthood) adulthood Generatively vs Self Absorption or Stagnation » As a person passes from the middle life to later life » When you feel a sense of care and his or her roles, abilities, perspective and belief responsibility, it’s called generativity system enter a stage of transition » You look out for those around you and feel the » As people age various adaptive change help them need to pass along what you’ve learned to cope with or accept some of the biologic changes younger generations (memory, learning capacity, feeling, intellectual » But if you don’t act as a mentor in some functioning and motivation to perform or not perform capacity, you may feel bitter and unhappy activities. » Leads to restlessness and isolation from your » It include not only behavioral change but also friends, family, and society developmental aspects Ego Integrity vs Despair Moslow’s Hierarchy of Needs » If you’re satisfied with your life, you age with » Everyone has an innate internal hierarchy of grace. You often feel pride in what you’ve needs that motivate all human behavior accomplished and want to demonstrate your » Maslow’s ideal self actualized person is probably wisdom to others. only attained by about 1 percent » If you don’t feel a sense of accomplishment when you look back on your life, you may fall into despair. When that happens, you tend to focus more on regrets. Page 2 of 8 Mr. Edwin Malic, RN, MAN By: @ranzscmllas  NCMB314 LEC | Prelim Care of the Older Adult Nursing Implications values, beliefs, and factors that have contributed to Ñ Promote positive self esteem task their personalities Ñ Nurses need to keep in mind that intellectual » Individuals will respond to aging in the same way functioning remains intact in most older adults they have responded to previous life Ñ Employing moslow’s theory, the nurse recognize Nursing Implication essential needs must be met before self- Ñ Withdrawal in older adults maybe a actualization. (Patient education will be more manifestation of deeper problems such as successful if patients are well rested) depression Ñ Planning activities for older adults nurse need to Ñ Older adults may refuse to engage in activity remember that all individuals enjoy feeling needed because of fear of failure. (Plan a realistic and respected. (Reviewing person’s lifetime through activity, successful completion of activity provide picture) increase older person’s self confidence Ñ Programs promoting interaction between older Ñ By examining the past and being aware of adults and young children. significant event the health care provide deeper Ñ As eyesight and manual dexterity diminish, many understanding on why older adults act the way older adult enjoy the opportunity to cook or work in they do garden. Ñ Helping older adults to limitation while accentuating positive attributes may enable Sociological Aging Theories them to remain independent (Family home care) » Focus on changing roles and relationships Disengagement Theory » Outlines a process of disengagement from social life that people experience as they age and become elderly » Was created by social scientists Elaine Cumming and William Earle Henry » People lose social ties to those around them » As a person begins to disengage, they are increasingly freed from social norms which guide interaction » Men and women differs due to their different social roles » Is spurred by an individual’s desire to not have their reputation damaged by losing skills and abilities while they are still fully engaged in their social roles. » Once disengaged, remaining relationships shift, rewards of them may change, and hierarchies may also shift. » Disengagement occurs across all cultures but is shape by the culture in which it occurs Activity Theory » Havighurst propose that the idea that aging successfully is related to staying active Base on three (3) Assumptions 1. Its better to be active than inactive 2. Better to be happy than unhappy 3. Older individuals is the best judge of his or her success in achieving the first two assumptions » Activity may be viewed as physical or intellectual » Even with illness or advancing stage the older person can remain active and achieve the sense of life satisfaction Continuity Theory » How person will continue to be through remainder of life » As people age, they try to maintain or continue previous habits, values, preferences, commitments, Page 3 of 8 Mr. Edwin Malic, RN, MAN By: @ranzscmllas