Multicultural Counseling: Understanding Disability in Malaysia PDF

MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING UNDERSTANDING MULTICULTURAL MALAYSIA: DIS, Dini Farhana Baharudin £ie 5 @ Disability stafistics « Estimated over 4 million Malaysians are living with disabilities. « There are only 453,258 people with disabilities registe...

MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING UNDERSTANDING MULTICULTURAL MALAYSIA: DIS, Dini Farhana Baharudin £ie 5 @ Disability stafistics « Estimated over 4 million Malaysians are living with disabilities. « There are only 453,258 people with disabilities registered In Malaysia as of 2017. « However, as registration is voluntary, it is not reflective “WELL,M SORRY BUT 17 WAS BESIGNED oF NORMAL PFOPLE 1 of the real numbers in the country. What is a disability g « Persons with disabilities “have « Whether somethi long-term physical, mental, as a disability dep intellectual or sensory the culture, enviro impairments which in expectations igter_ccfiégn Jvifl;thrifokfis d performanc arriers hinder their ful an « Disabili effective participation in Pr:seag\r}g\fi(l’sb%lso, society on an equal basis services, and te: with others." (United Nations Enable, 2006) « Also need fo include short- term disabilities. @ine Disability in Malaysia - Persons with DisabilitiesAct 2008+ Malaysia's has ta defined persons with disabilities \mfion‘am step to as those “who have long term rights of ?ecgle physical, mental, infellectual or ratifying the Cons sensory impairments which in R(lg{fls of Persons interaction with various barriers (CRPD) in 20 may hinder their full and effeclive parficipation in society”. such as health, rel education for cl ns W he Nuflgnal Plan for Persons with Disabili |eé Models of disability , r ~l mode b Tl f TMPARMENTS AND CHRONIC ILLNESS OFTEN POSE REAL DIFFICULTIES BUT < JHEY ARE NOT THE MAIN PROBLEMS - &= = VRN (ATTITUDES) (CRGMNISTONS iR m’\j ) w8 AR B et e 1 LD e Types of disability ’ httos://youtu be/GvI cDEFIXaE (Department of Social Welfare, 2017) {Persons with Disabilfies Act 2008) Disability identity « Refers to possessing a positive sense of self and connection to, or solidarity with, the disability col « A coherent disability identity is believed to help adapt to disability, including navigating related stresses and daily hassles. « Important for counselors to listen for the presence absence of disability identities in their client’s narrativ (Dunn & Burcaw, 2013) 1 « Disability identity should “guide people with disabiliti toward what to do, what fo value, and how fo actin. vario.us”c(irctémstcnces in which their disability is a salient &L P. Views and attitudes Angelic traits Perpetual children Inspirational Obiects of pity “Brave", “courageous”, Menace or threat fo “spunky” society Sick and incompetent Psychological & ‘economic burden to society (Marini, Glover- Graf, & Milington, 2012) https://youtu be/8K9Gq1 64Bsw Public. (1) stereotypes Nileagle! (2) prejudice (3) discrimination “represents the negative reactions and discrimination persons.. feceive from other mermbers of society” (Conigan & Watson, 2002 as cited in Kondrat & Kondrat & Teater, Teater, 2009 p. 35) 2009 p. 35) Issues barred from fal epre ) part in stud : unseling research [ll normed research may flets not apply siderations Counseling clients with disabil Clinical Implications * General Considerations * Assessment « Diagnosis « Case Conceptualization « Interventions o General Considerations * Awareness about personal beliefs about and reactions to various disabilities. * More likely o engage with providers from other disciplines. « Consider office accessibility and schedulin accommodate client. « Tone of voice and language: person-first language vs. disability identity language. + Practitioners should use person-first language, unl given permission by PwD to use dlsabl\fiyl lentity language. o Language « Use the client's preferred « Some people as: language. term “person with: * When in doubt, use person-first language to affirm humanity (Arfman & Daniels, 2010). * [EEBen 2 gz seems I - "Disabled person” rson who uses a wheelchair”, * Always seek to : person win aufism", “person who preferred langu Fin QA « Avoid language that focuses on a perceived deficit. For example, “confined to a wheedthalr” or “wheelchair- und”. atic  Clinical Implications: Assessmel * Assessment: « Asking about disability, even if not visible. « Assessing presenting problem « Assess perceived social support; not nec actual support. « Asses the disability model(s) to inform case conceptualization and intervention Asking About Disability + Does the PWD identify as having a disabili What messages has he/she received from society/family2 « Ask the PwD about his/ her disability. * "What is the nature of your disability? does it affect you in your daily life?’ « Failure to conform to/interndlize stereoty not necessarily denial of disability status. | your clinical judgment here). Rhoda. (1999). What psychofherapisis should know about disabilty. New York: ford Fress. Clinical Implications: Diagnosis » How might a particular model of disability inforn the presenting problem?2 = Higher levels of anxiety following acute disab onset; can look like a panic disorder, efc.. = Anger expressed toward discrimination, should not be over-pathologized. « Over/underreporting symptoms of depression. not attribute symptoms of depression direct medical diagnosis or disability. - Lifetime of self-advocacy can result in what appears to be grandiosity/narcissism Case Conceptualization * Frameworks to Consider: « Social Model of Disability « Disability culture and biculturalism of PwDs. = Family Systems Theories - Disability as a social construct * Presume competence first. - Disability may or may NOT be part of freofmenr Qlin Bhedo. (1999) What psychotherapis shoul know abou dabilt. New York PP 1549 Clinical Implications: Interventio. Clonsider conventional treatment interventions, also: « Focus on validating experiences of oppressi reinforcing stereotypes and stigma. + Empower the PwD by emphasizing personhood, resiliency, and abilities. « Treatment goals should center around PwDs pet values, an ideaIIY, move them “through” disabili models to integrate disability identity. « Contain disability “spread" effect; intrinsic values bgcome more salient. natie Suitable Theoretical Orientations fo * Narrative + Adlerian (importance of belonging) « Person-Centered (difficult for less verbal cliet « Existential Therapy (transcendence & spirifudfiyf - Behavioral, Cognitive & CBT p « REBT (beliefs, frustration tolerance) « Positive Psychology « Family Therapies Disability-Affirmative Therapy o Counseling clients with disabiliti « Studies suggest that religious ® Com{)le'ing school beliefs or spiifuality improves life pracficing job-relaft satisfaction by shaping the view enables them fo ga of a disability and by providing efficacy and d a belief concerning their of becomini% purpose of life (Sue & Sue, 2013, citizen (Sue & Sut p. 532-533) « Individuals with disabilities benefit most from programs or services that build therr self- determination and sense of independence (Ward, 2005; Sue & Sue, 2013, p. 538). Ethics & professional practice ' +Romembor pason i languags. Language st DS wil sk fo ssitonca f oy nosd Shaking hands s ess common i he clsabled Commurty. Gree! PWOS e same way you would rest Gy ko, bul 55 G o1 s + Coursslor con ask e clien s poys aols i i presenfing sus (A & Doni, 00 +Goal s nethe 10 overomphasizs o undarmphasie he dikabily Do conma thare e maml- 18achont 1 k. ~Do ot hold PHDs ta ower standrc of acieveme, Ethics & professional practice o Conclusion = Individuals with disabilities face many challenges today's society. People often do not know howf appropriately with them. « Compounding the problem is the fact that vary olon? a broad spectrum of impairment; both and menfal. » Counseling these individuals presents unique and significant challenges. « Consideration of a multitude of variables must be included in a person-centered approach to helping the client reach their full potential.  Dr. Dini Farhana Baharudin SCREENCAST(#) MATIC Sex Biological Status Male, Female, Intersex (disorder of sexual development) Sexchromosomes (X andY), gonads, internal reproductive organs, external g * Gender Cultural associated attitudes, eelin Behaviors compatible with the Behavior: Binary genderis a social construct - Gender Identity of oneself as male, female, or transgender;” o7, none of the three ender dentity exists on a spectrum Peaple use a variety of terms to describe their non-binary gender dentity. genderqueer genderi, androgyne,feminin,intergender,and more People who dentify as the culturally associated gender fortheir sex are cisgende + Sexval Orientation Heterosexual - a person whose sexual orientationis toward others of the opposite sex (straight) R, Homo: whose sexval orientation is toward others of the same sex SCREENCAST (¢ (gay) + Sexual orientation refers to an enduring emotional, romantic, physical, sexual, or affectionate attraction toward others. SCREENCAST ( - Once was considered to be "all or nene” phenomenon - straight or gay. - Kinsey scale: sexual orientation is on a continuum (o=exclusively heterosexual behavier; 3=behavior equally heterosexual and homosexual; and 6=exclusively homosexval behavior) (Kinsey et al., 1948) - Klein sexual orientation grid (KSOG) (2990): Sexual behavior (with whom have you had sex?) bout whom are your sexval fantasies?) Sexual attraction (to whom are you sexually attracted?) * Social preference (with membersof which sex do you socalize?) Emotional preference (do youlove and like only members of the same sex, only mbersof the other sex, or members of both sexes?) Lifestyle preference (what is the sexual identity of the people with whom you socialize?) * Self-identity (how do you identify yourself sexually?) - KSOG also questions sexual behaviors in the past, present, and ideal future (27 scale) SCREENCAST (  LGBTQIA of s ndwiduals namber an expansion ofthe Lpreviously v T; broadened to encompass ita greate o S o A e e ) 1 who i sexually orented 1o bth sexes (men and women) gender other than that expectedb Varies and s not dependent on GRnaer ey cribe e sotiety; people Anwithindiidual sexval whorientation 15 unsureorof néntation Interses intergender: TeprodUEtIVe Sexualmedical andnclusing syster; conditions that eature IndidualsGonads, congenital borm sexwithhormones any ofseveral anomalyvanakions o th n sex CHaractenstics SR pica defntions o male chramasomes, o female of gentalschat do not fit Asexual: a person who does not experience sexual attraction They may or may not experience emotional, physical, or romantic attraction. Asexvality difrers from celibacyin £hat ti2 a sexual rlentation, not cholcs Or any other orientationidentity e Other terms: GSM (genderand sexval minorities) or LGBT+ (which may better representa SCREENCAST (3) WATIC wide Variety of identitiesand orientations people may have. ~~Tdentity s Voman Genderqueer o Feninine Androgynous Mascuine Expression 3 Bio oic) Se SeX 3 Female Tntersex ae @ Sexual Orientation =i Heterosexual Bisexual Homosexual A Lesbian: a woman whose sexual and romantic attractions are toward women; originated from the word Lesbos (Greek) Gay: a man whose sexual and romantic attractions are toward men; can be generalized to include lesbians; homosexual Bisexual: a person who is sexually oriented to both sexes (men and vomen) SCREENCAST ( Complex combination of biclogical and social. Prominent theories: Psychosocial Psychoanalytic theory (emational distant of fathe mothers) Learning theory (early experience: Biological Genetic influenc Prenatal influences Hormonal infiuences Neuroanatomic nflue SCREENCAST (=) MATIC  Transgender refers to people whose gender expression is not in accordance. with society’s expectations for their biological s For example, a woman whose gender expression is masculine s transgender (crosses the gender). Gender expressioncan include clothing, hairstyle, mannerisms, way of walking, preferred sitting positions, speech, etc - For some transgender women, gender expression might be accentuated by the biological (broad shoulders, thick neck, deep voice, etc.) Some transgender women identify as “butch” (a masculine woman). * Atransgender male has a more feminine gender expression. He might have characteristics generally assumed to be relegated to the female sex. For example, he might have (but not necessarily)a slight build and a high- pitched voice. He might express himself with colors usually associated with females SCREENCAST ( Some transgender males preferto wear clothing (sometimes or always) which society classifies as women's wear. Some transgender males identify as “queens.” Some transgender people are homosexualsor bisexuals, and others are heterosexuals. Transgender: a person who lives as a member of a gender other than that expected based on sex or gender assigned at birth Sexual orientation varies and is not dependent on gender identity Contrast: transvestite are those who dress in the clothing of the “opposite” sex and for whom that dressing is sexually exciting SCREENCAST (&) MATIC ScheawRIZranEgenderis also used as an umbrella term for all"trans” people. Transsexual people are those who have permanently changed - or seekto change - their bodies through medical interventions, including but not limited to hormiones andfor gender reassignment surgerie: Trans women may take estrogen and related female hormones; trans men may take testosterone. trogen for MTFs Softening the skin Redistributing body fat to a more feminine appearance Reducing some body hair costerone for FTMs Lowering the voice Causing the growth of body and facial hair Redistributing body fat to a more masculine appearance Causing the menstrual cycle to end SCREENCAST (=  Genderqueer is most commonly used to describe a person who feels that his/her gender identity does not it into the socially constructed “norms" associated with his/her biological sex. - Genderqueer is an identity that falls anywhere between man/boy/male and woman/girl/female on the spectrum of gender identities. Contrast: Gender dysphoria s a conflict between a person's physical or assigned gender and the gender with which he/she/they identify (DSM- “Hermaphrodites, (the "herms“), who possess one testis and one ovary (the sperm-and egg-producing vessels, or gonads). The male pseudohermaphrodites (the “merms*), who have testes and some aspects of the female genitalia but no ovaries. The female pseudohermaphrodites (the “ferms"), who have ovaries and some aspects of the mals 4% of births are interse SCREENCAST (+) MATIC An asexual person is a person who does not experience sexual attraction. SCREENCAST (+) MATIC Intersection of Identity LGBand Have a disabilty Identify as part of an ethnic minority Identify as Gender-nonconforming Other identities that can add to oppression: Geography Age Gender Expression Religious/Spiritual background SCREENCAST (=) MATIC  - Heterosexism is a system of oppression which privileges heterosexuals and discriminates against lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. Heterosexism presents homosexuality as abnormal, sick, unnatural, sinful, and/or criminal Heterosexist thinking encourages discriminatory behavior ranging from overt violence—"queer bashing”to the subtle. SCREENCAST (+) MATIC sometimes referred to as reparative therapy or sexual reorientation therapy. therapy designed to change one's sexual orientation to heterosexual. also employed in attempts to convert atransgender person's gender expression to match the sex that person was assigned at birth, arange of approaches that can include conventional talk therapy, prayer, re-education, hypnosis, aversion therapy, CBT. the practice is a controversial one that has been disavowed by a number of organizations - including the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the National Association of School Social Workers, and the American Counseling Association. SCREENCAST (=) MATIC « Many of the concerns and lfe challenges LGBTQ people bring to therapy are those common among all people. Issues include Identity Family (e.g. rejection) Violence (e.g.bullying, verbal harassment ~name calling, theats) Loneliness & Depression Substance abuse (alcohol, smoking, drugs) vicidal ideation | self-harm Medical (HIV/AIDS) Relationship/ couple parenting issues SCREENCAST ( Practice your inner Rogerian Unconditional Positive Regard Listen to their story Often times LGBT clents simply need to tel someone who they are, without judgment, and without being told who they are Ask questions forclarity Never worry that you will offend your client by asking questions. I hey can answer, they will Ifyou show your clien that you are interested in getting to know themit will go a long way in developing the therapeutic aliance. Don't be afraid to admit you don't know something about the culty + Be prepared to educate (yourself and your le - LGBT clients come to counseling with different levels o knowledge and understanding about their community. You shouldhave an understanding of the models of development as this will help give: you anideaof where your client is and how to best assist them AILGBT individuals areNOT alike. Research shows that with increased minriy status comes additive and exponentialmental health issues. Ask yourclent to ell you how they, their family, and their culture, view wallty and don'tassume you already know.  UNDERSTANDING MULTICULTURAL MALAYSIA= GENDER & SEXUAEITY Dr. Dini Farhana Baharudin SCREENCHST: ) MATIC DEFINITION * Gender: Has been referred to as « Sexuality: Can be viewed as a the various expressions of a broader construct that subjective sense of self as either encompasses gender, gender male or female (Fausto-Sterling, roles, and sexual orientation 2000). (D'Andrea & Daniels, 2001). o1 @ume Masculinity and Femininity * The concepts of masculinity + Gender-specific masculine and and femininity are about the feminine behaviors are content of the roles assigned to differentiated at an early age each gender and the through the socialization characteristics deemed socially process (e.g. McLean, Carey, & appropriate that correspond to White, 1996; Thompson, 2000). each gender role. We receive messages from an * https://youtu.be/nrZ21nD9I-0 early age about what are acceptable and preferred * https://youtu.be/gBgcxPzD8tY masculine and feminine 4 https://youtu.be/txI-A3QMIXY behaviors. Ao The Influence of Feminism in Reconstructing Gender and Identity The women's movement of the late + Issues to consider: (Worell, 1960s and beyond has had a 1986; Worell & Remer, 1992) significant impact on how we 1 Tradiitional theories of female and currently think about gender and male development and behavior describe male traits as normative sexuality in western society. and female traits as deficient. This movement triggered an There is a preponderance of sex explosion of new theories in stereotyping and sex role bias in the » psychology that essentially diagnosis of psychopathology. Women are blamed for their challenged traditional views about experiences of sexual and physical men and women (e.g. Collins, Dunlap, abuse. & Chrisler, 2002; McLean, Carey, & a Women's psychologicel problems hite, 1996; Rider, 2004). have been overpathologized @uine hitos://voutu.be/u2GluSZonTM  The Men's Movement The rise of the "men’s movement” is a response to the widespread criticism of traditional masculine roles and their position of power in society. Men are examining the causes of negative and detrimental behaviors such as male violence, rape and sexual assault, alcohol and drug use, and homelessness (Brooks, 2003). These and other important issues are being reframed so that the focus is on empowering men to change, learn new roles, and be active participants with women regarding issues including inequality (e.g. Connell, 2008). Introduction * World population = 7.8 billion (2019) « Female population = 3.8 billion % of total population Jlation P - Histories and Diversity « Women in the Westdo not have status that is comparable to that of men. They are less likely to be in top management posts, reportedly more frequéntly sexually harassed, interrupted in conversations, and addressed with'inappropriate forms. Attempts have been made to combat discrimination against women and their changing roles. « “Itis the law of nature that woman should be held under the lominance of man.” - Confucius « "Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as is fits in the Lord." - Collossians 3:18 « More likely to seek help for mental health problems from GP than counselor, Characteristics * Tend to define themselves in relation to others * Emphasizes attachment and connection « Sense of ethics may be based on caring - usually place other’s needs before theirown or have difficulty being aware of their own needs. * Knowledge and power are often devalued for women - fear of success; more at risk for loss of self-esteem * Value intimacy + Communication pattern Women in Islam “O mankind! We created you from a + “Whoever works righteousness, whether single (pair) of a male and a female, and male or female, while he (or she) s a true made you into nations and tribes, that believer (of Islamic Monotheism) verily, to you may know one another. Verily, the him We will give a good life (in this world most honourable of you with Allah is that with respect, contentment and lawful (believer) who has At-Taqwa [1.e. he is one provision), and We shall pay them of the Muttaqin (pious). Verily, Allah is certainly a reward in proportion to the All-Knowing, All-Aware” (al-Hujuraat best of what they used to do (i.e. Paradiise 49:13] in the Hereafter)” [an-Nahl 16:97] O mankind! Be dutiful to your Lord, Who created you from a single person (Adam) and from him He created his wife (Eve), and from them both He created many men and women (An Nisaa': 1) saanic LESSON FOR US + Dangerin dualizing too rigidly the roles of men and women respectively, in life. * There may be a division of labour but such a consideration should not be allowed to harden into a psychological trap. « To avoid the trap of women's identity in the West, we need to understand: « Biological, psychological differences between men & women « Similarities between men and women (androgeneity) + What are the stereotype images of men & women * No discrimination in the eyes of the Creator, Allah - Pelggities such as masculine’ and feminine’ made int opposite cafegories cause a lot of harm (conflict & competition) @pne Counseling Issues Mental health disorders Violence Pay (physical assault, discrimination & (affective, anxiety, somatization) rape) the Glass Ceiling Sexual Multiple role rassment strain Treatment Methods Feminist Therapy « Atheoretical orientation toward « Applies Jungian concept of counseling that was developed female archétypes to counseling y and for women. women. + More relational, more egalitarian, + Relies much on Greek mythology. and emanating from women's « Exploring female archetypes to experiences compared to major gapn awareness of coping theories that tend to stress Behaviors to deal with their status jndlividualism, autonomy, and in society and release self-blame. inear worldview. « Techniques: gender role analysis, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring etc. Introduction * World population = 7.8 billion (2019) * Male population = 3.9 billion MALAYSIA: ion Population @uune Histories and Diversity * Men usually considered more powerful, privileged, and less vulnerable sex. * Lower mental health service utilization than women but equal mental health need. o Characteristics « Emphasizes separation and independence « Sense of ethics may be based on logical principles of justice 4 rules for being a Man: « Study oak: invulnerability, sacrifice, stoicism, show no weakness « Big wheel: preoccupation with status, work, and achievement. Must be successful * Give ‘em hell: interpersonal domination, adventure, risk-taking, violence « No sisy stuff: avoid appearing feminine = (David & Brannon 1976 cited Steven & Engler-Carlson, 2010) havk Counseling Issues Mental health issues Violence & Work (substance aggression abuse, suicide) Reluctance to Iretl=ning help-seeking CHALLENGES WITH MEN * Mandated « Counseling incompatibilities * Resistant with men * Closed off and sceptical + The need for help is. e potentially humiliating for Want quick fix answers sl « Attempt to take charge of the. \41e stigmatization in session counseling * More difficult to connect with Masculinity is core to a man’s identity MALE-FRIENDLY COUNSELING « Aspects of multicultural counseling principles applied to treatment of men * Understand masculine values + Design treatment interventions to build and maintain rapport » Counselor may or may not target masculinity for treatment focus COUNSELOR PREPARATION * Awareness of gender & masculinity * Adjust expectations * Respect masculinity and men’s relational styles * Caring & competent * The person of the therapist * Monitor bias, stereotyping, & use of power * Be aware of intersectionality « Learn about the cultural experience of men WHY MEN CHOOSE FEMALE COUNSELORS (Johnson, 2005) * More comfort * More relational sensitivity « Urged by partner * Recommended by another person * Previous negative experience with male counselor  FEMALE COUNSELOR WITH MEN * Recognize the impact of men’s socialization and differences with one’s own gender socialization * Monitor for unresolved issues with men impacting therapy * Mindful of relationship dynamics (potential for sexual attraction, invite into special women, emotional caretaker roles, challenging and devaluing) * Monitor use of power * Recognize the role of shame * Provide insight into more female-oriented perspectives - @uune MALE COUNSELOR WITH MEN * Be mindful of male power competitiveness between client/counselor * Be mindful of masculine fusion and losing objective perspective. Blind spots in shared assumptions « Countertransference issues * May provide as a positive male role-model OTHER TIPS * Aim to enhance cultural knowledge and self-awareness in relation to men. Recognize diversity between men. * Maintain male-friendly attitudes « Develop male-friendly rapport building strategies « Invite men to review their coping strategies, including what works well and less well * Work on developing strategies that address goals and deficits, including more flexible understandings of masculinity and new ways of managing emotions « Beth male & female counselor have strengths ad 7, vulnerabilities when working with men @winec  O Webster's (1983:35) dictionary “The whole duration of a person... since... beginning”. © As counselors, we need to look beyond a number, view people as unique individuals, and leam to understand people of different ages. SCREENCAST (3) MATIC Some Private Healthcare Employees' Social Facillies and Services Related Security Act 1969 Act1998 R e L S N Legis'afions Employment Act 1955 Destvte Persons Act Scncincast () waric screentd Care is *Ihe system of activities undertaken by informal caregivers (family, fiiends and/or neighbours) andjor professionals (heaith, social services and others) to ensure that a person who is not fully capable of self-care can maintain the highest possible quaiity of (World Health Organization, 2000) ) Independent Fully dependent (Care/activity centers) (Nursing homes| SCREENCAST ( b/ © Defined as negative perceptions and/or behaviors toward an individual based on age. © *Ageism' is first introduced by Butler (1969) fo describe discrimination against old people and a tendency to view all old people similarly and negatively.  * The Prophet SAW said, * The Prophet SAW said, «The Prophet SAW said “Those who do not show ‘May he be disgraced! Giorifying Allah involves mercy fo our young ones May he be disgraced! May showing honor to a grey- and do not realize the he be disgraced, whose haired Musiim and fo one rights of our elders are not parents, one or both, who can expound the from us” (Sunan Abu attain old age during his Quran, but not to one who Dawud) lifetime, and he does not acts extravagantly enter Jannah (by being regarding it. or furs away dutiful to them)” (Musiim). from it, and showing honor - to ajust ruler (Sunan Abu %.31(8) i Dawud) Crealing greater exposure fo diversity In the personal characteristics of older and younger people. Having a greater commifment fo recognizing and responding fo diversity in dealing with older and younger people. Making ellberate Use of perspeciive faking 1o see older and younger people as individuals. Strengthening inslitutional pracfices thal promofe fhe nom of humar-hear Desensifizing ourseives fo the sfiama of degeneration and dependency. Reviewing policies and praclices for evidence of sligmalizing Ihvough disiespect, parficularly. the disrespect communicated through freating older and younger people as invisible groups. Medical ilnesses (e.g. hypertension, diabetes) Family (e.g. Work (refirement) caregiving. sexuality and leisure abuse) scaee  Guided autobiography | py | Strength-base