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Lesson 1: Course Orientation and the Consequence Standard Importance of Rules - Depend on results, outcome. An act that results in general welfare, Rules are meant to set order in the greatest good of...

Lesson 1: Course Orientation and the Consequence Standard Importance of Rules - Depend on results, outcome. An act that results in general welfare, Rules are meant to set order in the greatest good of the Rules are meant for man greatest number, is moral. Everyone is subjected to rules Non-Consequence Standard No one is above the law - Are based on natural law. Natural We are all subject to rules or else law is the law of God revealed court chaos through human reason. Rules are not meant to restrict Non-Moral Standard your freedom - Are social rules, demands of If they are suffocating laws, they etiquette and good manners. are not good laws. - They are guides of actions which Ancient Chinese Sages should be followed as expected (Confucius, Lao Tzu) “no more by the society. laws, no more rules” - Called folkways. Classification of the YTheories of Lesson 2: Moral and Non-Moral Moral Standards Standard 1. Consequence Standard - states that an act is right or wrong Ethics depending on the consequences - From greek word “ethos” of the act, that is, the good that is meaning “custom” produced in the world. - Or Moral Philosophy, is a branch 2. Not-only-consequence Standard - of philosophy which deals with holds that the rightness or moral standards. wrongness of an action or rule Moral depends on sense of duty, natural - Describing a human act as either law, virtue, and the demand of ethically right or wrong. the situation or circumstances. Moral Standard Non-theists - Are norms or prescriptions that - God is not the source of morality. serve as a frameworks for Theists determining what ought to be - Moral standards are done or what is right or wrong commandments of God. action, what is good or bad character. “Do unto others, what you like others to do unto you” (Confucius) (Golden Rule) Immanuel Kant Organizational - German philosophers - Is a puzzle posed by the dual - Formulated a criterion for necessities of a social determining what naked a moral organization and members standar moral self-interest. Structural Lesson 3: Moral Dilemma - Arises from the inherent conflicts within a system or organization. Moral Dilemma - Involves trade offs between - A problem in decision making competing values or goals, between two possible options, making it challenging to find a neither of which is absolutely solution that satisfies all acceptable from an ethical stakeholders. perspective. - Actions which are morally Kinds of Structural Dilemma unacceptable 1. Differential Versus Integration Genuine Dilemma in Structural Dilemma - One of the conflicting solutions - With decentralization, local should not override the other. governments have become empowered to “Damn if you do and damn if you dont” direct their affairs just as schools have become False Dilemma empowered to address - Is a situation where the their problems or are given decision-maker has a moral duty the opportunity to localize to do one thing, but is tempted or the given curriculum. under pressure to do something 2. Gap Versus Overlap else. - If there are gaps, - A choice between right and organizations end up with wrong. no one doing the responsibilities. If there are Lesson 4: The Three LEvel of Moral overlaps, things become Dilemmas unclear and may lead to more confusion and even Individual conflict and worse wasted - Refers to the personal dilemmas. effort and perhaps even It is an individual's damn if you do resources because of the and damn if you don't situation. unintended overlap.  3. Lack of Clarity Versus Lack of Cultural Relativism Creativity - The ideas that a person's belief, 4. Flexibility Versus Strict values, and practices should be Adherence to Rules understood based on that - Bending rules to help person's own culture, rather than someone or sticking to be judged against the criteria of rules no matter what. another. 5. Excessive Autonomy Versus Absolute Relativism Excessive Interdependence - Is self contradictory and - Refers to being too impossible. Absolute relativism isolated versus too much states “there are no absolute coordination. truths: which is an absolute truth 6. Centralized Versus itself, so absolute relativism Decentralized Decision Making contradicts itself. - Organizations can respond Cultural Perspective to change more rapidly - Is to understand people's beliefs, and effectively because values, and practices in the the decision makers are context of their culture. the people closest to the situations. A Moral Recovery Program: Building Culture a People, Building a Nation - Is the integrated pattern of - Submitted on April 27, 1988 by human knowledge, beliefs, and the Task Force of President behaviors Corazon Acquino, the senate and - It consists of material, and the members of the press by then nonmaterial culture Senator Leticia Shahani, the - Culture is learned, not inherited. moving spirit behind the program. It is acquire through enculturation, inculturation, and The Strengths of the Filipino acculturation Character Enculturation 1. Pakikipagkapwa-tao - The process of learning the 2. Family orientation components of life. 3. Joy and Humor Inculturation 4. Flexibility, adaptability, and - Is making the gospel take roots in Creativity a culture and introducing that 5. Hardwork and Industry transformed culture to christianity. 6. Faith and religiosity Acculturation 7. Ability to survive - Id the process by which people learn and adapt a new culture The Weaknesses of the Filipino Character Confucius 1. Extreme family Centeredness - Taught righteousness, 2. Extreme Personalism human-heartedness, filial piety 3. Lack of Discipline Aristotle 4. Passivity and Lack of Initiative - Would say that they exist 5. Colonial Mentality embodied in the concrete 6. Kanya-kanya syndrome, talangka individual as common or mentality essential characteristics 7. Lack of self analysis and self Van Peurson reflection - They are termed as “logical 8. Emphasis on Porma rather than structures” underlying the substance material world and making the The following goals are proposed to world possible develop in the Filipino Dr. Kent M. Keith (2003) 1. A sense of patriotism and - Came up with a list of national pride fundamental, or universal moral 2. A sense of the common good principles that can be found 3. A sense of integrity and throughout the world. accountability 4. The values and habits of discipline and hard work 5. The value and habits of self reflection and analysis; the internalization of spiritual values and the emphasis on essence rather than on form Value - Are the principles or ideals we hold as important, good, desirable or worthwhile Plato - Talked about the values or virtues of temperance, courage, and wisdom Jesus Christ - Preached the value of love from which springs patience, kindness, goodwill, forgiveness, and compassion  CHAPTER 2: o First Principle: Every agent that performs an action acts for the sake of the end or purpose to be attained. L1: THE MORAL AGENTS In other words, a moral agent is purpose-driven. Example: If you study hard for a test, your THE HUMAN PERSON AS A MORAL AGENT purpose is to get a good grade.  Moral" comes from the Latin "mores", referring to o Second Principle: Every agents acts for an ultimate society's patterns, standards, rules of doing things. end. "Agent" comes from Latin "agere", to do, act. Example: When you work on your career, your  Moral agent- one who performs an act in accordance ultimate goal might be to find long-term with moral standards. A moral agent is the moral happiness. actor, one who acts morally. "being who is capable of those actions that have moral quality and which can be o Third Principle:Every agents has the power of properly denominated good or evil in the moral moving for an end which is suitable or good for sense."(Edwards, 1754) Only a moral agent is capable him. of human acts. That's why "morality is for persons," (Haring, 1971). Example: If you choose to eat healthy food, It’s because it’s good for your health and well-being. WHAT IS A SUFFICIENT CONDITION FOR MORAL AGENCY? WHAT HAPPENS AFTER DEATH? - if the agent has the capacity to conform to some of A theologian once said: the external requirements of morality. So if certain - If one is used to a life in accordance with the agents can obey moral laws such as "Murder is fundamental option, at the moment of death, wrong"or "Stealing is wrong", then they are moral he/she would be asked by God what his/her agents, even if they respond only to prudential option will be, and he/she definitely will say yes reasons such as fear of punishment and eve if they to God are incapable of acting for the sake of moral considerations. Troisfontaines: - According to the strong version, the Kantian version, - One's choice of his way of life, may be gradually it is also essential that the agents should have the established and may be difficult to change it, capacity to rise above their feelings and passions and except by God's grace, at the moment of death. act for the sake of the moral law.... (Haksar, V., Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Jean Paul Sartre (Existentialist) - a human person is or becomes what he/she makes of himself/herself by choice. He/she is THE PURPOSE-DRIVEN MORAL AGENT nothing, no "essence", until he/she starts his/her “Every human act is directed toward an end, that is, "existence by making choices. In other words, merely an instrumental end. As Aristotle put it, that one who lives a life of blindly following what end which is sought for its own sake, that is, it is no others think, say, and do, is nothing, zero, he/she longer sought for the sake of another end, is the lives a hollow, empty or meaningless life. summum bonum, the highest good. That highest good Teilhard de Chardin (1948) & Alfred North Whitehead (1986) is happiness. For St. Thomas, the highest good or end is happiness but the absolutely final end is God.” - whatever a human person is or will be a result of a (Thomas Aquinas) creative process. In other words, for all these thinkers, a human has to create his/her end, purpose or  Alfredo Panizo (1964) cites the three Thomistic directions. He/she has to invent her destiny. Since there principles regarding the end or purpose of the moral is no goal or end designed for him/her, he/she would agent. completely be the author of what he/she turns out to be. He/she will be totally responsible for what he/she will be. Martin Heidegger, Gabriel Marcel & Martin Buber ROBERT FRANSCOEUR’S perspective of evolution - see themselves as being-with-others, inseparably the future world toward which a person should direct related to their fellow man. By placing their his/her life is this same material world but spiritualized, biases and prejudices between brackets, that is, that is, material world spiritualized, a world devoid of by suspending their obstructive effects on their its material limitations, a world liberated and freed vision, they realize who the other being is in their from its spatio-temporal conditions. To contribute to presence. The other is another subject like them, the making of this future world the human person has the other is emitting signals communicating a to participate through his/her creative acts of unifying, message calling for their creative response. ordering synthesizing things. Martin Buber L2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL CHARACTER OF THE - The other is saying,"let us learn to live together" MORAL AGENT to affirm each other's being. Together we go through life, designing our end and purposes, Defining moment- a significant life-changing event or guided by messages unveiled in a life of dialogue moment that reverberates throughout your career and with ourselves, with other selves, and with the personal life and so changes everything. world. Consequently, the end, purpose, or direction of beings-with-others, is what they discover as they learn to live together. Says RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORAL ACTS & CHARACTER Buber, (1957) "All real living is meeting" , a life of dialogue. - moral character is relevant to moral behavior in two important ways. first. given that i am already “WORLD TO COME” means “WORLD TO COMEOUT OF aware of what i ought to do (i.e. of what the THIS WORLD” "moral" action is), moral character facilitates doing that action, the person who has moral Fr. Rene de Brabander, CICM, former professor in St. character does moral actions more readily more- Louis University, Baguio City, wrote an article entitled, easily and more wilingly than one who does not. "Christianity in the Modern World". The modern - moral character matters in a second, much more Christian departs from the view that earthly life, the fundamental way: the person who has moral world of flesh, is a sinful thing and has to be abandoned character is able to recognize what moral and for the sake heavenly life. But “heaven and earth are occasions for moral behavior in a way that those one and the same thing you cannot love one and who lack moral character cannot. those who lack despise the other." The world to come, that is, the moral character often fail to act morally because heavenly world that every Christian desires to direct they simpły fail, in many instances, to recognize their life to, can only come out or emerged from this the morally relevant aspects of the situations world of flesh. they find themselves in (knobel, 2019) L3: STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT A person should direct his/her life toward this end, the Moral Development making of the world to come out of this world. What does it mean making the "world to come" out of "this - refers to the process through which human world”? It means, instead of avoiding "this world” as a person gains his/her beliefs skills and dispositions sinful world of flesh, we evolve ourselves in it, that make him/her a morally mature person. improving it, refining it, constructing and developing it, perfecting it to bring out the world to come. As Buber Stages of Behavior: was saying, "if you hallow this world, you meet the  taboo living God.” The modem saint is there fighting for  law justice, building schools and hospitals, clothing the  conscience naked and feeding the hungry, instead of spending  reciprocity most of his time in contemplation (Brabander, 1970). 3 STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT 1. AMORAL STAGE- egocentric hedonist and prudential considerations. 2. PRE-MORAL STAGE- authoritarian, ego-idealist, socio & reciprocal considerations. 3. MORAL SATGE- personal, autonomous, attruistic rational independent & responsible considerations. 2013 KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT  (Level 1) PRE CONVENTIONAL MORALITY  (Stage 1) Obedience & Punishment orientation - the child/individual does good in order to avoid being punished.  (Stage 2) Instrumental Orientation - right behavior is defined by whatever the individual believes to be his/her best interest.  (Level 2) CONVENTIONAL  (Stage 3) Good Boy Nice Girl Orientation - children want the approval of others and act in ways to avoid disapproval.p