Lesson 1: Course Orientation and Consequence Standard

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of values according to the content?

They are ideals we consider significant. (correct)

They are external factors influencing behavior.

They are traits that lead to failure.

They are principles deemed unimportant.

Which of these is NOT one of Plato's identified virtues?

Integrity (correct)

Wisdom

Courage

Temperance

What does the term 'moral agent' imply in this context?

Someone who avoids moral responsibility.

One capable of acting in accordance with moral standards. (correct)

A person who follows societal norms blindly.

An entity that acts without any purpose.

According to the second principle, every agent acts for what kind of end?

An ultimate goal. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best reflects the value preached by Jesus Christ?

Love as the foundation for virtues like kindness. Signup and view all the answers

What does the first principle state about actions of a moral agent?

Agents act to attain specific ends. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these habits is aligned with moral integrity and accountability?

Engagement in self-analysis. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept best summarizes the essence of morality as presented in the content?

Morality is intrinsically linked to personal actions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle behind the Consequence Standard?

It evaluates the rightness of an act based on its consequences. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best represents the Non-Consequence Standard?

It focuses on duty, virtue, and natural law. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of moral standards, which of the following best defines a moral act?

An act described as ethically right or wrong. Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophers are mentioned in relation to the importance of rules?

Confucius and Lao Tzu Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of non-moral standards?

They are derived from natural laws. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes moral standards according to the content?

They serve as frameworks for determining right and wrong. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes social rules that involve etiquette and good manners?

Folkways Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the views of non-theists regarding morality?

Morality is derived from societal consensus. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of a moral dilemma?

It involves trade-offs between conflicting values. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a genuine dilemma and a false dilemma?

Genuine dilemmas involve conflicting solutions that cannot override each other. Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is mentioned in relation to moral standards?

Immanuel Kant Signup and view all the answers

What is a structural dilemma characterized by?

Conflict within a system or organization. Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'Do unto others, what you like others to do unto you' imply?

Consider others' needs while making decisions. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of structural dilemmas, what does 'Differential Versus Integration' refer to?

The balance between central and local control. Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly identifies the characteristic of a false dilemma?

It presents an illusion of limited options. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the effect of gaps in organizational responsibilities?

It leads to tasks being unaddressed. Signup and view all the answers

What is a sufficient condition for moral agency according to the content?

The agent must be capable of aligning with moral laws. Signup and view all the answers

What happens immediately after death according to the theological perspective mentioned?

God asks individuals what their fundamental option will be. Signup and view all the answers

According to the strong version of moral agency, what is required from the agents?

They must have the capacity to act for the sake of the moral law. Signup and view all the answers

How does Sartre define the essence of a human person?

By their choices and actions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'summum bonum' refer to?

It denotes the end goal of all actions worth pursuing. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a life that is marked as 'hollow or empty' according to the content?

Following others blindly without personal consideration. Signup and view all the answers

What role does God's grace play at the moment of death according to the ideas presented?

It facilitates the change of one's way of life. Signup and view all the answers

What does the content suggest is the ultimate aim of human acts?

To attain happiness as the highest good. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Defining moment' refer to?

A significant life-changing event Signup and view all the answers

According to Buber, what is essential to real living?

A life of dialogue Signup and view all the answers

How is moral character connected to moral behavior?

It leads to greater willingness to perform moral actions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'WORLD TO COME' imply?

A future beyond this earthly life Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a person with moral character?

They recognize moral situations effectively. Signup and view all the answers

What stance does modern Christianity take regarding earthly life?

It rejects earthly life in favor of it being a sinful thing. Signup and view all the answers

What role does moral character play when a person recognizes what they ought to do?

It enables them to act more readily on that knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

In what way is the concept of 'heaven and earth' presented?

As interconnected and not opposing forces. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Importance of Rules

Rules establish order and aim for general welfare, promoting the greatest good for the largest number of people.
Everyone is subject to rules; no individual is above the law to prevent societal chaos.
Rules should not restrict freedom but provide necessary guidelines for society.
Ancient Chinese sages like Confucius and Lao Tzu advocated for minimalistic rule.

Moral and Non-Moral Standards

Consequence Standard: Determines morality based on the outcomes of acts; actions are evaluated as right or wrong by their results.
Non-Consequence Standard: Evaluates morality based on duty, natural law, and situational context.
Non-Moral Standards: Govern social etiquette and behaviors but are not inherently moral; these are often termed as "folkways."

Ethical Framework

Ethics, derived from Greek "ethos," refers to moral philosophies that outline moral standards.
Moral standards guide actions and delineate what is deemed right or wrong.
The Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," emphasizes reciprocity in moral behavior.

Moral Dilemma

A moral dilemma arises when choosing between two unideal options, both presenting ethical conflicts.
Genuine dilemmas have no overriding solution, while false dilemmas present a false choice between right and wrong.

Structural Dilemmas

Differential vs. Integration: Decentralized governance allows local authorities greater autonomy.
Gap vs. Overlap: Responsibility gaps lead to inefficacies in organizational operations.

Values and Virtues

Values are principles deemed essential or worthwhile; they shape personal and societal standards.
Plato highlighted virtues such as temperance, courage, and wisdom as fundamental moral attributes.
Jesus Christ emphasized love as a primary virtue, fostering kindness, compassion, and goodwill.

Moral Agents

Moral agents perform actions aligned with moral standards and have the capacity for good or evil judgment.
The moral agent's purpose-driven nature means actions are taken with desired outcomes in mind, such as achieving happiness.

The Role of Death in Moral Agency

The choice of life path may solidify before death, especially influenced by divine grace.
Moral decision-making is integral to posthumous accountability, as individuals will reflect on their choices when faced with God.

Relationship Between Moral Acts and Character

Moral character facilitates the execution of known moral actions, making ethical behavior more consistent and inclined.
Individuals with moral character can better identify moral opportunities, enhancing ethical decision-making compared to those lacking such character.

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Description

Explore the foundational principles of rules and standards that govern our actions in society. Understand the importance of both consequence and non-consequence standards in maintaining order and promoting the general welfare. This quiz will help reinforce the concepts introduced in this lesson.