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COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT  What is Communism? Came from Latin word “communis” which means common or universal. A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned. Each person works and is paid a...

COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT  What is Communism? Came from Latin word “communis” which means common or universal. A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned. Each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.  What is Communism? The modern idea of communism was first proposed by the two German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. They were the author of a short book known as “The Communist Manifesto”. For many years, communism was the dominant economic system used in many countries across Eastern Europe and Asia.  Development of Communism In its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement in 19th-century Europe. Marx’s and Engels arguments in favor of a classes in society gained popularity throughout the later part of the 19th century. As the Industrial Revolution advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the proletariat—a new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions.  Development of Communism 1917- a group of communist in Russia, know as the Bolsheviks started a revolution, the result was a communist takeover of Russia and the creation of a nation known as the Soviet Union – for how many years it was the only communist nation. Following the World War II many other Eastern European Nation followed Russia’s lead and implemented a communist system.  Development of Communism Throughout the 1940’s 50’s and 60’s, many Asia nation such as China and North Korea also adopted communism.  Features of Communism 1. Classless society - a classless society is where there are no differences between the rich and the poor. Society is otherwise divided into the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, who are the owner class and the worker class, respectively.  Features of Communism 2. Common ownership of all resources - for society to be classless, people need to abolish the existing system of control and division. Common ownership is the best way to achieve this goal. Therefore, the community as a whole produces, and the community as a whole enjoys its benefits.  Features of Communism 3. Private property - when private people enter production, they tend to focus more on profit. As their earning capacity increases, their quality of life changes, resulting in dramatic lifestyle changes. Obviously, this will be different for those who do not have money. Therefore, abolishing private property is an essential characteristic of communist ideology.  Features of Communism 4. Social equality - the basis of the communist ideology is the achievement of social equality. In other words, an egalitarian society in which there are no differences or discrimination between the rich and the poor.  Features of Communism 5. Against democracy - democracy involves the liberty to enter private organizations or players into the market, among other things. Communist ideology does not accept privatization as it is a deterrent in the path of a classless society. Communism in China is an example where they oppose the idea of democracy.  Features of Communism The salaries of employees regardless of the job performed were all regulated so that each person would earn approximately the same amount of money. The goal of “Classless Society” would be a state in which there is was no currency at all, and the government provide food, clothing and shelter to citizens in equal amounts.  Features of Communism There is no private ownership of property in communist government, all property and business are owned by the national government. Therefore all workers are employed by the government. The state controlled all means in producing goods and services, and allow the government to control the distribution of those products.  Examples of Communist Countries Communism in China is one of the most popular examples. Other examples include North Korea, Laos, Cuba, and Vietnam. None of these, however, satisfies the true definition of communism. Instead, they are more in being a transition between the end of capitalism and the beginning of communism.  Examples of Communist Countries 1. CHINA  Examples of Communist Countries 2. NORTH KOREA  Examples of Communist Countries 3. VIETNAM Definition of DEMOCRACY a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections. (Merriam Websters)  “Democracy is government of the people, by the people and for the people.”-Abraham Lincoln The origins of the term democracy can be traced back to Ancient Greece. The terminology is derived from the Greek words kratos, meaning power or rule and from demos, meaning people. these words combine mean ‘rule by the people’ DEVELOPMENT Features of DEMOCRACY Respect for basic rights A multi-party political system paired with political tolerance A democratic voting system Respect for the rule Democratic governance Citizen participation  Countries practicing DEMOCRACY as form of government INDIA India is a Democratic Republic with a Parliamentary form of government which is federal in structure with unitary features.  Countries practicing DEMOCRACY as form of government USA Representative democracy.This means that the government is elected by citizens. Hence, citizens vote for their government officials.  Countries practicing DEMOCRACY as form of government PHILIPPINES It has democratic and republican states. The politics of the Philippines take place within a three-branch governmental system  Sources https://civicsacademy.co.za/what-are-the-key-features- of-a-democracy/ https://www.clingendael.orgpublication-government- people https://image.com.appgo// https://www.zambianguardian.com/characteristics-of-a- democracy https://www.coe.web-compass%democracy/ MONARCHY MONARCHY Political system based upon the undivided sovereignty or rule of a single person. The term applies to states in which supreme authority is vested in the monarch, an individual ruler who functions as the head of state and who achieves his or her position through heredity. Most monarchies allow only male succession, usually from father to son. A constitutional monarchy is a system of government that is ruled by a king or queen whose power is limited by its country’s constitution. Political power is shared between the monarch (the king or queen), and a constitutional government, such as parliament. In an absolute monarchy, there is no constitutional government, and the king and queen hold all of the power to govern their people. In a constitutional monarchy, the legislature holds the most political power. The United Kingdom, Thailand, and Japan are a few examples of constitutional monarchies. DEVELOPMENT OF MONARCHY Some of the oldest recorded and evidenced monarchies were Narmer, Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt c. 3100 BCE, and Enmebaragesi, a Sumerian King of Kish c. 2600 BCE. From earliest records, monarchs could be directly hereditary, while others were elected from among eligible members. DEVELOPMENT OF MONARCHY The Rise of Monarchies. During the High Middle Ages, Europe witnessed the development of strong nation- states with powerful, ruling, secular (non-religious) kings. Many circumstances allowed for this to happen. The prosperity and peace brought by the time period encouraged the rise of such rulers. DEVELOPMENT OF MONARCHY Recently monarchies are found mainly in Europe because Europe was the only place to have a truly feudal system. The shogunates of Japan were very similar, however, which is why Japan has an imperial system that shares many features with European monarchies. FIVE FEATURES OF MONARCHY 1.Ruled by a monarch: A monarchy is a government ruled by a monarch such as King, Queen or emperor. 2. Mode of succession: Monarchs are not usually elected. Rather, monarchs usually gained power through hereditary succession as power is passed down through a succession line linked by bloodline and birth order. FIVE FEATURES OF MONARCHY 3. Sovereignty: The ultimate power to make law rest generally rest on the monarch. For this reason, he is consider the sovereignty of the state 4. Religious: Most monarchs are devout followers of the country’s most dominant religion. For example, Saudi Arabia’s King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Morocco’s Mohammed Vi, are all Muslim, which is their country’s major religious group. 5. Term limits: Unlike most politicians that have term limits, monarchs do not have term limits. They rule until death or abdication. COUNTRIES PRACTICING MONARCHY: 1. Vatican City The pope has absolute power over every branch of government, making him the only absolute monarch in Europe. 2. United Kingdom The world's best known monarchy. 3. Andorra The only existing diarchy in the world. Andorra has two monarchs who rule in tandem. The first is the President of France Emmanuel Macron, who automatically becomes a Prince of Andorra as well. The second is Bishop of Urgell Archbishop Joan-Enric Vive Sicilia, who is appointed by the pope. Andorra is also the only monarchy to employ an ex officio system of successio, which means the title will pass to the next people to hold the offices of President of France and Bishop of Urgell, rather than the current prince’s children. Parliamentary Government Parliamentary Government Parliamentary government is a form of government in which the majority party in parliament constitutes governmental power. This is a democratic form of government which the political party that wins the most seats in the legislature or parliament during the federal election forms of government. Development The parliamentary system is originated in Britain (see parliamentary) and was adopted in several of its former colonies. Emerged in the Kingdom of Great Britain between 1707 and 1800. Features of Parliamentary Government Nominal and Real Executives – the President is the nominal executive ( also known as the jure or titular executive, whereas the Prime Minister is the Prime Minister of the Government. Double Membership – The Prime Minister and the council of Ministers serve as the executive, while the parliament serves as the legislature.  Collective Responsibility – The executive has a collective responsibility the legislative. Secrecy of Procedure – A requirement of this type of administration is that cabinet proceedings be kept secret and not made public. Majority Party Rule – the Prime Minister is usually appointed by the leader of the party that obtains a majority in the lower chamber.  Bicameral Legislature – are used in most parliamentary democracies. Political Homogeneity – members of the council of ministers are usually from the same political party. No fixed term – the government term is determined by the lower house’s majority support. Examples: Germany, Australia , and Japan. PRESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT  PRESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT A system of Government in which the President is constitutionally independent of the legislature. A presidential system or simple executive system is a form of government in which a head government, typically with the title of president, leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch in a system that use separation of powers.  DEVELOPMENT Implementing and enforcing the laws written by Congress. GROWTH OF PRESIDENTIAL POWER  FEATURES Real head of the state: in this system the head of the state is the real executive head Single unified executive- In a presidential government, the head of the state is both the nominal executive as well as the real executive. Separation of power between- The legislature and the executive in a presidential form of government are independent of each other. Superior position of president: the president occupies a superior position because all the power of the government are concentrated with him. Head of government as head of states.  EXAMPLES UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA) BRAZIL PHILIPPINES  REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT  What is a Republican Government?  A republic is a form of government in which the power is held by the people, but instead of ruling directly, the people loan their power to elected representatives who represent them and their interests. The word "republic" comes from the Latin term res public, which means "public things," "public matter," or "public affair." This reflects the fact that governing in republics is considered the right and duty of the people as a whole, not the exclusive privilege of a small, elite group of rulers. In some countries, such as the United States, "Republican" is also the proper name of a political party. In those countries, a "republican" government is one in which the people elect politicians to represent them, but a "Republican" government is one run by members of the Republican party.  The Development of Republican Government ? Republicanism is a form of government republic, form of government in which a state is ruled by representatives of the citizen body. Modern republics are founded on the idea that sovereignty rests with the people, though who is included and excluded from the category of the people has varied across history.  What are the features of a republic? A republic is a form of government in which the power is held by the people, but instead of ruling directly, the people loan their power to elected representatives who represent them and their interests. The main feature of republican form of government? People are sovereign or Democratic Periodic election Universal Adults suffrage Fixed Tenure for Political Office Supremacy of the constitution  What is an example of a republican country? Another definition of republican government is a form of government in which the head of state is not a monarch. The governments of China and North Korea, for example, are considered republics by this standard. In those nations, the majority of the power comes from the government.. How Many Countries use a Republican Government 159 of the world's sovereign states use the word "republic" in their official names. Countries practicing form of Government Country Official Name GOVERNMENT TYPE CHINA PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC –ONE REPUBLIC OF PARTY STATE CHINA INDIA REPUBLIC OF REPUBLIC INDIA PARLIAMENTARY INDONESIA REPUBLIC OF REPUBLIC INDONESIA PARLIAMENTARY