UCSP Finals Lesson 1 PDF

UCSP Finals Lesson 1 Social Control, Conformity, and Deviance Social Control 4. Violating rules may induce supernatural punishment. (Crapo 2001)...

UCSP Finals Lesson 1 Social Control, Conformity, and Deviance Social Control 4. Violating rules may induce supernatural punishment. (Crapo 2001) 5. Rules are matters of law ❖ Social behavior of enforced by the machinery of people is controlled to society. maintain order. *Rewards – praise, promotions, ❖ Re-establish order once salary increase, etc. rules have been broken. Question: What are the three most prevalent social goals our violation of behavioral norms = society is trying to achieve? corresponding social sanctions Deviance ❖ nonconforming RULES MUST BE OBEYED FOR behavior MULTIPLE REASONS: ❖ A violation of 1. Time-tested rules can make established social norms society work efficiently and whether folkways, mores harmoniously. or laws 2. Violating rules has Deviance varies depending on: corresponding punishments. 1. The context of the norm 3. Following rules brings more rewarding interactions with 2. The condition in the others. society 3. The people’s response to a particular behavior Forms of Deviance a just and humane society and establish a Government that Innovation – the use of shall embody our ideals and unadvised or sometimes illegal aspirations, promote the methods to achieve social common good, conserve and goals develop our patrimony, and Ritualism – strictly observing the secure to ourselves and our norms set by the society, posterity the blessings of forgetting the primary reason independence and democracy why people are conforming to under the rule of law and a it regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and Retreatism – when individuals peace, do ordain and try to escape from achieving promulgate this Constitution. social goals because they cannot fulfill them RIGHTS are the privileges and entitlement a person must enjoy Rebellion – occurs because of in the attainment and the frustration of people over protection of his human dignity. the norms (Hunt, 1982) Article III, Bill of Rights Human Dignity, Rights and the enumerates every Filipino’s Common Good rights. The primary purpose of creating social institutions is to serve the common good. 1987 Philippine Constitution Preamble We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build UCSP Finals Lesson 2 Organization of Society Newman, 2012 ❖ In sociology, it is a particular group that ❖ “A group is a unit of lauds itself as being a people who interact community of special with some regularity and individuals who are identify themselves as a above the other unit.” member of society GROUP Any collection of at least two ❖ members distinguish people who interact with some themselves from the frequency and who share some other people in theie sense of aligned identity community by promoting their Ex: passengers in a bus, people membership walking across the streets. children playing at the park Examples; Club, church(shared beliefs), fraternities, sororities, A group can be categorized sports teams(shared based on number, common commitment and goals), gang interest, purpose and level of interactions. ❖ Characteristics TYPES OF GROUP ACCORDING TO MEMBERSHIP 1. ethnocentric IN-GROUP 2. similar behaviour 3. we-feeling ❖ A group a person 4. sense of unity belongs to and feels is 5. love, sympathy, an integral part of his fellow-feeling identity We-Feeling- has feelings of attachment, sympathy, and affection towards the other 2. Identify itself with the members of the group. help of “they’ or other feelings -generally based on a 3. Expresses a feeling of consciousness of kind the antagonism OUT-GROUP (outgroup as enemy) 4. Shows negative ❖ A group that an attitude, do not identify individual is not a himself with the of group member of, and may even compete with People outside one’s own group, considered to be inferior or alien. TYPES OF GROUP ACCORDING TO INFLUENCE A group perceived as other PRIMARY GROUPS than one’s own. ❖ Small, informal groups of -Do not share awareness people who are closest -Does not identify as to us member/does not belong to SECONDARY GROUPS -Competitor ❖ Larger and more Examples: military vs. civilian impersonal groups that sports team are task-focused and non religious time limited neighbor REFERENCE GROUPS Characteristics 1. Dissimilar behavior  ❖ Provide a person with a set of standards to check; comparison. NETWORKS Macro-level - societies at large Meso-level - involves groups, communities, and institutions Micro-level - social interactions of individuals or very small groups. “No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a part of the continent, a part of the main.” - John Donne UCSP Finals Lesson 3 KINSHIP, MARRIAGE and HOUSEHOLD KINSHIP patrilineal or matrilineal descent but not both. -blood relationship Patrilineal descent, affiliates a -the state of having common person with a group of relatives characteristics or a common through his or her father. origin Matrilineal descent, affiliates a Kinship vs. Descent person with a group of relatives Kinship (kaugnayan ng through his or her mother. magkamag-anak) is a social Bilateral Descent, affiliates a institution that refers to relations person with a group of relatives formed between members of through either his or her parents. the society. Kinship is traced through both Descent (pinagmulan ng ancestral lines of the mother angkan) refers to the origin or and the father. background of a person in Types of Kinship terms of family or nationality. It is a biological relationship. Refers Consanguineal kinship or to biological relationship; kinship based on blood individual's child or offspring or (kadugo) is considered as the ancestry. most basic and general form of relations. The relationship is Lineage- refers to the line where achieved by birth or blood one's descent is traced. affinity. It is commonly called as Principles of Descent relative by blood. Examples are the relationship or connection Unilineal descent usually traced between parents and their through a single line of children, between siblings, ancestors either from the between nephews/nieces and Exogamy or out-marriage, it aunts/uncles. refers to marriage outside their own clan or ethnic group. Affinal kinship or kinship based on marriage refers to the type Monogamy refers to a of relations developed when a marriage where an individual marriage occurs. The husband has only one spouse at a time. forms new relations with his wife Polygamy refers to a marriage and her family likewise the wife of having more than one forms new relations with his spouse at a time. husband and his family. It can be polygyny. The Fictive Kinship - Kinship by marriage of one man having ritual multiple female partners at the Compadrazgo, literally same time or; translated as "godparent" Polyandry is the marriage of (ninong and ninang). This can one woman having multiple be done through the male partners at the same time. performance of Catholic rituals like baptism, confirmation, and Types of Arranged Marriage marriage. This "compadrazgo" becomes the spiritual parents of Child marriage. The parents of the child or as co-parents. The a small child arrange a future godson or goddaughter is marriage with another child's called inaanak. parents. The children are betrothed to each other. Marriage Across Cultures Exchange Marriage. This form of Endogamy or compulsory marriage involves a reciprocal marriage, it refers to marriage exchange of spouses between within their own clan or ethnic two nations, groups, or tribes. group. Diplomatic Marriage: Marriages are arranged for political reasons, to cement alliances Patrilocal residence occurs between royal families. The when the married couple stays monarchs of Europe were all with or near the husband's kin or related by blood due to relatives. frequent diplomatic marriages. Matrilocal residence occurs This form of marriage occurs when the married couple stays when an arranged marriage with or near the wife's kin or has been established between relatives two royal or political families in order to forge political or Biological residence happens diplomatic alliances. when the couple stays with the husband's kin or the wife's kin Modern arranged marriage: The alternately. parents choose several possible mates for the child, sometimes Neolocal residence happens with the help of the child (who when the couple stays or build may indicate which photos he a home independently from the or she likes, for example). The husband or wife's kin. parents will then arrange a meeting with the family of the Avuncolocal residence occurs prospective mate, and the two when the couple resides with or children will often have a short near the maternal uncle of the unsupervised meeting, such as groom. an hour-long walk around the Divorce- a court decree that neighborhood. The child then terminates or dissolves a chooses who they wish to marry marriage (if anyone), although parents may exert varying degrees of Annulment- nullifying marriage pressure on the child to make a as if it has never existed certain choice. Legal Separation- unlike a Post Marital Residency Rules divorced or annulled couple, (based on residence) this process will not allow A blended family is a type of couples to remarry family where both the parents (father and mother) have De facto separation- is a children from previous marital process of separating on their relationships but all the own arrangement without the members stay in one household sanction of the court. to form a new family. This is also Family and the Household called a step family, reconstituted family, or a The family is considered the complex family. basic unit of social organization. It is made up of a group of Conditionally separated family individuals who are linked is a type of family where a together by marriage, blood member is separated from the relations, or adoption. rest of the family due to employment, military service, A nuclear family is a type of sickness, etc. family that is made up of a married couple (parents) and Transnational family is a type of their biological or adopted a family who lives in more than children. one country. They may spend part of each year from one An extended family is country to the other. This is composed of two or more caused due to employment or nuclear families in a household military service of parents. Some of the relatives are living with the nuclear family. It is an Kinship of Politics: Political expanded household Dynasties and Alliances composed of three or more In the Philippines, political generations. It may include dynasties refer to family great grandparents, members who are involved in grandparents, the parents, the politics for several generations. children and other relatives. Most politicians elected in public offices and government positions are relatives. Political alliances. Political parties tend to align or agree to cooperate to each other for common political agenda; to ensure victory in the elections or guarantee the passage of legislation. UCSP Finals LesSon 4 POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES I. POLITICAL -decision making are made by consensus STRUCTURE or -based on kinship ORGANIATION -small groups of self-sufficient -an organized way in which hunters power is distributed and decisions are made within a -informal leadership power society -band fissioning because of -involves issues like allocation of conflict political roles, levels of political 2. TRIBES integration, concentrations of power and authority, -bigger compared to bands mechanisms of social control -comprised of bands that are and resolving conflicts politically integrated and II. TYPES OF shared a language, religious beliefs, and other aspects of POLITICAL culture ORGANIATION -practice agriculture, allowing them to support large 1. BANDS population -considered the simplest -integrated through lineages, political systems similar to bands in terms of -formed by several families population living together based on What tribes possess? marriage ties, common descendants, friendship Social affiliations  Legal -composed of different tribes or Political villages which are in alliance Moral with one another under one Religious beliefs political leader or the chief Tribes are generally Hereditary characterized by fluid Trial by ordeal boundaries where heterogeneity and dynamism Sultanate are present. 1. NATIONS -Morton Fried (1975) The Nosion of the Tribe -a group of people that share a common history, language, Pantribal-non-kin associations traditions, customs habits, and ethnicity Redistribution -ethnic concept 3. CHIEFDOMS 4. STATES -a political organization composed of a number of -political unit consisting of a communities that are ruled by a government that has permanent chief coming from sovereignty presiding over a an elite family. well define territory. (sovereignty-legitimate and -power is inherited ultimate authority of the state *simple chiefdom- central over the territory and the village or community ruled by a people) single family -most formal organization *complex chiefdom-several -political concept chiefdoms ruled by a single chief -a large community of people occupying a definite territory -More centralized power and IV. TYPES OF authority AUTHORITY -More populations that have diverse cultural traditions 1. Traditional authority- legitimacy is derived from Elements of State: well-established customs, habits, and social structures. 1. People/Population (Examples: Monarchial rule or 2. Territory the rule of the elites in a chiefdom) 3. Government 2. Charismatic authority- 4. Sovereignty legitimacy emanates from the charisma of the individual, Union of church and state- power legitimated through governor-general could extraordinary personal abilities influence the church in making that inspire devotion and religion-related decisions obedience. (Examples: Jesus of III. POLITICAL Nazareth and Mohammed of Mecca, Mahatma Gandhi, LEGITIMACY AND Martin Luther King, Jr.) AUTHORITY Charisma- extraordinary AUTHORITY- the power to make personal qualities that turn an binding decisions and issue audience into followers. commands 3. Rational-legal or LEGITIMACY- moral and ethical bureaucratic authority- this kind concept that bestows one who of authority draws its legitimacy possesses power the right to from formal rules promulgated authority by the state through its *for authority to be binding and fundamental and implementing stable, it must be legitimate laws. This is the most dominant way of legitimizing authority in modern states. v. Government 1. Absolute Monarchy Government is one of the major 2. Constitutional Monarchy components of social institution where its activities are entrusted Democracy is a system in which with making and enforcing the the citizens choose officials to rules of a society as well as with run their government through regulating relations with other popular or majority votes. societies. Its legitimacy lies in being recognized to govern Authoritarianism is a form of and to enact and enforce laws. government characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of a strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic voting. Vi. Forms of Totalitarianism is a political system under which the Government government maintains control Monarchy is a political system in all aspects of its citizens' lives. which a representative from one family controls the government and power is passed on through that family from generation to generation. Two Types: