Social Control and Deviance Overview

Social Control and Deviance

• Social behavior is controlled to maintain order.
• Re-establishing order occurs after rules are broken.
• Violations of norms result in social sanctions.
• Time-tested rules make society efficient and harmonious.
• Violating rules incurs punishments.
• Following rules promotes rewarding interactions.
• Violating rules may result in supernatural punishments.
• Laws are enforced by societal machinery.
• Rewards include praise, promotions, and salary raises.
• Society has prevalent social goals.
• Deviance is nonconforming behavior.
• Deviance violates norms (folkways, mores, or laws).
• Deviance depends on the norm's context, societal conditions, and public response.

Forms of Deviance

• Innovation: using improper methods to achieve goals.
• Ritualism: strictly following norms, forsaking the reason behind them.
• Retreatism: trying to escape social goals when unable to meet them.
• Rebellion: frustration over societal norms.

Organization of Society - Groups

• A group is a unit of people with regular interactions who identify as a unit.
• Groups share some sense of aligned identity, for example, passengers on a bus, or children playing in the park.
• Groups are categorized by number, common interests, purposes, and interaction levels.
• In-group: a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of their identity.
• Out-group: a group a person is not a member of, and may even compete with.

Networks

• Networks involve macro-, meso-, and micro-level interactions at various societal scales.
• Societies are interconnected.

Kinship

• Kinship refers to social relations between individuals in a society.
• Descent refers to individuals' origins and family background (nationality).
• Lineage is the line through which one's ancestry is traced.
• Unilineal descent is traced through a single line of ancestors.
• Kinship based on blood is consanguineal kinship (kadugo).
• Kinship based on marriage is affinal kinship.
• Fictive kinship is kinship through ritual (example, compadrazgo in Catholicism).

Marriage

• Exogamy (out-marriage): spouses outside one's clan.
• Endogamy (compulsory marriage): spouses within one's clan.
• Monogamy: one spouse at a time.
• Polygamy: multiple spouses.
• Arranged marriage: parents arrange marriage for their children.
• Exchange marriage: reciprocal exchange of spouses between groups or tribes.
• Diplomatic marriage: marriages for political gain.

Post-Marital Residence Rules

• Patrilocal residence: couple lives with the husband's family.
• Matrilocal residence: couple lives with the wife's family.
• Neolocal residence: the couple lives independently of either family.
• Avuncolocal residence: the couple lives with the maternal uncle of the groom.

Family Structures

• De facto separation: separation outside the court.
• Nuclear family: married couple and their biological or adopted children.
• Extended families: two or more nuclear families in one household.
• Blended families: parents and their children from previous relationships.
• Conditionally separated family: family member is separated from the rest due to work (military, etc).
• Transnational family: family living in more than one country.

Political Structures

• Bands: simplest political systems, small groups of self-sufficient hunters.
• Tribes: larger political organizations, integrated by culture and language, rather than a centralised family, or a kinship.
• Chiefdoms: political units composed of communities ruled by a permanent chief from an elite family.
• States: formal political organizations with sovereignty over a defined territory.

Types of Authority

• Traditional authority: legitimacy stemming from established customs.
• Charismatic authority: authority based on individual charisma.
• Rational-legal authority: authority derived from formal, legitimate laws.

Government

• Government: institutions managing societal rules and relations.
• Types of Governments: (Examples)
  • Absolute Monarchy: Monarch has absolute power
  • Constitutional Monarchy: Monarch's power is limited by a constitution.
  • Democracy: Citizens choose representatives through votes.
  • Authoritarianism: power centralised to curtail the political plurality.
  • Totalitarianism: Government controls all aspects of citizens' lives.

Explore the key concepts of social control and the various forms of deviance through this quiz. Understand how violations of norms impact social order and the consequences individuals face in society. Test your knowledge on important sociological theories and phenomena related to deviant behavior.