HAPP LEC 2 PDF - Human Anatomy and Physiology
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Saint Paul University Philippines
Gante, K.M.
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Summary
This document covers the chemical basis of life, including inorganic and organic compounds, proteins, and nucleic acids. It features a detailed chapter outline on these topics. Suitable for undergraduate-level anatomy and physiology students.
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# MTE104: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ## MODULE 2: CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE ### TOPIC OUTLINE: * I. Introduction * II. Inorganic Compounds * III. Organic Compounds * IV. Overview of Cell Metabolism ### I. INTRODUCTION * **Inorganic Compounds** * Lack carbon * Tend to...
# MTE104: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ## MODULE 2: CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE ### TOPIC OUTLINE: * I. Introduction * II. Inorganic Compounds * III. Organic Compounds * IV. Overview of Cell Metabolism ### I. INTRODUCTION * **Inorganic Compounds** * Lack carbon * Tend to be simpler compounds * Example: H<sub>2</sub>O (water) * **Organic Compounds** * Contain carbon * Most are covalently bonded * Example: C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> (glucose) ### II. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS * **Water** * Most abundant inorganic compound * Vital properties: * High heat capacity * Polarity/solvent properties * Chemical reactivity * Cushioning * **Salts** * Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water * Vital to many body functions * Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents * **Acids** * Release hydrogen ions (H<sup>+</sup>) * Are proton donors * **Bases** * Release hydroxyl ions (OH<sup>-</sup>) * Are proton acceptors * **Neutralization reaction** * Acids and bases react to form water and a salt ### III. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS * **Carbohydrates** * Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen * Include sugars and starches * Classified according to size: * **Monosaccharides** - simple sugars * **Disaccharides** - two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis * **Polysaccharides** - long-branching chains of linked simple sugars * **Lipids** * Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen) * Insoluble in water * Common lipids in the human body: * **Neutral fats (triglycerides)** * Found in fat deposits * Composed of fatty acids and glycerol * Source of stored energy * **Phospholipids** * Form cell membranes * **Steroids** * Include cholesterol (basis of all steroids made in the body), bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones * **Proteins** * Made of amino acids, which contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur * **Amino acid structure** * Contain an amine group (NH<sub>2</sub>) * Contain an acid group (COOH) * Vary only by R groups * **Fibrous proteins** * Also known as structural proteins * Appear in body structures * Examples include collagen and keratin * Stable * **Globular proteins** * Also known as functional proteins * Function as antibodies or enzymes * Can be denatured * **Enzymes** * Act as biological catalysts * Increase the rate of chemical reactions * **Nucleic Acids** * Provide blueprint of life * **Nucleotide bases:** * A = Adenine, G = Guanine, C = Cytosine, T = Thymine * U = Uracil * Make DNA and RNA * **Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)** * Chemical energy used by all cells * Energy is released by breaking high-energy phosphate bond * ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels ### IV. OVERVIEW OF CELL METABOLISM A diagram shows the breakdown of glucose first through glycolysis in the cytoplasm, then through the citric acid cycle and the electron-transport chain in the mitochondrion. --- #### References: * Anatomy and Physiology Books (Marieb, Seeley's, Tortora) * Slides Attribution: Gante, K.M. --- ### POST-TEST
