Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's models of the mind?
The defense mechanism of repression involves blocking out painful memories or thoughts.
True
What is the primary focus of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory?
Psychosocial crises and needs that a person faces throughout eight stages of life.
The three components of Freud's models of the mind are Id, Ego, and _____ .
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Match the following theorists with their respective theories:
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What is the stage where a child develops a sense of identity according to Erik Erikson?
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What does the term 'deviance' refer to?
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Secondary deviance results from society labeling an individual's actions as deviant.
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According to Erikson, the stage characterized by the challenge of 'Intimacy vs. Isolation' occurs during _____ years.
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Which type of control involves punishment to deter individuals who have already offended?
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Which wave of feminism granted women the right to vote?
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Patriarchal social institutions are designed to encourage deviance among women.
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Define personal crimes.
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Eating disorder characterized by an exaggerated fear of gaining weight is called __________.
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What is XYY Syndrome commonly referred to as?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of somatoform disorder?
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What does the term 'social junk' refer to?
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Match the following eating disorders with their definitions:
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Victimless crimes are crimes that have a direct victim.
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What is the definition of retribution in the context of punishment?
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What impact does family dynamics have on clients' mental health?
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Crimes committed by individuals in high-status jobs are referred to as __________.
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Which type of family involves a couple living with or near the groom's family?
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Which of the following embodies the concept of development as freedom?
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Economic Development refers to programs that solely focus on improving social well-being.
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What does GDP stand for?
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The theory that sees society as a complex system working together to promote stability is called ______.
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Match the terms related to economic growth with their descriptions:
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What is meant by 'Participatory Development'?
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Neoliberalism emphasizes the importance of government intervention in the economy.
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Identify the five stages of economic growth according to Rostow's modernization theory.
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Social development is a process of planned social change designed to promote the ______ of the people.
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All social movements seek to bring about the same type of change in society.
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What does the term 'Sustainable Development' refer to?
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Study Notes
Psychodynamic Theories
- Personality comprises an organized set of characteristics influencing thoughts, feelings, and social adjustments.
- Human behavior encompasses a range of actions and reactions to stimuli, including observable behavior and internal processes.
- Social functioning involves meeting role expectations and relates people's activities with environmental demands.
- Motivation refers to desires and intensity of wants; capacity focuses on internal resources for problem-solving.
- Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Erik Erikson, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erich Fromm are key figures in psychodynamic theories.
Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis
- Freud established psychoanalysis as foundational for later psychodynamic theories.
- Introduced the Models of the Mind: Id (instincts), Ego (self), and Superego (conscience).
- Mind levels include:
- Conscious: present thoughts and feelings.
- Preconscious: accessible memories.
- Unconscious: hidden instincts and desires driving behavior.
- Key concepts include birth trauma, fixation, and repressed memories.
Freud’s Psychosexual Development Stages
- Oral Stage (0-1 years): Focus on oral activities; failure can lead to dependency issues.
- Anal Stage (1-3 years): Focus on toilet training; can lead to control issues.
- Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Identifies with parents leading to Oedipus and Electra complexes.
- Latent Stage (6-puberty): Focus on relationships and hobbies, with libido suppression.
- Genital Stage (puberty-death): Focus on mature sexual intimacy and balance.
Defense Mechanisms
- Serve to protect the ego from anxiety and prevent psychological distress.
- Types include:
- Repression: pushing unwanted thoughts into the unconscious.
- Denial: refusing to acknowledge reality.
- Projection: attributing one’s unacceptable feelings to others.
- Displacement: redirecting emotional responses to a substitute target.
- Regression: reverting to earlier behaviors for stress relief.
- Rationalization: justifying behaviors with logical reasons.
Carl Jung's Contributions
- Introduced concepts of the collective unconscious and archetypes.
- Focused on individual’s drive for self-realization through balance.
Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Eight stages define critical psychosocial crises throughout life:
- Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)
- Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
- Industry vs. Inferiority (7-11 years)
- Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (19-29 years)
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (30-64 years)
- Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65 and above)
Behaviorist Theories
- Emphasize the role of the environment in shaping behavior.
- Key figures include Jean Piaget (cognitive development) and B.F. Skinner (operant conditioning).
Humanistic Theories
- Focus on individual potential and self-actualization.
- Prominent theorists include Abraham Maslow (hierarchy of needs) and Carl Rogers (client-centered therapy).
Determinants of Behavior
- Major determinants include heredity, environment, and training.
- Factors may be influenced by legal or cultural frameworks.
Social Deviance
- Defined as behaviors or traits disapproved of by society generating condemnation.
- Deviant behavior does not conform to social norms leading to negative reactions.
Types of Deviance
- Primary Deviance: Initial norm violations without altering self-image.
- Secondary Deviance: Result of society labeling actions as deviant, leading to a change in self-identity.
Views of Social Deviance
- Deviance is relative and evolves based on cultural and situational contexts.
- Normative and reactive perspectives exist; normative views focus on societal definitions of right and wrong.
Subcultural Theories of Deviance
- Albert Cohen’s theory suggests that working-class youth form subcultures as reactions to status frustration.
- Cloward & Ohlin propose that different subcultures (criminal, conflict) emerge based on available opportunities and societal structure.
This summary encapsulates key concepts from psychodynamic theories and approaches to personality development, behavioral theories, and social deviance, setting a comprehensive foundation for further exploration in these areas.### Retreatist Subculture
- Individuals unable to access legitimate or illegitimate opportunities may disengage completely.
- Examples include escapism and prostitution.
Differential Opportunity Theory
- Successful criminal behavior arises when legitimate means are unattainable, and deviance becomes appealing due to easier access to illegitimate opportunities.
Anomie and Strain Theory
- Anomie reflects the breakdown of social norms during rapid social change.
- Strain theory focuses on the gap between societal goals and means, leading to deviance.
Social Disorganization Theory
- Crime is more prevalent in communities with weak social ties and lack of control.
Conflict Theory
- Social order is upheld through power dynamics rather than consensus.
- The elite class (bourgeoisie) dominates the working class (proletariat), influencing crime and deviance.
Symbolic Interactionism
- Meaning derives from social interactions and shared symbols.
- Differential association highlights how life choices are shaped by peer groups.
Social Control Theory
- Social norms and institutions regulate behavior through formal (government-enforced) and informal (social interactions) means.
- Commitment, involvement, and belief in societal norms contribute to an individual's adherence to rules.
Deterrence Theory
- Effective deterrence is based on the swiftness, certainty, and severity of punishment.
Techniques of Neutralization
- Offenders rationalize their actions through denial of responsibility, injury, and victim, as well as condemnation of condemners and appeals to higher loyalties.
Labeling Theory
- Identity is shaped by societal labeling; retrospective and projective labeling can affect perception of past and future actions.
Feminist Theory
- Crime rates and types are viewed through a gender lens, highlighting disparities and oppression.
- Waves of feminism advocate for various aspects of women's rights and equality.
Classifications of Criminals
- Physical traits are associated with criminality, such as the "supermale" and certain body types linked with personality traits.
Types of Crimes
- Distinctions include personal crimes, property crimes, hate crimes, victimless crimes, white-collar crimes, and organized crime.
Personality Disorders
- Defined by long-lasting patterns of thought and behavior that disrupt social functioning, including antisocial and borderline personality disorders.
Eating Disorders
- Disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating impact emotional health and health behaviors, necessitating understanding of psychological triggers.
Psychological Disorders
- Interactions between biological and environmental factors exemplify the biopsychosocial model of mental illness.### Other Symptoms of Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Characterized by pervasive social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy.
- Individuals display hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, leading to hostility and aggression.
- Common physical manifestations may include pain, neurological problems, gastrointestinal complaints, and sexual symptoms.
Types of Somatoform Disorders
- Somatization Disorder: Known as somatic symptom disorder, involves experiencing multiple physical symptoms without a clear medical cause.
- Conversion Disorder: Physical symptoms that mimic neurological disorders (e.g., seizures, paralysis) but lack a neurological explanation.
- Pain Disorder: Recurring pain without an identifiable cause, significantly influenced by psychological factors.
- Hypochondriasis: Excessive fear of having a serious illness based on ordinary bodily sensations, despite medical assessments proving otherwise.
Mood Disorders
- Bipolar I: Characterized by one or more manic episodes; depressive episodes last at least two weeks.
- Bipolar II: Involves depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes without a full manic episode.
- Cyclothymic Disorder: Recurrent hypomanic and mild depressive episodes lasting at least two years.
- Depressive Disorder: Loss of pleasure or interest in activities for at least two weeks; commonly known as depression.
- Recurrent Depressive Disorder: At least two depressive episodes, classified as unipolar depression.
Sexual Disorders
- Fetishism: Sexual attraction to non-living objects or particular body parts.
- Voyeurism: Gaining sexual pleasure from watching others engage in sexual activity without their knowledge.
- Exhibitionism: Deriving pleasure from exposing one’s genitals to strangers.
- Sexual Masochism/Sadism: Seeking pleasure through pain either to oneself or a partner.
- Other paraphilias include pedophilia and bestiality.
Social Environment and Social Deviance
- Social Junk: Individuals who are passive and deranged, posing little threat to society.
- Social Dynamite: Active groups that engage in illegal activities, considered a more significant threat to social order.
Punishment Approaches
- Retribution: Punishment akin to revenge for crimes committed.
- Deterrence: Threat of severe penalties intended to prevent crime.
- Incapacitation: Imprisonment or execution to protect society.
- Rehabilitation: Aims to reform criminals through supportive means.
Levels of Social Work Practice
- Micro Social Work: Focus on individual or family dynamics.
- Mezzo Social Work: Engaging with small to medium-sized groups or communities.
- Macro Social Work: Involves broader advocacy and policy work impacting larger systems.
Ecological Systems Theory
- Microsystem: Immediate environments impacting the individual.
- Mesosystem: Interactions between different microsystems.
- Exosystem: External factors influencing development indirectly.
- Macrosystem: Larger societal and cultural influences.
- Chronosystem: Changes over an individual’s lifespan.
Importance of Cultural and Social Components
- Cultural Environment: Recognition of cultural differences is crucial in social work approaches.
- Environmental Scans: Assessing the physical and social characteristics of communities informs intervention strategies.
- Community Needs Assessments: Gathering data to identify and address community needs.
Family Dynamics and Structures
- Types of Families: Includes nuclear, extended, single-parent, blended, and childless families, all relevant in social work interventions.
- Family Roles: Assigned roles (e.g., caregiver, breadwinner) shape dynamics and responsibilities within the family unit.
- Power Dynamics: Varying authority and decision-making processes influence family interactions (patriarchal, matriarchal, egalitarian).
Change and Its Impacts
- Social Change: Influenced by technology, ideologies, competition, and conflicts within a community or society.
- Assessment of Family Dynamics: Identifying strengths and challenges in family interactions to support mental health and overall well-being in clients.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of psychodynamic theories, including the role of instinctive drives and forces in shaping one's personality. It also explores how developmental factors influence personality traits.
