Hydrotherapy Introduction.pdf

 Hydrotherapy Introduction Dr. MANAL MOHAMMED HASSAN LECTURER OF PHYSICAL THERAPY BASIC SCIENCES DEPARTMENT SOUTH VALLEY UNIVERSITY  Hydrotherapy History: Hydrotherapy is considered the oldest therapeutic method, being used as a remedy for various common ailments since an...

 Hydrotherapy Introduction Dr. MANAL MOHAMMED HASSAN LECTURER OF PHYSICAL THERAPY BASIC SCIENCES DEPARTMENT SOUTH VALLEY UNIVERSITY  Hydrotherapy History: Hydrotherapy is considered the oldest therapeutic method, being used as a remedy for various common ailments since ancient Greek culture, Japanese, induced, Romanian.  Definition Hydrotherapy: is a therapeutic method that uses water at different temperatures and in different states (liquid, solid or gaseous) to treat certain diseases. The water used may be fresh, mineral or marine, pure or mixed with other substances or herbs and medicinal: infusions or decoctions (chamomile, walnut leaf, etc.) And various mixtures of herbs, also salt, iodine, sulfur, mud, gas, etc.  Definition Hydrotherapy as all forms of therapy is combined using warm or cold, to treat various diseases. Hydrotherapy is also considered a branch of natural medicine based on water use in therapy. Hydrotherapy can be applied, either by immersion of the whole body or of parts of the body in water, or without immersion by spraying or pouring water onto the body.  Water properties Principle of hydrotherapy is based on water properties Which are: A. Chemical properties of water. B. Physical and mechanical properties of water.  A. Chemical properties of water. Pure water is a polar molecule consisting of 2 molecules of Hydrogen and 1 molecule of Oxygen. Water possesses high dissolving power and this can help in cases of additive material to water for therapeutic causes as in wound care such as water-soluble antimicrobials or salt to make saline may also be dissolved in water used for wound cleansing. The water used may be pure or mixed with other substances as salt, iodine, sulfur, mud, and gas.  B. Physical and mechanical properties of water. 1.Buoyancy. Archimedes’ principle states that “the buoyant force on a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by that object. A body or body part immersed in water will experience this buoyant force, which reduces the force of gravity on the body and, thus, decreases weight-bearing on the lower part of the body.  B. Physical and mechanical properties of water. 1.Buoyancy. ❖ Clinical application of buoyancy: 1. Weight relief: A person immersed in water up to: ▪ the neck will have about 10% of the body weight bearing on the lower body. ▪ the xiphoid process will bear about 33% body weight on the lower body. ▪ the anterior superior iliac spines will bear about 50% body weight on the lower extremities. So that, Decrease stress and compression on weight-bearing joints, muscles, and connective tissue.  B. Physical and mechanical properties of water. 1.Buoyancy. ❖ Clinical application of buoyancy: Exercise of the extremities can be assisted by buoyancy. A person standing in water up to the neck can raise an extremity with the assistance of buoyancy. Buoyancy can also resist movement, such as an extremity moving downward against the force of buoyancy. Resistance exercises for strengthening can be performed against the force of buoyancy.  B. Physical and mechanical properties of water. 2. Specific gravity The buoyancy of an object in water depends on its density (mass per unit volume). Objects that are denser than water will have less buoyancy and will tend to sink. Objects that are less dense than water will experience more buoyancy and will tend to float. ❑ The specific gravity of an object is defined as the ratio of the object’s density to the water’s density at (4°C).  B. Physical and mechanical properties of water. 2. Specific gravity Objects with a specific gravity less than 1 will displace a proportional amount of water and will float. the specific gravity of the body with air in the lungs is 0.96. This enables a person lying supine in water to keep the face out of the water while most of the body is immersed slightly below the surface  B. Physical and mechanical properties of water. 2. Specific gravity ❖ Floating of the body will be affected by: 1. The amount of air in the lungs: Fully inflated lungs will increase buoyancy, and deflated lungs will decrease buoyancy. 2. Body composition: Obese individuals will have increased buoyancy because fat tissue has a lower specific gravity than most other tissues. Females have greater buoyancy than males because females have a higher body fat percentage. This provides an advantage for females for swimming, resulting in an approximate 30% lower energy expenditure than males  B. Physical and mechanical properties of water. 3. Viscosity Viscosity: is the internal friction present in liquids secondary to the cohesive forces between the molecules. ▪ Cohesion: is the tendency of molecules to attract each other. When an arm or a leg is moved through water, the water’s viscosity will resist this movement. Water resistance is directly proportional to the speed of the movement (the faster the resistance limb is moved, the greater the resistance). movement  B. Physical and mechanical properties of water. 4. Hydrostatic pressure Hydrostatic pressure: is the force that water exerts on the immersed body or body part. This force impacts the body equally from all directions at a given depth of immersion.  B. Physical and mechanical properties of water. 4. Hydrostatic pressure The amount of hydrostatic pressure will vary, depending on: 1. The depth of immersion of the body part (hydrostatic pressure increases as depth increases). Therefore, motion is performed more easily near the surface of the water than at greater depths. 2. The density of the liquid (hydrostatic pressure increases as density of the liquid increase).  B. Physical and mechanical properties of water. 5. Drag force Drag force resists the movement of an object or body part in water. This force is parallel to the direction of movement but in the opposite direction. Doubling the velocity of movement of an object or body part in water will quadruple the magnitude of the drag force.  B. Physical and mechanical properties of water. 5. Drag force Factors affect the amount of drag force: 1. Direction of movement: If the object or body part moves downward in the water, then the resistance encountered is the sum of both the drag force and the buoyancy. 2. The amount of the object or body part’s surface that is aligned perpendicular to the water during movement against the water will also affect the amount of drag force encountered. A paddle moved flat against the water will encounter more drag force than a paddle turned sideways  B. Physical and mechanical properties of water. 6. Hydrodynamics Hydrodynamics includes two types of fluid dynamics: 1. Streamline (or laminar flow): flow occurs when each particle of the fluid follows a smooth path without crossover of paths. Streamline flow 2. Turbulent flow: is the flow of fluids in erratic, small, whirlpool-like circles called eddy currents or eddies. Turbulent flow  B. Physical and mechanical properties of water. 6. Hydrodynamics Viscosity of water is much greater during turbulent water flow, resulting in more resistance to movement. Movement of a body part in water at rest will encounter minimal turbulence, although the movement itself will create some turbulence. Movement against turbulent water will encounter more resistance, as experienced while moving a body part in a whirlpool when the water is agitated.