Physiology Nervous System Self-Assessment PDF

Physiology Nervous System Self-Assessment 1. The basic functional units of the nervous system are individual cells called: a) glial cells b) neurons c) nephrons d) astrocytes 2. Supporting cells of the nervous system, called neuroglia, perform all of the following, EXCEPT: a) separate and pro...

Physiology Nervous System Self-Assessment 1. The basic functional units of the nervous system are individual cells called: a) glial cells b) neurons c) nephrons d) astrocytes 2. Supporting cells of the nervous system, called neuroglia, perform all of the following, EXCEPT: a) separate and protect the neurons b) provide supportive framework for neural tissue c) act as lymphocytes d) help regulate the composition of interstitial fluid 3. What is the term for the nervous system comprising all neurons outside the brain and spinal cord? a) central nervous system b) somatic nervous system c) peripheral nervous system d) autonomic nervous system 4. The autonomic nervous system provides regulation of each of the following, EXCEPT: a) smooth muscle b) skeletal muscle c) glandular secretions d) cardiac muscle 5. Which of the following is NOT a basic function of the nervous system? a) motor b) sensory c) integrative d) interpretative 6. Neurons are classified on the basis of structure as each of the following, EXCEPT: a) dipolar b) multipolar c) unipolar d) anaxonic 7. The multipolar neuron consists of all of the following, EXCEPT: a) dendrites b) axon c) synaptic terminal d) myelin 8. The axons of some neurons are wrapped in an insulating sheath made of: a) myelin b) connective tissue c) collagen d) fibrin 9. The insulating sheath is interrupted at regular intervals, exposing the neural membrane. These interruptions are called __________ of Ranvier a) nodes b) internodes c) bridges d) gap junctions 10. Neurons use _________________ to carry information from the cell body to the synaptic terminal a) hormones b) neurotransmitters c) chemical gradients d) electrical impulses 11. An action potential is a change in membrane potential during __________ of a neuron a) facilitation b) potentiation c) excitation d) inhibition 12. Where in a neuron is the highest density of voltage gated sodium (Na+) channels found? a) axon hillock b) dendrites c) synaptic terminal d) myelin 13. Events that make initiation of an action potential less likely are: a) excitatory b) inhibitory c) facilitatory d) translatory 14. Which of the following is a CORRECT step in the generation of an action potential a) polarization to threshold b) inactivation of sodium (Na+) channels and the activation of potassium (K+) channels c) activation of potassium (K+) channels and rapid depolarization d) return to impermeability 15. From the time an action potential begins until the normal resting potential has stabilized, the membrane will not respond normally to additional depolarizing stimuli, this period is known as the: a) refractory period b) inhibitory period c) stable period d) transient period 16. In a neural action potential repolarization involves the loss of _________ ions. a) sodium (Na+) b) calcium (Ca2+) c) chloride (Cl-) d) potassium (K+) 17. The _________________ exchange pump slowly restores intracellular and extracellular ion distributions to pre-stimulation levels when the neuron is not active (i.e. at rest). a) potassium-chloride b) sodium-chloride c) calcium-potassium d) sodium-potassium 18. An action potential (impulse) is relayed along the axon of a neuron in a series of steps, with action potentials in one section of the axon bringing the adjacent region to _________________ and 'handing on' the impulse. a) stimulatory potential b) threshold c) depolarization potential d) refractory potential 19. Continuous propagation is the basic mechanism by which an action potential is propagated along a ____________________, appearing to move along the membrane in a series of tiny steps. a) unmyelinated axon b) myelinated axon c) myelin sheath d) continuous axon 20. Where action potentials "jump" along the axon in a series of steps this is known as: a) continuous propagation b) saltatory propagation c) active propagation d) bounding propagation 21. Electrical impulses are passed from neurons to neurons or other cells at a specialized junction called a: a) gap junction b) telodendron c) synapse d) Nissl body 22. Electrical synapses are rare and occur when presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are locked together tightly by: a) synapses b) gap junctions c) telodendria d) Nissl bodies 23. In a chemical synapse, communication across the synaptic cleft requires the release of a ____________________ from the presynaptic membrane a) receptor b) action potential c) ion d) neurotransmitter 24. According to the 'lock-and-key' model, the same neurotransmitter may act on: a) any receptor b) several different types of receptors c) only one type of receptor d) only on open receptors 25. Substances that can bind to a receptor are called ligands. Ligands that block or reduce neurotransmitter action are called: a) agonists b) antagonists c) secretagogues d) facilitators 26. Neurotransmitters that may be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on the postsynaptic receptor are called ___________________ neurotransmitters. a) dual function b) ambiguous c) bivalent d) bifunctional 27. ACh is the neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction, the specialised synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle, where it acts on the _________________ acetylcholine receptor a) muscarinic b) nicotinic c) alpha d) beta 28. Which of the following is NOT an accurate event at the cholinergic synapse? a) action potential arrives and depolarizes the synaptic terminal b) calcium (Ca2+) ions enter the synaptic terminal from intracellular calcium stores, triggering the exocytosis of acetylcholine (ACh) c) ACh binds to receptors and depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane d) ACh is removed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) 29. When signals from another nerve terminal at the presynaptic membrane causes a decreased release of neurotransmitter, it is called: a) presynaptic facilitation b) presynaptic stimulation c) presynaptic inhibition d) presynaptic depolarization 30. An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a _________________ caused by the arrival of a neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane a) graded hyperpolarization b) graded depolarization c) stereotyped hyperpolarization d) stereotyped depolarization 31. Individual postsynaptic potentials can combine by the process of summation, which integrates the effects of: a) graded potentials b) action potentials c) receptor potentials d) electrode potentials 32. The addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession (i.e. from single source) is called: a) temporal summation b) spatial summation c) graded summation d) additive summation 33. A reflex arc contains each of the following, EXCEPT: a) a receptor organ b) an efferent junction c) a central synapse d) an effector organ 34. The region of the brain which performs higher functions and planning and execution of voluntary motor action is called the: a) hypothalamus b) cortex c) brainstem d) cerebellum 35. The electroencephalogram provides a clinical assessment of overall brain function, and records each of the following, EXCEPT: a) alpha waves b) beta waves c) delta waves d) sigma waves 36. The __________________________ is an area of the brain responsible for maintenance of homeostasis by controlling behaviours essential to survival of the individual or species via hormones and the sympathetic nervous system a) hypothalamus b) thalamus c) cerebrum d) cerebellum 37. Activation of the ________________________ branch of the autonomic nervous system causes "rest-and-repose" responses, associated with relative inactivity and digestion. a) sympathetic b) somatic c) presynaptic d) parasympathetic 38. A number of organs have _____________________________ by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, with opposite effects. a) co-operative innervation b) dual innervation c) parallel innervation d) serial innervation 39. The principal neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, which may act on alpha and beta receptors is: a) acetylcholine b) noradrenaline c) choline d) glycine 40. The principal neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system is ______________________, acting on muscarinic receptors. a) noradrenaline b) choline c) acetylcholine (ACh) d) glycine