21st Century Literature Notes PDF

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE//Notes HUM01//CO1-CO3 WHAT IS LITERATURE? best protector of liberty, would suffer an MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT LITERATURE irreparable loss” - Literature is a dispensable activity, no ADVANTAGES OF RE...

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE//Notes HUM01//CO1-CO3 WHAT IS LITERATURE? best protector of liberty, would suffer an MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT LITERATURE irreparable loss” - Literature is a dispensable activity, no ADVANTAGES OF READING LITERARY TEXTS doubt lofty and useful for cultivating - “Its first beneficial effect takes place at sensitivity and good manners the level of language” - essentially an entertainment, an - “Literature has even served to confer adornment that only people with time for upon love and desire the status of artistic recreation can afford creation” - Literature has become more and more a - “All good literature is radical and poses female activity radical questions about the world in which DEFINITIONS OF LITERATURE we live” - “It is one of the common denominators of - Humans become more intense, richer, human experience through which human more complicated, happier, and more beings may recognize themselves and lucid than in the constrained routine of converse with each other, no matter how ordinary life different their professions, their life plans, TRADITIONAL LITERARY GENRES their geographical and cultural locations, Short Story and their circumstances” - a narrative shorter than a novel and - “It has enabled individuals, in all the longer than a fable particularities of their lives, to transcend - typically takes just a single sitting to read history” o focuses on the incidents, bigger or - “It enables humans to see, in ethnic and smaller, and evokes strong feelings from cultural differences, the richness of the its readers human patrimony and to prize those - often has a few characters in the plot differences as a manifestation of Novel humanity’s multi-faceted creativity” - a long fictional narrative, often in prose - “It is also an experience of learning what form, published as a book and how we are, in our human integrity - has some features like a representation of and our human imperfections, with our characters, dialogues, setting, plot, climax, actions, our dreams, and our ghosts, alone conflict, and resolution and in relationships that link us to others, Drama in our public image, and the secret - a fictional representation through recesses of our consciousness” dialogues and performance - “Literature transports us into the past and - a play written for theater, television, radio, links us to those who, in bygone eras, and film plotted, enjoyed, and dreamed through - composed in verse or prose, presenting a texts that have come down to us, texts story in pantomime or dialogue that now allow us to enjoy and dream” - contains conflict of characters, DISADVANTAGES OF NOT READING LITERARY particularly those who perform in front of TEXTS an audience on the stage - “Untouched by literature, humanity Essay without reading would be afflicted by - a literary composition that talks about a tremendous communication problems due single subject matter to its crude and rudimentary language” - usually gives the author’s opinion - “Without literature, eroticism would not - a short piece of writing on a particular exist” subject - “Without reading, the critical mind, the real engine of historical change, and the Poetry Proverbs and Aphorisms - a collection of spoken or written words - instill values and teach lessons which expresses ideas or emotions vividly - are short, pithy sayings that encapsulate and imaginatively and preserve a community’s beliefs, - comprised of a particular rhythmic and norms, and behavior codes metrical pattern Philippine Folk Songs - a literary technique that differs from prose - are beautiful songs that are informal or ordinary speech, either in a metrical expressions of our ancestors’ experiences pattern or free verse in life CO1: THE HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD LITERATURE - the Spaniards tried to erase the existing PRE COLONIAL PERIOD literature on the Philippine ethnic groups - Philippine ethnic literature is a rich - the country was heavily influenced by repository if ideas and ideals preserved Spaniards’ religious beliefs, specifically, through centuries of oral transmission the Christian faith - Most literary works during this era were - the Spanish government undermined the passed down by oral tradition native oral tradition by substituting the Conventions of the Oral Literature story of the Passion of Christ - Common experiences of the community as - The church authorities adopted a policy a subject matter of spreading the religious doctrines by - Communal authorship communicating to the natives - Formulaic repetitions - Doctrina Christiana was the first book to - Stereotyping of characters be printed in the Philippines - Regular rhythmic and musical devices - The Spanish missionaries employed FORMS OF PRE COLONIAL LITERATURE native speakers as translators. Philippine Folk Narratives - Eventually, the ladinos (native - Narratives were created to explain natural translators) learned to read and phenomena and the origin of things long write in Spanish and their native before science came to be known language Myth - Until the 19th century, religious orders - These stories use gods, goddesses, and owned and managed the printing other fantastical creatures as characters presses Legends DIFFERENT FORMS OF LITERATURE - They are believed to be historical but Corrido cannot be verified as valid - a religious narrative form that usually Folktales describes the saints’ lives or the history of - are prose narratives usually told to amuse a tradition or entertain - means an extended narrative of the life - are instructional, which deal with events and adventures of some person set in an indefinite time and space - measures 8 syllables (octosyllabic) and Epic recited to a martial beat - is a long narrative poem that describes Awit the adventures of a hero, warrior, god, or - a chivalric poem that is usually about a king saint Philippines Folk Speech - also traditionally sung and used in - refers to the style of speaking unique to religious processions people living within a specific geographic Pasyon location - a narrative poem about Jesus Christ’s life Riddle from birth to death - a puzzle in which an object is described in - is performed during the Lenten season terms of another unrelated object that Cenaculo must be guessed  - dramatizes the passion of Christ, in English started to exert influence highlighting his sufferings and death among the culturati - is done during the Lenten season - the UP Writers Club, founded in 1926, Tibag stated that one of its aims was to - the dramatic adaptation of St. Helena’s enhance and propagate the search for the Holy Cross Shakespearian language - Constantine’s mother is often known to - This combination of writing in a influence her son as a great Christian borrowed tongue while dwelling on leader Filipino customs and traditions Duplo / Karagatan earmarked the literary output of major - a native drama about Catholic mourning Filipino fictionists in English during the rituals and harvest celebrations American Period Zarzuela - the significant novels of the period, - one of the most popular forms of such as the “Filipino Rebel” entertainment during the Spanish era (Maximo Kalaw) and “His Native - is a musical comedy or melodrama that Soil” (Juan C. Laya), focused on deals with the elemental passions of cultural identity and nationhood human beings - “How My Brother Leon Brought Moro-Moro Home a Wife” (Manuel Arguilla) - a melodrama depicting the conflict talked about the scenery and the between Christians and Muslims folkways of the Ilocano region Carillo - N.V. M. Gonzales’s novels and stories - a play that utilizes shadows as its main such as “Children of the Ash spectacle Covered Loam” show the scenery, - created through animated figures made customs, and traditions of Mindoro, from cardboard, projected on a white while configuring its characters in screen the human dilemma of nostalgia and AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD poverty - the Philippine literary production during - Francisco Arcellana, whom Jose this era was spurred by 2 significant Garcia Villa lauded as a “genius” developments in education and culture: storyteller, Consorcio Borje, Aida - it is the introduction of free public Rivera, Conrado Pedroche, Amador instruction for all children of Daguio, Sinai Hamada, Hernando school age Ocampo, Fernando Maria Guerrero. - it is the use of English as the - Jose Garcia Villa himself wrote medium of instruction at all levels several short stories but devoted of education in public schools most of his time to poetry - Rodolfo Dato edited the first collection of JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD poetry in English - Philippine Literature was interrupted when - Another anthology, “The English German another foreign country, Japan, again Anthology of Pets” conquered the Philippines - edited by Pablo Laslo, was - Tagalog was declared one of the country’s published and covered poets from official languages during the Japanese 1924 to 1934 occupation - During the period of apprenticeship in - The Japanese didn’t force the literary writing in English, the imitation of Filipinos to speak Nihonggo the style of storytelling and adherence - Philippine authors did not master the to the forms of the short story practiced Japanese language nor claim it as our by famous American writers was evident own in fictional works - During the Japanese occupation, - When the University of the Philippines was published literary works were censored, founded in 1908, an elite group of writers especially those written in English - The Tagalog short story achieved its with HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan maturity during the period Laban sa Hapon) guerrillas - The best works were collected by the PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING MARTIAL Liwayway Magazine editors in Ang LAW Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino Protest Literature ng 1943, published in 1944 - revolutionary literature - The publication of Liwayway - refers to works that convey distaste, weekly was placed under disagreement, or transgression to the surveillance until it was managed present government applicable to the by a Japanese named Ishiwara. country’s political, social, and economic - Liwayway Magazine is a collection of conditions when literary works were stories that won a contest sponsored by written the Japanese - A notable example was Lualhati The top 4 stories were: Bautista’s Dekada ‘70 - “Lupang Tinubuan” (Narciso G. Proletarian Literature Reyes) - Literary works were written by - “Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” working-class authors about the (Liwayway Arceo) working class - “Nayon at Dagat-Dagatan” (N. V. - according to Salvador P. Lopez, it is “the M. Gonzalez) interpretation of the experience of the - “Suyuan sa Tubigan” (Macario working class in a world that has been Pineda) rendered doubly dynamic by its struggle” POST WAR AND CONTEMPORARY PERIOD Prison Literature - All literary works written and published in - literary works produced by incarcerated the Philippines since 1946 or confined authors in a secluded area - After WWII, the Philippines had to deal such as a prison cell with the economy and the need for - During martial law, the government rehabilitation and reconstruction of arrested not only political and media infrastructures dissidents but also writers and scholars - Postwar poetry and fiction were such as Bienvenido Lumbera, Ninotchka dominated by writers in English educated Rosca, Ricardo Lee, and Jose Ma. Sison, and trained in the United States or among others England at writer’s workshops - Examples: “Pintig Sa Malamig na - Among these were the novelists and Bakal: Poems and Letters from poet Edilberto and Edith Tiempo, Philippine Prisons” (1979) & Mila short-fictionist Francisco Arcellana, Aguilar’s “Why Cage Pigeons?” poet-critic Ricaredo Demetillo, (1984) poet-fictionist Amador Daguio, poet POST-EDSA REVOLUTION Carlos Angeles, fictionists N.V.M. - Lumbera wrote an anthology wherein he Gonzalez and Bienvenido N. Santos discussed remarkable events of the - Most Filipino writers came back to the Philippine literary scene when martial Philippines to teach law finally ended, and a new government - they influenced the form and was established direction of the next generation of - Filipino critics (e.g., Virgilio Almario, writers, mainly following the Isagani Cruz, & Soledad Reyes) embarked dominant tenets of the formalism on different approaches, such as New Critics of America and England post-structuralist and postcolonial, in - The Filipino writers in English in the Philippine literature postwar period honed their crafts and - Nontraditional projects such as techniques in writing inspired by the anthologies, novels, and poems emerged political unrest and government battles and were published by Anvil Publishing,  New Day Publishers, and Solidaridad - Writers translate their works into Publishing House another language or dialect or translate - Gay and women writings, including male foreign literary works into Filipino authors writing about women, and gay - Ex: Remoto’s translation of John and feminist discourses, were developed Green’s The Fault in Our Stars - The poem “The Way We Live” - Graphic novels, including comics, have (1992) by Danton Remoto was one gained attention of the early poems during the 1990s - Ex: “Ang Kagila-gilalas na that an author from the gay Pakikipagsapalaran” ni Zsazsa community wrote Zaturnnah (2004), Manix Abrera’s - Post-EDSA writings developed vernacular “Kikomachine Komix”, and Pol literature, or literature written using the Medina Jr.’s “Pugad Baboy.” daily speech of common people, which - Oral poetry is revived through poetry also became a source of regional literary readings and open-microphone histories readings Creative writing centers after EDSA may be - A movement tries to rewrite history in grouped into 2: favor of former president Ferdinand Academic Institutions Marcos - Siliman University, the University of - “A Different EDSA Story” by Ed the Philippines, the Ateneo de Manila Lingao, Marcos is portrayed as a University, De la Salle University, and hero San Carlos University in Cebu Writer’s organizations - UMPIL (Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas), PANULAT (Pambansang Unyon ng mga MAnunulat), Panday-Lipi, GAT (Galian sa Arte at Tula), KATHA (Pangkat ng Kabataang Kuwentista), LIRA (Linangan sa Imahen, Retorika at Anyo), GUMIL (Gunglo Dagiti Mannurat nga Ilokano), and LUDABI (Lubas sa Dagang Binisaya) 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE - the new trends were introduced to satisfy the emerging tastes of the new generation - 21st century learners are demanded to be Information and Communication Technology (ICT) inclined to compete with the style and format of writing - New codes and lingos are used to add flavor to the literary pieces produced nowadays - Technology plays a significant role in developing literary genres - through blogs, stories, are materialized and turned into books - Stories uploaded via Wattpad were adapted into movies