Biology NYA Lecture 2 PDF

 Biology NYA Lecture 2 Characteristics of Living Things August 23rd 2024  Definitions What is Biology? ____________________________________ study of living things I the the science oflife  Definitions What does it mean t...

 Biology NYA Lecture 2 Characteristics of Living Things August 23rd 2024  Definitions What is Biology? ____________________________________ study of living things I the the science oflife  Definitions What does it mean to be alive? (Scientifically not Philosophically!) Life can be very difficult to define LIVING: NON LIVING: - Bacteria - Water - Horses - Air - Plants - Rocks - Fungi - Cars Life can be defined through __________________ 7 characteristics shared by living systems Characteristics of Living Things Cellular Organization Ordered complexity ______________________________ Sensitivity Growth, development and reproduction ______________________________ Energy Utilization ______________________________ Homeostasis Evolutionary adaptation  Characteristics of Living Things: Cellular Organization Cells are the basic unit of life ______________________________ aganisms All consist of one or more cells Each cell is bounded by a membrane that separates it from its surroundings All cells use ____________ as their genetic DNA information  Characteristics of Living Things: Cellular Organization cont. There are two main cell types: A ________________has Eukaryotic cell membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus By comparison, a __________________ Prokaryotic al is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus Bacteria and ____________ are prokaryotic cells, while Archaea plants, animals, fungi, and ____________ are eukaryotic Protista cells Characteristics of Living Things: Cellular Organization cont. Fig. 1-8 Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Nucleus (contains DNA) 1 µm  Characteristics of Living Things: Ordered Complexity All living things are both complex and highly ordered Our own bodies are composed of many different kinds of cells, each with many different complex molecular structures Together cells make up tissues, which in turn make up organs and organ systems that allow the organism to function Non living things may also be complex but do not display the same level of ______________________________ complexity ordered Characteristics of Living Things: Ordered Complexity cont.  Characteristics of Living Things: Sensitivity All organisms are sensitive to stimuli __________________________________________ to Organisms ability changes respond to in its internal and or external environment ______________________________ Examples: CTATION - plants grow towards light - pupils dilate when you walk into a dark room  Characteristics of Living Things: Growth, Development and Reproduction All organisms are capable of growing and reproducing. Organisms possess hereditary molecules (______) that are DNA passed to their offspring. Reproduction is either the formation of new cells for growth/replacement or for the production of a new individual Examples: - New skin cells form to replace skin lost over time - Sperm and Egg cells are produced to create new organism  Characteristics of Living Things: Growth, Development and Reproduction Reproduction Growth and development  Characteristics of Living Things: Growth, Development and Reproduction Chromosomes contain most of a cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA (__________________) acid deagnibonucli DNA is the substance of genes ____________ Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring aquachannel.khetal-arts.com  Characteristics of Living Things: Energy Utilization All organisms take in energy and use it to perform many kinds of work ____________ Autotroph organisms (make their own food) take energy from the sun. Ex.: Plants ____________ organisms (feed from others) take Heterotroph their energy from the food they eat. Ex.: lion Energy enters an ecosystem from sun in form of light energy and exists ecosystem in form of heat Light energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy by plants through the process of ____________ photosynthesis (sunlight + CO2 into GLUCOSE)  Characteristics of Living Things: Homeostasis All organisms maintain relatively constant _______ internal __________________________________________ conditions that different fromare the environment ____________ is the ability to maintain this difference Homeostasis the like balance between body a perfect Examples: too much and too little - A person drinking a lot of water. Body eliminates extra water via urine - A person shivers when they are cold of this balance , the whole When you are out body starts to shut down balance Perfect  Characteristics of Living Things: Evolutionary Adaptation Organisms alive today are descendents of those that lived long ago. Evidence for this lies in the fossil record, at least for creatures with hard body parts Evolution reflects changes that have occurred over long intervals of time due to the effects of __________________ Natural Selection  Hierarchal Organization Living things can be studied at several levels The organization of the biological world is hierarchal = each level builds on the level below it Three main levels that can be further subdivided: - ______________________________ The cellular level - ______________________________ organismal The level - ______________________________ Population level  Cellular Level facstaff.gpc.edu` ______- basic units of matter Atoms - smallest components of molecules - Ex.: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen _________ - made up of atoms Molecules - Ex.: water, salts, sugar ______________ - complex biological molecules Macromolecules - Ex.: DNA, Proteins aquachannel.khetal-arts.com __________- tiny structures with important Organelles functions within the cell organelles - Ex.: Ribosomes, Mitochondria S ↳ mini organs ____ - basic unit of life pathias21.fr alls - many independent organisms are composed of only single cells (bacteria) Cellular Level cont.  Organism Level ______ - groups of cells that work together to i perform a particular function - Ex.: skin, muscle, bone, blood _____ - structures composed of several different tissues that work together as a functional unit - Ex.: stomach, lungs, brain __________- consists of related organs that - Ex.: nervous system, digestive system _________- vary in size and complexity - some consists of only single cell - others consist of billions of cells organized into tissues, organs and organ systems Organism Level cont.  Population Level __________ Population - a group of the same species living in the same place ! - populations have an age structure - populations can grow or decline ______- Species all populations of a particular kind of organism, similar in appearance and able to interbreed ________- Community groups of different kinds of species living together in one place _________- Eco system the community of organisms present in a particular type of area AND their interactions with the physical ↓ surroundings (water, soil, temperature etc.) __________ - collection of all ecosystems on planet Biosphere - impossible to study all at once Population Level cont.  Emergent Properties Each level of organization builds on the level below it but often demonstrates new features. ____________: new properties present at one level that are emergent properties not seen in the previous level Emergent properties result from the way in which components interact and they often cannot be deduced just from looking at the parts themselves Emergent properties characterize non-biological entities as well. For example, a functioning bicycle emerges only when all of the necessary parts connect in the correct way  Question Are Viruses alive? And what level of complexity are they? Characteristics of Living Things ______________________________ organization cellular ______________________________ umplexity ordered ______________________________ Sensitivity ______________________________ Growth ,development reproduction and ______________________________ Energy Utilization ______________________________ Momeostasis ______________________________ Evolutionary adaptation  Viruses little protein on outside DNA inside Viruses are : on spikes grabs into cells injects DNA into cells - 1000 times smaller then bacteria - Just a strand of DNA or RNA covered by a protein coating health.howstuffworks.com foxnews.com Cellular Organization: __________________ NO\no cells Ordered complexity: ______________________________ Yes (made of atoms , and motecubs) Sensitivity: ____________ NO (doesn't care about environment) Growth, dvlp and repro: ________________________ Yes/ alone) NO I can reproduce , but cannot do it Energy Utilization: ________________________ (they No don't move , packs of DNA that sit and wait Homeostasis: __________________ NO Evolutionary Adaptation: __________________ Yes and No I needs host , needs cell)