HRT3M Unit 3-4 Islam Test Review PDF

Islam ISLAM TEST REVIEW Multiple choice - 10/30 True or False - 20/30 Total - 30 Marks Introduction to Islam 1. Islam in Canada - Fastest-growing religious groups in Canada - Fewer than half the 650 000 Muslims living in Canada were born in Canada 2. Challen...

Islam ISLAM TEST REVIEW Multiple choice - 10/30 True or False - 20/30 Total - 30 Marks Introduction to Islam 1. Islam in Canada - Fastest-growing religious groups in Canada - Fewer than half the 650 000 Muslims living in Canada were born in Canada 2. Challenges for Muslims in Canada/Stereotyping and Current Issues - Many Muslims feel the media has looked at them negatively, especially after the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Centers - A common stereotype for Muslims would be that they are terrorists or they are violent people Muhammad and the Origin of Islam 1. Mecca at the time of Muhammad’s birth - Muhammad was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, in 570 - Jews, Christians, and polytheistic nomadic tribes lived there - Mecca was the site of an annual pilgrimage to the Kaaba 2. The Kabba - The Kaaba is a cube-shaped structure that holds 360 deities - The Kaaba is the house of Allah and is believed to be directly below God’s throne in heaven - In 630 CE, Muhammad restored the Kaaba by cleansing it of deities, leaving it only the house - It is the holiest place for Muslims - On entering the Great Mosque, pilgrims circle the Kaaba seven times 3. Muhammad’s early life  - His parents died when he was very young - He grew up under the protection of his clan, particularly his uncle Abu Talib. - His Uncle Abu Talib was a trader, so Muhammad travelled with him throughout Arabia and neighbouring countries. - Like his uncle, he became a trader and earned the titles “The trustworthy one” and “The righteous one.” 4. Muhammad receiving the Qu’ran - Muhammad believed in one God and devoted his prayers at the Kaaba to Allah - In 610 CE, The Angel Gabriel said direct words of Allah to Muhammad while he was in extreme happiness so that he could remember the exact words later. This would be the first time he received a revelation on Mount Hira, as he would later continue to receive revelations until his death, in 632 CE. 5. Struggles in Mecca - Muhammad’s first convert to Islam was his wife, Khadijah - Few people converted in the early years between 610 CE and 622 CE - Muhammad preached that God is one, that all must surrender to Allah alone, and that he was the Messenger of Allah - Muhammad’s tribe turned against him, and his life was in danger 6. Hijra - In 622 CE, the people of Medina offered Muhammad protection from persecution and he led the people of Islam there, this migration became known as the Hijra. - Muhammad set up his first community there and lived there for the rest of his life. 7. Sunni and Shi’ite Muslims - Islam split early on into Shi’ite and Sunni because people could not agree on who should succeed Muhammad. - Ali, Muhammad’s cousin, thought he should succeed because he was a direct relative, his followers chose leaders based on their blood relationship to Muhammad, these followers were called Shi’ite. - Other Muslims thought the person best suited for the position should lead, regardless of ancestry, these Muslims were called Sunni.  - Sunnis emphasize a person’s direct relationship with Allah; Shi’ites place greater emphasis on the role and authority of religious leaders. - Today, about 90% of Muslims are Sunni, the other 10% are Shi’ite 8. Comparison of Muhammad and Jesus - HRT3M: Comparing Jesus and Muhammad - Pearl + Ava The 5 Pillars of Islam 1. Name and Describe the 5 Pillars - Creed (Shahadah) Muslim profession of faith The belief that there is only one God, Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah—a sign of belonging to the Muslim community. A person only has to say the creed aloud in front of two witnesses to be legally considered a Muslim. - Prayer (Salat) Salat; is the ritual prayer of praise to God that Muslims say five times a day. (Involves quite verbal prayer and gestures) On Fridays, Muslims attend the mosque for prayer. Muslims can also pray in private throughout the day, these prayers are called du’a - Almsgiving (Zakat) Muslims who can afford to give money must donate a portion of that money to the needy, to help build mosques, or to a similar cause. - Fasting (Sawm) Takes place during the month of Ramadan, the month when Muhammad first received the message from Allah During the daylight hours of Ramadan, Muslims abstain from food, evil thoughts, drinking, smoking, and sex. - Pilgrimage (Hajj) A pilgrimage to Kaaba in Mecca is required only once in a lifetime Only Muslims who can afford it are expected to go  It is known as the “supreme experience” for Muslims 2. Be able to compare all 5 pillars to Catholic rituals and beliefs 5 Pillars Catholic Rituals and Beliefs Creed The Apostle's Creed. There is only one God, Jesus Christ is the son of God, the holy spirit. (Holy Trinity) Prayer The rosary, Sunday Mass Almsgiving Collection of donations, The offertory during a mass Fasting Lent, Jesus spent 40 days and nights in the desert. Focuses on penance, spiritual growth, and solidarity with the suffering. Pilgrimage Journey of faith, The way of the cross Morality 1. Shariah law (origins, 3 sources, 5 categories of human actions, Shariah law in Canada) - Set of moral rules that Muslims follow which was set out by Allah, It sets the path for Muslims to live a devout life - Origins: The Qur’an The Sunna (practices of the prophet Muhammad) The Hadith (Traditions or stories about the prophet Muhammad) - Implementing Shariah Obligatory actions (Following the Five Pillars) Recommended actions (charity work) Actions not addressed by Shariah (Neutral actions) Discouraged actions Forbidden actions  - Shariah law in Canada Muslims observe the Shariah in non-legal moral aspects of behaviour Some people wish to apply shariah to resolve certain types of legal disputes, such as family disputes, marriage, and divorce 2. Fatwas (what are they, what can they involve, when/why are they written?) - A religious opinion on Islamic law delivered by a scholar - It can be issued on any matter, from a difficult legal problem to an everyday issue Family Life 1. Gender roles - Husbands and wives share household chores and child-rearing - Women’s work is often in the home and men’s work often takes place outside of the home 2. Clothing - Women’s clothing is based on the virtues of modesty and respect - Except when with immediate family, women are not to wear revealing clothing - Women may choose to cover their whole body, sometimes including their face, and they may choose to wear hijabs, or they may choose to dress modestly without covering their entire body - Men are expected to be covered from the navel to the knees 3. Education - Muslim schools are called madrasas - Courses include Arabic, Quranic studies, Islamic law, Hadith logic, and Muslim history. 4. Diet - Certain foods are allowed (Halal) and others, such as alcohol are forbidden (Haram) - Meat has to be slaughtered ritually, while in the name of Allah is said  - Muslims may eat kosher food when halal foods are not available Important Muslim Sites/Central Beliefs 1. Sites Chart - HRT3M: Important Muslim Sites - Ava + Pearl 2. Marking Time - The Islamic calendar follows the lunar cycle, in which months begin and end with a new moon, just as days begin and end with sunset. - The five pillars help guide Muslims on how to order their time All of daily life is permeated with the Shahadah The salat ritual prayer created the rhythm of daily life The fast of Ramadan is held in the lunar month named after the fast The pilgrimage to Mecca is done in a particular lunar month 3. Life cycle rituals - Birth The first sound a newborn hears is the call to prayer, spoken into the baby’s right ear. A naming ceremony is held in the presence of family and friends Hair is often cut from the baby’s head or its head is shaved The hair is weighed and the equivalent amount in silver is given to the poor Muslims believe males should be circumcised - Marriage Marriage establishes a bond between the families of the bride and groom, as well as between the spouses (which is why many marriages are arranged) Islamic law sets the rights and responsibilities between the husband and the wife and their family.s The Qur’an is read, vows are exchanged in front of witnesses for both partners, and the leader of the mosque often performs the ceremony.  - Death The last words of a dying Muslim should be the Shahadah, the proclamation of faith. After the person dies, the corpse is washed, covered and buried with the face toward Mecca as soon as possible. 4. The Muslim Community - The worldwide community of Islam Islam has no central authority, hierarchy, or priests; the imam is not a priest. Salvation is achieved through community, like in a catholic church - The Mosque Muslims gather to pray in a mosque Muhammad built the first mosque at the end of the hijra from Mecca to Medina. Muslims have since built mosques wherever there is a Muslim community that gathers for worship. - Friday Prayer Men perform the Friday prayer after midday, together at a mosque while women may join them or pray at home. After the call to prayer, the imam leads the congregation and gives a sermon that shows how the Qur’an can be applied to everyday life. 5. Central Belief - The Qur’an Is the voice of Allah spoken to the prophet Muhammad by the Angel Gabriel Give guidance on how to worship, behave, and see the world - Organization of the Qur’an It is divided into 114 Suras, also known as chapters Each Sura has a name and a number and is divided into verses (similar to the Bible) Most Suras begin with “In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful.” - Tawhid: The Unity of God Is an Islamic term that describes the unity of God  Anything that distracts one from this unity, such as money, is to be avoided - Sufism Sufis are mystics One group of Sufis is called whirling dervishes The spin around, accompanied by special music, creates a state of consciousness where they can reach an ecstatic union with the sacred. Christianity Christianity Test Review Multiple Choice - 7/20 marks True or False - 13/20 marks Total - 20 marks Introduction to Christianity 1. Christian populations in Canada - Christians from all over the world live in Canada. - New Christian immigrants to Canada join those who have a long history in this country (Catholics, Protectants, and Orthodox) 2. Key Terms (Orthodox, Schism, Icon, Iconoclasm, Disciple, Apostle) - Orthodox: Agreeing to what is generally or traditionally accepted as right or true. Eastern Christianity developed its structure of churches, liturgical traditions, and customs. The Eastern church does not have a leader in a position similar to the pope. For the Orthodox church, Jesus is the head of the church, and the church is the body of Christ. - Schism: A split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief. Christianity in the West and East developed differences over key issues about how they lived their faith. - Icon: A representation of sacred personages or events in mural painting, mosaic, or wood. In the East, people began giving greater devotion to the images of Jesus, angels and saints. The Western church felt that the East had gone too far in “worshipping” icons. - Iconoclasm: The rejection or destruction of religious images. Some Christians agree with the Jewish and Muslim prohibitions on the images of God. This belief led to iconoclasm; the destruction of icons. - Disciple: A personal follower of Jesus during his life, especially one of the twelve Apostles.  - Apostle: Each of the twelve chief disciples of Jesus Christ; and an important early Christian teacher, especially St. Paul. 3. The History of Christianity - Christianity is deeply rooted in the covenant faith of Judaism. They tell the same stories of Abraham, Moses, David, and the exile as their own. Jesus is the Messiah promised by God. Christianity spread to lands around the Mediterranean Sea and took root in Greek cities and the Roman Empire. 4. The Foundation Stones of Christianity - The early Christian church was built on four major foundation stones: Keeping alive the memory of Jesus - Jesus did not write down his teaching - His disciples told the story of Jesus to the people of the Roman Empire, based on their memories of him.m - The New Testament has 27 books which were added to books accepted by Judaism (Old Testament) to become the Christian bible. - The Gospels are stories of faith from different perspectives. - Paul’s 13 letters were written in the 50s CE, before the Gospels. Paul wrote letters to various churches he visited, and the letters became part of the New Testament. Professing the one faith (The creeds) - Creeds are belief statements, almost like summaries of the Gospels - Early Christians developed these professions of faith to use in baptism and Eucharist - The same creedal statements were used in all churches to ensure that wherever Christians went, they professed the same faith. The ministers of the Church (The role of bishops) - Within 30 years of the death of Jesus, churches were founded in Jerusalem, Syria, Turkey, Greece, Italy, and Spain.  - Each Church had a bishop at its head, they were seen as the successors of the Apostles, responsible for preaching the Gospel and keeping people faithful to the creeds. - This structure still exists today. - Many bishops and famous teachers gradually won over many people to the Christian faith and led many to give up the Roman state religion (These bishops and theologians are known as the Church Fathers) Ecumenical Councils - Disagreements and conflicts arose occasionally in the history of Christianity. - In the early 4th century, Arius proclaimed Jesus was not God, but only the first highest creature of God. - This controversy led to the establish, even Ecumenical Councils - The first one took place in 325 CE to deal with Arius. - Emperor Constantine wanted the bishops to clarify the divinity of Jesus - There have been 21 Ecumenical Councils in the history of the Church. 5. Schism: The Church in the East and the West - Christianity in the West and East developed differences over key issues about how they lived their faith. - In the East, people began giving greater devotion to the images of Jesus, angels and saints. The Western church felt that the East had gone too far in “worshipping” icons. - The second controversy developed when the Western Church added the phrase “and the Son” to the creed. The East believed this addition theologically unacceptable. - Eastern Christians felt the threat of Muslim armies around Constantinople. In the Fourth Crusade, against the will of the popo, the Christian armies attacked Constantinople. - Christians often faced persecution, taxation penalties, conscription to the army, and forced conversions to Islam weakened Orthodoxy. History 1. Traditions of Western Christianity: Catholic and Protestant - Changes in social structure During the Middle Ages, Christianity united Europe and pervaded all aspects of life In the 15 century, the unity in Europe began to break apart: - Trade was increasing, and a new class of people emerged (Tradespeople) - Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press and the Bible was the first book printed - People began to question the power and authority previously held by nobility and leaders of the Church - A reform movement began that broke the unity of the Western Church - Martin Luther/Lutheranism In 1517, Dominican friar John Tetzel began to sell indulgences in Germany Martin Luther, an Augustinian monk, protested against this practice. In 1517, Luther posted his criticisms in the form of 95 Theses He set off a series of events that led to the development of a new movement in Christianity known as Lutheranism - By 1520, he recommended a rejection of the authority of the Catholic Church - The pope condemned 41 propositions from Luther’s writings, insisting he take them back - In the spring of 1521, Luther was asked again to take them back, but he refused - He was declared an outlaw - Under the protection of Prince Frederick of Saxony, Luther began to translate the Bible into German Luther died in 1546, and his notion of freedom became one of his legacies - Calvinism John Calvin was another reformer  Calvinism, or reformed theology, has had an impact in Holland, Scotland, France, and Northern Ireland, and has spread to the U.S., Canada, South Africa, and Indonesia. - Anabaptists Anabaptists were reformers who did not identify with Luther of Calvin - Anglicanism During the early years of the Protestant Reformation in Europe, the ideas of the Reformers did not take a firm hold in England. But in 1530, King Henry VIII wanted his marriage to Catherine of Aragon declared invalid so he could marry Anne Boleyn The pope denied his request, so Henry declared himself the head of the Church of England, breaking away from the authority of the Catholic Church Catholics were often persecuted and there were many English martyrs Christians on both sides suffered or were killed in the conflict. Anglicanism sees itself as a middle way between Catholicism and Reformed Protestantism - The Catholic Reformation In response to the Protestant Reformation, Catholicism began to renew itself Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent between 1545 and 1563 - The Council of Trent The council affirmed the importance of the teaching tradition in the church as a necessary interpretation of the scriptures, affirmed the importance of the seven sacraments, responded to Luther’s insistence that people need faith for salvation, and insisted that priests needed improved education so they would be better equipped to instruct and serve people. The Council of Trent and the reform of the Catholic Church did not succeed in restoring unity in Christianity  The main effort was to convince the Protestants of their error and bring them to conversion. Sometimes this worked, but in many countries Catholics and Protestants fought each other. - The Beginning of Religious Tolerance The idea of religious tolerance started to become popular with the Enlightenment The tolerance was twofold: - Tolerance between religions - Tolerance by governments for the different religions practiced in their countries The Enlightenment also led to opposition toward religion in general Not until the Second Vatican Council (1962 - 1965) did official dialogue and openness between Catholics and Protestants become a reality. - Evangelicalism By the 18th century, protestants felt a need for a return In England, John and Charles Wesley tried to revive the evangelical fervour of early Protestant Reformation spirituality Similar movements appeared in Lutheran and Reformed traditions In the U.S., this movement gave rise to Evangelicalism Evangelicalism involves a call to personal conversion as a conscious experience - “Being born again” - Fundamentalism Protestant Fundamentalist churches teach that the Bible is without error, Christ is God, and Jesus died for our sake on the cross They reject Darwin’s theory of evolution in favour of the biblical story of creation - Liberalism In Christianity, Liberalism means finding some common ground with modernity and its search for reason, with science, technology, and modern world One of the largest movements against liberally Christianity is Pentecostalism  - Pentecostalism The Pentecostal movement accepts the Bible as the word of God without error Pentecostals believe the Holy Spirit guides them in how they should live Protestant Denominations Denomination Beliefs Practices Lutheran - Justification by - Emphasis on faith alone Bible reading and - Scripture is interpretation by central, translated individuals into German for - Simplified accessibility worship on - Rejection of preaching and indulgences and scripture the pope’s - Reforms in authority church governance and doctrine Calvinist - Sovereignty of - Spread of God over all teaching in aspects of life regions like - Predestination Holland, Scotland, and emphasis on and beyond God’s will - Simple worship[ - Scripture as the without excessive ultimate authority rituals - Focus on preaching and moral discipline Anglican - Spit from the - The head of the Catholic Church Church of under King Henry England is the VIII monarch  - Church of - Adaptation of England was some Catholic established, practices rejecting papal combined with authority protestant - Varied beliefs due reforms to political and religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I Anabaptist - Believers' - Mennonites live baptism (Only simple, separate adults can be lives focusing on baptized) community and - Rejection of scripture catholicism and - Resistance to military violence military service - Commitment to and societal pacifism and norms social justice - Emphasis on bible study and peaceful life Methodist - Arminian - Open theology communion for (emphasis on free all believers will and God’s - Hymn signing grace) and structured - Sanctification and preaching personal holiness - Focus on small - Concern for social group fellowship justice and outreach Evangelical - Emphasis on - Contemporary being “born worship music again” and and preaching personal - Outreach and conversion missionary work - Authority of - Bible study scripture groups and  - Belief in prayer meetings evangelism and spreading the gospel Mormons - Additional - Temple scriptures: The ceremonies, Book of Mormon, including Doctrine and baptisms for the Covenants dead - Godhead as three - Missionary work distinct beings worldwide - Belief in ongoing - Family-focused revelation and worship modern-day prophets Jehovah Witness - Rejection of the - No participation trinity; belief in in political Jehovah as the activities or one true God military service - Emphasis on the - Memorial of end times and Christ's death as God’s kingdom the primary - Jesus is God’s son annual but not equal to observance. Jehovah