HPW 200 Physical Activity PDF

Physical Activity & Fitness HPW 200 Chapter 3  Physical Activity From the textbook…. Know the difference between Fitness, Exercise, & Physical Activity Know the Components of Health-Related Fitness – Cardiorespiratory endurance – Muscular st...

Physical Activity & Fitness HPW 200 Chapter 3  Physical Activity From the textbook…. Know the difference between Fitness, Exercise, & Physical Activity Know the Components of Health-Related Fitness – Cardiorespiratory endurance – Muscular strength – Muscular endurance – Flexibility – Body composition Understand Aerobic versus Anaerobic Exercise  Facts and Stats About Global Inactivity According to the World Health Organization, sedentary lifestyles kill more than 5 million people each year. Physical inactivity is now thought to be causing an estimated 1 out of 10 deaths in Central and South America. Approximately 1 out of 8 U.S. preschoolers is obese.  Nutrition - Life Course Perspective Components of a Life Course Perspective that influence Nutrition & nutrition-related behaviors Linked lives: parents’ choices, behaviors, and genetics effect their children – Nature/Nurture Life events can be viewed as a trajectory: influences have a differential impact at various stages of the life course – Continuous/Discontinuous People have agency: individuals make choices influenced by the social worlds in which they live (e.g., family, peers, neighborhood, etc.) Historical context matters: an historical perspective provides a context for understanding current forces and factors (Copyright 2011, The Johns Hopkins University and Robert Blum)  Linked Lives Linked lives; Trajectory; Human agency; Historical context; Life-span development Linked Lives refers to the interdependence of lives – Lives of individuals cannot be understood in isolation from others – Lives are intimately bound to the lives of others Relationships must also be understood in terms of time – Relationship histories affect how they are presently & how they will be in the future – e.g., married adults exercise less than unmarried adults; having children < 5 years is negatively associated with exercising Relationships are important targets for intervening to change behavior – Couples, members of families, through networks of friends – Physical activity & nutrition interventions for couples has been shown to be effective in improving health behaviors and potentially reducing the risks of lifestyle-related diseases  Trajectories Linked lives; Trajectory; Human agency; Historical context; Life-span development Life Course = Time and Change Time and Change = trajectory (a path, progression, or line of development) A life-course approach is always focused on understanding long-ranging developmental trajectories – Physical, psychological, or social development over time, or of the interactions between them – Some trajectories or pathways are structured by an individual’s social settings The pattern of physical activity that a person participates in over time can be summarized as a behavioral trajectory (Li, Cardinal, & Settersten, 2009)  Trajectories Linked lives; Trajectory; Human agency; Historical context; Life-span development Common behavioral patterns may show periods of being physically active or inactive, or increasing or decreasing activity levels over time One researcher has suggested there are 5 common patterns of physical activity behaviors (based on the TTM): “stable active” = those who are in action &/or maintenance at both time periods “stable sedentary” = those in precontemplation &/or contemplation over time “activity adopter” = those who move from precontemplation, contemplation, or preparation at baseline to action or maintenance later “activity relapser” = those who move from action or maintenance at baseline to contemplation or precontemplation later “perpetual preparer” = those who remain in or return to preparation over time (Li, Cardinal, & Settersten, 2009)  Trajectories Linked lives; Trajectory; Human agency; Historical context; Life-span development Trajectory Transitions & Turning Points: Changes from one state (or role) to another The angles or inflection points on trajectories – A trajectory takes a marked and distinct direction Describe shifts that individuals experience as they take on or relinquish social roles and responsibilities or move into or out of social settings – Transition from school to work, the transition from being single to getting married, the transition from being married to becoming a parent Transitions have been shown to influence physical activity – “freshman 15;” “post-wedding weight gain;” Decrease in the availability of team sport activities after graduation from high schools and colleges (Li, Cardinal, & Settersten, 2009)  Human Agency Linked lives; Trajectory; Human agency; Historical context; Life-span development Human agency reflects many of the concepts already described Many other concepts presume that individuals actively make their own lives and choices, but that this is done within a set of opportunities and constraints (e.g., one’s history or environments) Individuals’ choices or adaptive strategies have important implications for their participation in physical activity For example, many psychosocial theories (e.g., Theory of Planned Behavior; Self-Efficacy) can be used in the context of physical activity for those with disabilities. However, choices and decisions are limited by the opportunity & the extent of accessibility to fitness facilities for individuals with disabilities (Li, Cardinal, & Settersten, 2009)  Historical context Linked lives; Trajectory; Human agency; Historical context; Life-span development Historical context: Life-course is naturally embedded in and shaped by historical time & geography Times & places leave their imprint on how the life-course goes (or is supposed to go) Historical events & changes can prompt common experiences for all members of a population, but they can also bring differential effects for subgroups of the population – For example…Title IX (Li, Cardinal, & Settersten, 2009)  Historical context Linked lives; Trajectory; Human agency; Historical context; Life-span development Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” Title IX provided increasing opportunities for women in the U.S. to participate in physical activity Title IX Institutions are required to meet a part of the three-pronged test: 1) equal sport participation rates between male and female students 2) demonstrating a history of expansion of the female athletic programs 3) meeting the demand of female students (https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/tix_dis.html) (NCAA: 45 Years of Title IX) NFHS: National Federation of State High School Associations  NCAA began sponsoring women’s championship sports in the 1981-82 academic year (NCAA: 45 Years of Title IX) Division III has the largest participation gap between men and women of the three NCAA divisions. (NCAA: 45 Years of Title IX) (NCAA: 45 Years of Title IX)  Historical context Linked lives; Trajectory; Human agency; Historical context; Life-span development Title IX Institutions are required to meet a part of the three-pronged test: 1) equal sport participation rates between male and female students 2) demonstrating a history of expansion of the female athletic programs 3) meeting the demand of female students These three life-course principles address multiple levels of influence These are also hallmarks of ecological models The emphasis is on human development as a lifelong process The determinants & impacts of life events and transitions vary as a function of when they occur - at what age or in what life stage (Li, Cardinal, & Settersten, 2009)  Life-span development Linked lives; Trajectory; Human agency; Historical context; Life-span development Early physical activity experience may impact later participation Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study: PA of children aged 3–18 was first measured in 1980, and repeated 1983, 1986, 1989, 1992, 2001. Participation in youth sport predicted physical activity in later life – Males: a moderate positive relationship between PA at age 3 and age 18 – Females: a small positive relationship between PA at age 3 and age 18 Although these relationships over early life are not strong, they can be meaningful Early intervention is crucial to the prevention of later physical inactivity Develop early fitness-related resources that may translate to more resources & opportunities in the future (Li, Cardinal, & Settersten, 2009)  In Summary Linked lives = relationships affect our physical activity participation Trajectories are patterns/trends of behavior and many various influences have a differential impact at various stages of the life course Transitions are key points in trajectories People do have, must have, & want to have agency over their lives to be able to make choices Our choices are influenced by the social worlds in which they live Historical context matters and provides a context for understanding current forces and factors Lifespan development (genetic and psych) factors early in life may predict behavior later in life