HMSV142 Notes PDF

Overview of Physical Activity and Physical Education Physical activity, exercise, physical fitness and physical education are important cornerstones of health. What is exercise? A subset of physical activity defined as ‘planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement done to imp...

Overview of Physical Activity and Physical Education Physical activity, exercise, physical fitness and physical education are important cornerstones of health. What is exercise? A subset of physical activity defined as ‘planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness’. What is physical fitness? Is your ability to fulfil your daily tasks and to exercise without undue harm or fatigue. Health- related physical fitness relates to reducing the likelihood of heart attacks, strokes, some types of cancer. Skill-related fitness is aimed at improving sports performance, for example, going running to train for a marathon. What is physical education? Is an integral part of school curriculum, that aims to develop the physical, mental, social, emotional and spiritual aspects of an individual; through well selected physical activities that will help students attain and maintain their well=balanced life. Education in movement o Learning to move. ▪ Skills o Learning about movement. ▪ Knowledge o Learning through movement. ▪ Values In CAPS (pp. 9 – 10), it says: o The development of the learner’s gross and fine motor skills and perceptual development is fundamental in the Foundation Phase. o Physical and motor development is integral to the holistic development of learners. o It makes a significant contribution to learners’ social, personal and emotional development. o Play, movement, games and sport contribute to developing positive attitudes and values. o This area o focuses on perceptual and locomotor development, rhythm, balance and laterality. o The focus in the Foundation Phase is on games and some activities that will form the basis of participating in sports later on. o Physical growth, development, recreation and play are emphasised. Benefits of physical education: 1. Physical benefits 2. Emotional benefits 3. Mental benefits 4. Social benefits  5. Academic benefits 6. Sportsmanship benefits Motor Development Terminology Motor learning: o Aspect of learning in which movement plays a major part. Motor skill: o Is a learned, goal-orientated, voluntary movement task/action of one or more of the body’s parts. Motor control: o Study of neural and physical mechanisms that underlie human movement. Motor development: o Continuous change in motor behaviour throughout life. Why are motor skills important Motor skills are used every day throughout our lives. They help us move and do everything from lifting heavy items to typing on a keyboard. Motor skills and motor control begin developing after birth and will progress as children grow. Having good motor control also helps children explore the world around them, which can help with many other areas of development. Why study motor development Understanding human development across the lifespan helps us to diagnose problems in humans who do not develop normally. One can compare “normal" to special populations to recognize coordination problems, trends, and gains. Helps individuals perfect or improve their movement performance potential by providing developmentally appropriate activities. It contributes to our general knowledge of understanding ourselves and the world we live in.  Motor skills are divided into two categories: gross motor skills and fine motor skills. Mastering both are important for children’s growth and independence. Gross motor skills are movements related to large muscles such as legs, arms, and trunk. Fine motor skills are movements involving smaller muscle groups, such as those in the hand and wrist. Define motor development Is a continuous change in motor behaviour throughout the life cycle, brought about by interaction among the requirements of the movement task, the biology of the individual and the conditions of the environment Motor development is: Continuous – lifespan progression & regression. Sequential – Predictable & directional. Qualitative – skills become more refined more refined & precise. Definition of Motor Development Is continuous change in motor behaviour throughout the life cycle, brought about by interaction among the requirements of the movement TASK, the biology of the INDIVIDUAL and the conditions of the ENVIRONMENT. Transactional Model Motor development is: Individual – rates vary based on environment, movement opportunities and maturation, but the sequence is generally the same. Multi-faceted – no one thing creates the change – a combination of physical, environment, opportunities for exploration, the task and the individual. o E.g. a child’s brain has to be mature enough (ready) to walk, the bones and muscles in the legs have to be strong enough to support the body weight, and the environment has to be such that the child has space to walk and the opportunity to walk. Associated with the type and quality of experiences we pass through in life. If these experiences are developmentally appropriate in early childhood, physical education, exercise programme, rehab, or learning of motor skills or sports skills it will assure that the child will develop normally. Knowing predictable sequences of growth and development provides a base from which we provide the best instructional experiences for learners. Perceptual Motor Development Perceptual Motor Development in Children A child’s development occurs in developmental stages and is therefore restricted. The initial responses of children are motor responses (reflexive phase) and all future perceptual and conceptual data are based, in part, on these initial responses. All voluntary movement involves an element of perception; as such, childhood motor development is closely associated with perceptual motor functioning. This interaction is perceptual as well as a motor process. Children’s perceptual and motor abilities are influenced by one another even though they develop at different rates. Where sensory information is processed What is “Perceptual-Motor”? Perception means “to know” or “to interpret information.” Perception is the process of organizing incoming information with stored information, which leads to a modified response pattern. Perceptual-motor development may be described as a process of attaining increased skill and functional ability by using sensory input, sensory integration, motor interpretation, movement activation, and feedback. Components of Perceptual Motor Skills 1. Body awareness 2. Spatial awareness 3. Directional awareness 4. Temporal awareness Body awareness An understanding of the parts that make up the body, where they are located, how they feel and what they can do. What games can we play that involves body awareness? o Children’s song – Father Abraham” o Twister o Children’s song – “Hokey Pokey” o Follow the leader Spatial Awareness The ability to understand your body's position in relation to your surroundings. An ability to function in and through space without and with objects (on top, besides, inside, outside etc). What games can we play that involves body awareness? o The floor is lava  o Moving through an obstacle course Directional Awareness Locating direction inside the body and outside the body. For example: o up/down o forward/backward o right/left o under/over o inside/outside o between/behind etc. Temporal Awareness The development of an internal time structure that recognises the relationship between movement and time. For example: o Predicting a projectile’s time of arrival requires hand-eye or foot-eye co-ordination. Summary Body awareness: o Knowledge of body parts (accurately locate parts of body) o Knowledge of what body parts can do o Knowledge of how to make body parts move efficient Spatial awareness: o Subjective localisation o Objective localisation o Self-space o General space Directional awareness: o Laterality o Directionality Temporal awareness: o Synchronisation o Sequence o Rhythm Fundamental Movement Skills What are Fundamental Movement Skills? 1. Locomotor Skills 2. Stability Skills 3. Manipulative Skills Foundation for all future PA participation. Without FMS, the learner will find it very difficult to participate successfully in lifetime activity. FMS do not develop automatically. A failure to practice these skills will result in failure to achieve mature skills. All sports depend on these skills. Fundamental Movement Skills Locomotion Definition Total body movements in which the body is propelled in an upright position from one point to another in a roughly horizontal or vertical direction. o Walking o Running o Jumping o Galloping o Sliding o Skipping o Leaping o Hopping o Climbing Locomotion 1. Running: a fast walk with loss of ground contact. 2. Walking: in contact with ground. 3. Jumping: alternating steps, followed by a hop on the front foot. 4. Galloping: front foot leads and the back foot trails. 5. Sliding: the same action as galloping but it is performed sideways. 6. Skipping: alternating steps, followed by a hop on the front foot. 7. Leaping: running with an extended flight phase. 8. Hopping: taking off on one foot and landing on the same foot. Important Know the correct technical execution of the skill! Skills do not develop automatically. Practise is needed to achieve mature skills. All sports depend on these skills. Teach progressively from simple to complex. Learners must have maximum opportunity to practice the skill. Modify the equipment if necessary. Teaching FMS ACTIVITY DESIGN GUIDELINES have been developed. The guidelines were based on the work done by Rudolf Laban and can be used to teach any of the FMS: o Stability o Locomotion o Manipulation The following can be varied to teach fundamental movement skill development: o Body o Space o Relationships o Effort An example of the detailed curriculum, page 26 (2011) Stability Definition The body's ability to gain or maintain balance, either when still or moving.  What is the difference between DYNAMIC and STATIC stability? o STATIC: Maintaining balance while stationary. o DYNAMIC: Maintaining balance while moving. Manipulation Definition Manipulation is gross body movement in which force is imparted to or received from objects. Manipulation 1. Throwing: Transfer force to an object using hands. 2. Kicking: Transfer force to an object using either the foot or leg. 3. Dribbling: Placing force on an object so that it moves downwards (hand) or forwards (foot). 4. Catching: receiving an object using hands. 5. Trapping: Stopping and controlling an object using any body part. 6. Striking: Impact on an object with or without an implement. Teaching FMS Each lesson must have a focus. Each activity in the lesson must have a focus. Teach using simple to difficult activities. Ensure ALL participate. Ensure ALL succeed. FMS into games FMS can be developed in many different games. Adapt the game so the skill being taught is emphasised in play. Play small-sided games to involve every learner.