Housing Major PDF

CH1.1 A HOUSE IS NOT JUST A PHYSICAL ENTITY, IT HAS A NON-PHYSICAL DIMENSION THAT IS INFLUENCED BY HUMAN BEHAVIOR, CULTURE AND SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS Housing: the job of providing houses for people to live in 1.Noun: a physical object that can be manufactured,used, experienced, bought and...

CH1.1 A HOUSE IS NOT JUST A PHYSICAL ENTITY, IT HAS A NON-PHYSICAL DIMENSION THAT IS INFLUENCED BY HUMAN BEHAVIOR, CULTURE AND SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS Housing: the job of providing houses for people to live in 1.Noun: a physical object that can be manufactured,used, experienced, bought and sold. 2.Verb: can refer to people getting ‘housed’, getting access to housing. dwelling creates a division between a controllable world inside and an uncertain world outside The Public Nature of the Vernacular House: reduced privacy: households were numerous with high movement all day no specialization of functions: same space could be use to eat+sleep no circulation space even in wealthy few and moveable furniture activities were communal different understanding of “comfort” Housing became the main topic in the political agenda of the 20th Century. 1760-1840 The Industrial Revolution led to a mass migration of people from the countryside to the city which caused: housing shortage crisis poor housing conditions high pressure on main cities structure in terms of health and sanitation At a social level the Industrial Revolution lead to: separation between house and workplace separation between the private sphere and the public sphere emergence of the middle class 1850-1920 Europe: The Company Town concerns for the unsanitary conditions of the working class. Discussions on possible affordable housing for low-income influenced by the positivist and socialist philosophers inspired Utopian versions of the city, focused on the working class 1918-1945 Europe: The Modern Movement (creativity in housing developments happened) 1. governments acknowledgement of poor living and health hazard 2. housing shortage continues to aggravate - increase flow to main industrial cities - level of destruction in major capital cities from WWI 3. rise of the middle class 4. architects of the time shared the same ideology Modernist architects housing projects were mainly influenced by 5 design principles 1. Minimization: optimizing circulation and maximizing use of all spaces 2. Standardization:using prefabrication components 3. Human Scale: measurements for human physical comfort 4. Function: organization of the dwelling into functional zones,cluster plans 5. Flexibility: separation between structure and infill to allow maximum interior flexibility. 1945-1950s Europe: The International Style and the Postwar Dwelling The four functions of the city – A. Dwelling – Recommendations: Residential areas should occupy the best places selection of residential zones should be determined on grounds of health. densities should be reasonable, considering the type of housing + the site's conditions. A minimum number of hours of sunlight should be required for each dwelling unit. alignment of housing along main traffic routes should be forbidden. Full use should be made of modern building techniques in constructing high-rise High-rise apartments spaced far apart free up ground for large open areas after WWII, the housing scenario changes in Europe mainly due to: - the lack of available land - technological development mainly in the services (elevators) and pre-fabrication industry Housing projects become mainly mid to high-rise preference for slab buildings less green areas and communal facilities exploration of more prefabrication methods 1960’s-1970’s Post War and the International Style Aftermath major urban expansion by high-rise apartment buildings with a considerable reduction of green areas and open spaces architects rejected Modernism, revival of concepts that considered the human scale. Housing of this period are normally angled-off, staggered, terraced, rhythmically structured. 1960’s Reaction Against Modernism a group of architects named Team 10 defend a design that understands the natural patterns of human association. Design focus on: - Pedestrian movement - human relations - separating vehicle and pedestrian movement - clustering functional districts based on traditional ways people interact. - buildings are connected by ‘streets in the air’ - can be decked horizontally and vertically. Criteria for Mass Housing, 1960 - intended for mass housing anonymity - considers physical and emotional well-being - satisfaction at the scale of the apartment, building and neighborhood. - plans must satisfy a successful environment - duplex units - elevated street - central garden 1960’s Reaction Against Modernism - Participatory Design 1961_N.J.Habraken, initiates the theory on participatory design (the integration of users and residents into the design process) problems of mass housing construction could be resolved through governments providing large structures, called supports, upon or within which occupants could infill their own homes. 2000’s Contemporary Dwelling A dwelling undergoes many changes in use,due to cultural, societal and technological developments. In order to accommodate the time factor, dwellings must be flexible. Polyvalence A dwelling that: - can be used in different ways - activities can be interchangeably carried out throughout the various spaces Spaces with: - similar size and shape - arranged in depth sequence - arrangement around enclosed central core - similarity in size and bidirectional proximity to central core = non-fixed functions - spaces are shifted half-story around the central void for natural light and visual communication Frame Concept a development of Habraken participatory design to Open Building possible need to change or adapt building during its lifetime, in line with technological change based on dividing the building into 2 parts: - one that remains constant - load bearing structure, facade, services supply - one that is subject to change (inner unit) Flexible Unit: - interior partitioning flexibility - raised floor - for passage of plumbing and wiring - made up of small concrete elements - flexible location of water areas - due to the raised floor CH1.2 House and Protection: Nomadic Period Houses had a very public nature separation of genders is visible Use of local materials Pos-Nomadic Period The region was home to Bedouin tribes and oasis settlements people settled in a area they would have date plantations and limited agriculture houses become more permanent Barastis - a simple rectangular space with pitched roofs made of palm fronds with a fenced frontal court or with several huts organized around a fenced courtyard. The origins of the courtyard house represents an act of enclosure, but different cultures in different times shaped it in different ways is a generic domestic form of residence which independently evolved in various places configuration of a courtyard house: - interior: rooms grouped along the enclosure wall, typical of urban areas known as ‘basic growth - exterior: the house is contiguous to the court but does not enclose it - typical of semi-nomads or rural societies courtyard types of growth: - basic: cells are added alongside the boundary wall - complex: commercial activities are added to the front of the houses and an alternative entrance on the back of the plot (taberna process); progressive infill of the courtyard and vertical extension (insula process) The courtyard house generic needs, include: - the delimitation of property - the definition of a private area for the family - the unification of all spaces in the house by a common central element - the easiness of circulation and distribution of functions - the creation of a central garden or cool place - the promotion of natural ventilation (discovery of oil) accelerated economic development, along the course of the 20th century. The influence of Company Towns proposed to new towns: - in close proximity to the work plants - in cheaper land that could be developed - influenced by Garden City ideals - materialized in the form of the single-family house - Western construction methods and standards Problems: - completely detached from the local population - spatial configuration - clear demarcation of physical boundaries - clear demarcation of differences: ethnic, social and educational background -segregation. IN: is better governance, a secure job and higher standards of living OUT: is the underprivileged. Badawiyah Housing Solutions in GCC Countries Vertical Housing Solutions Bahrainis being convinced because of: visual privacy and shorter waiting list CH2 The Non-Physical Variable (our sense of comfort and belonging) of housing design: 1. Cultural Dimension 2. Social Dimension 3. Psychological dimension 4. Behavioral Needs dwelling is a place of residence, where one lives. Occupants, make the house a dwelling, THE CULTURAL DIMENSION: Houses are also shaped by socio-cultural forces as much as they modified by climate, construction, materials and technology houses reflect our: cosmic images explicit rules, cultural norms kinship norms and rules language: understanding of public/private shared values such as religious practices THE SOCIAL DIMENSION Sociodemographic Variables Life Cycles Influences Social Class groups of people within a certain society that share common values and beliefs. sociodemographic variables affect the design or how the desire for status affect decoration choices including: age (different, maybe multiple generations, adults and children) gender (men/women) demographic structure and composition of household household income employment status, social class socio-economic values; spaces and objects domestic and social roles domestic routines social life and routines religious beliefs and practices Individual Life Cycle 1.Infancy Stage 2. Childhood Stage 3. Youth Stage 4. Adulthood Stage Family Life Cycle 1. Couples Stage 2. Expanding Stage 3. Developing Stage 4. Launching Stage 5. Middle Stage 6. Retirement Stage Social Class Income Occupation Education THE PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSION: MEETING USER’S NEEDS (PRIMARY/SECONDARY) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Housing Preferences /personal aspirations and preferences, Housing Values Housing Preferences change with: - Housing Market - Housing Policies - Economical Constraints - Neighborhood Location - Neighborhood Composition - Ownership Housing Values 1. Economy 2. Family 3. Personal 4. Social prestige Represent person’s beliefs about life & acceptable behavior BEHAVIOURAL NEEDS Privacy (a physical and social concept) Territoriality Community Factors that affect privacy: 1. The number of people in a unit 2. Functions 3. Activities Application in design (Physical Privacy): Within the house – every facility and function has its own privacy. Outside the unit - open space for each unit expresses privacy and separation. Transitional privacy level - within the different parts of the similar zone Control Mechanisms: Using walls, doors, etc. Territory originates from defense and control. refers to boundaries balance between social and spatial arrangements and to establish hierarchy. Spatial Relationships Around each person there are different territories: Body territory Home territory Public territory Interactional territory strategies to overcome invasion: Position – Location in space Posture – Amount of spreading out Gesture – facial expression and eye contact Community The concept of community is based on architecture for people. Communities supply: Social interaction Social support Mutual support 1. Functional Role - Efficiency of services and financing 2. Social Role - Safety (Crime Watch), Exchange, and Pleasure. Community can be analyzed at 3 levels:1. Home level 2. Neighborhood 3. Social Housing CH3 General Considerations SIZE determines the number of separate usable spaces that can be created inside it. size needs depends on occupant but also on social habits and cultural norms Apartment should be designed to be - functional - well-organized - meet the spatial needs of the occupants Orientation: which sides will be exposed to natural light and natural ventilation will also determine the depth, widths and height of the dwelling Single-Orientation Unit: one facade for daylight and ventilation makes normally shallower and wider. kitchens and toilets are located in the back with mechanical ventilation; average depth: 8m Double-Orientation Unit: two facades for daylight and ventilation dwellings normally have similar depth and width. toilets and storage occupy lie in the back, kitchen and bedrooms around the edges and living in the center. average size: 10x10m Double-Orientation Unit open-ended two opposite facades for daylight and ventilation dwellings are deeper and narrower. toilets and storage occupy the central space while edges are for bedrooms, living and cooking. average depth: 14m Total Facade Surface: determines the maximum quantity of natural light that can be let into the dwelling as a whole. The façade length and height determines how many liveable spaces can be positioned next to or on top of another along the façade. Deep Dwellings increase the floor area in depth but the facade area remains constant. have limited sources of natural light. The facade surface can be increased through recesses in the facade to allow natural light to reach all spaces Wide Dwellings The façade length increases in direct proportion with the floor Area. new spaces can be added along the width when there is sufficient room along the façade. Double Height Dwellings The façade surface area increases in direct proportion with the floor area. double height allows natural light to penetrate deeper into the dwelling. New spaces can be added in depth and height. SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS OF LIVING SPACES Habitable Spaces is where long-lasting activities take place such as living, dining, sleeping. These normally need to have natural light and ventilation. Non-Habitable Spaces refers to the opposite, normally toilets, laundry, storage and Sometimes kitchens. These spaces don’t need natural light and ventilation. SINGLE SPACE DWELLING single space, in which essentially all activities of dwelling take place. average diagonal measurement of about 4 m. DEPTH determine its ability to ensure natural daylight and ventilation to the main spaces. The depth is determined by: 1. The choice of apartment typology 2. The stacking solution 3. The site size, geometry, orientation and topography The depth must ensure: 1. Reasonable level of daylight, natural ventilation and solar access to all apartments 2. Depth is appropriate for the apartment type 3. Suits site conditions in terms of building depth and orientation In single-oriented units the max depth is around 8m to allow natural ventilation to occur. The maximum depth for a dwelling with 3 zones deep and 1 zone wide is 10m In double-oriented units of 90º and ‘open ended’ a depth greater than 14m might be difficult to ventilate naturally Problem when more than 3 zones in depth: 1. added spaces don’t have Natural Light or Ventilation 2. need to add a source of Natural Light and Ventilation in the middle 3. you need to add windows on the side walls for Natural Light and Ventilation problem when adding more than 3 zones in width: 1. not enough sources of Natural Light and Ventilation 2. no views 3. corridors too long WIDTH + DEPTH width of an apartment building is directly proportional to the facade surface New spaces can be always be added along the facade, as long as the structure and site Allows, The main problem of this type of dwelling is that it tends to create buildings with long internal corridors and very narrow and long buildings - normally around 6m deep -In single orientation dwellings the habitable spaces occupy the facade area while circulation and service areas are located in the back -3 zones deep dwelling are normally used in double oriented open-ended units. DWELLING CENTRE Core in a dwelling refers to the location of service areas (kitchen, toilets, laundries) Core in building, refers to service areas, mechanical and vertical circulation, fire safety dwellings are linked horizontally and stacked vertically facilities in the center allows for: free organization of the habitation spaces - easy access from all sides optimisation of circulation The core divides the dwelling into different areas, centralized around the service areas a space in the middle of the dwelling, rather than moving around a core, the central space connects all other spaces. It is the heart of the dwelling and can be: a distribution hall living/gathering area HEIGHT Three floor dwelling is called a triplex. (more separated and more defined hierarchy) Two floor dwellings are called duplex The upper story does more than increase floor space: it determines zones more than partitions do horizontally. mark a division between different activities: public/private. mezzanines /split levels enhance separation while allowing visual communication between lvls. Splitting levels: reduces distances between activities reduces the division between levels. enhances visual communication between spaces and residents split-level dwelling often creates a linear sequence of activities, reached along internal access. Diagonal: staggered or recessed in relation to one another. Advantages: increase privacy large outdoor areas for each dwelling, provide differentiation among dwellings create unique spatial qualities. Disadvantages: larger contact surface between dwellings, greater noise penetration and water linkages from roof areas Complex stacking is mainly used when we want to add individuality to the residential building. CH4 Linking and Stacking 1 Row 2 Mat 3 Clustered Low-Rise 4 Clustered Middle-Rise 5 Clustered High-Rise 6 Slab 7 Block 8 Urban Villa 9 Tower 10 Infill Linking dwellings horizontally: - width-wise produces line formations of ground-connected dwellings - depth-wise produces plan formations of ground-connected dwellings. Stacking dwelling vertically will result in volumes in line, plane and block formations Row housing: more than 2 ground-connected dwellings linked together in a line dwellings in the middle of the line are double-oriented open ended, while end-of-row houses have triple orientation Access is made parallel to the street through direct entrances in the front facade Problem of Row Housing: - loss of visual differentiation - loss of identity due to repetition Solutions: differentiations in volume, facade composition, material and finish A mat configuration occurs when you connect row houses (connected width-wise) in depth a double oriented open-ended row house turns into a back-to-back configuration of single oriented units. Problem of Mat Configuration: 1. Access to natural light 2. Access to natural Ventilation 3. Access units located in the borderline of plot act as a row house accessed directly from the street, however, further linking along the depth creates dwellings that are no longer connected to the plot boundaries which: - have reduced views (single oriented) - have reduced natural light - no direct access solutions: Views and Natural light: solved through shallow units or introverted design features such as courtyards and skylights that privilege Privacy. Accessibility: access route that connects the street to each individual unit under, through or over the building. Clustered Low-Rise building volumes in which two or more ground-connected dwellings are linked, but not in any explicit direction. It is similar to row houses but with a random distribution. These are semi detached dwellings sharing a number of structural walls, but each is usually focused on the exterior space around it. Enhance privacy, variety of views and exterior spaces. Access is achieved through communal entryways problem of a Cluster Mid to High-Rise: 1. Access to natural light and Ventilation 2. Access 3. Structure and Building Service Systems Clustered MID-RISE Linked horizontally but also stacked vertically in mid to high-rise solutions. The principles of stacking are exactly the same as low-rise however more complex for: access stacking variety in units location and orientation generate problems like: structural alignment building service systems mechanical systems vertical and horizontal circulation advantages of this configuration: individuality within a massive residential building possibility of private open spaces for each unit SLAB: created when dwellings are linked in a horizontal line and stack vertically vertically stacked residential buildings that can contain more than 2 dwellings across their width, but not more than 2 along their depth. free the ground level for public/green spaces same orientation/views for all units accommodate all types of circulation saves cost in vertical circulation (1 elevator serve entire floor) BLOCK: stacking vertically a mat configuration or - an expansion of a slab depth-wise vertically stacked residential buildings that can contain more than 2 dwellings across their width and depth needs to be mutated through the use of voids of appropriate scale to ensure enough facade surface and natural light for all dwellings. URBAN VILLA: a detached object, around which the urban space swirls. The form derives from the placement of dwelling units in width and depth around a core. This configuration has no voids, therefore, it is only possible to place 2 to 3 dwellings in width and depth to ensure enough facade surface for natural light. relates directly to the urban space on all sides no distinction between front and back. no screening between the private dwelling and the public exterior space Disadvantages of a Tower Configuration: 1. Access to natural light and Ventilation 2. Little connection to the street 3. Structure and Building Service Systems TOWER:is a detached object, reaching higher housing densities. should be surrounded by a considerable amount of open space and is often LANDMARK Advantage: free and unobstructed view and privacy. disadvantages: little connection left with the street a good amount of parking spaces that need to be accommodated in a small area INFILL: do not form a whole residential building in themselves, but rather are an element of a greater volume which is not covered by the same commission. filling in a vacant lot sandwiched between adjacent buildings. (the building alignment and the building height are predetermined factors) DWELLING ACCESS combined system of facilities that provide entry to the dwelling the access forms a zone between the private dwelling and the public realm the connection from the front door of the building to the front door of each dwelling – the access When dwellings are reached by stairs or a lift, this is called vertical access When the dwellings are aligned along a gallery or corridor, this is horizontal access promote encounters between neighbors to a more or less degree, to use it as a space for collective habitation. Circulation zones alongside a dwelling, constrain privacy and a level of shielding is desirable Street The dwelling is directly accessible at ground level (2 or 3 stories. row houses, detached houses or terraces houses.) cannot be stacked vertically Staircase The dwelling is accessed through a communal staircase allows vertical stacking with limitations built up to 5 stories without elevators (depending on building regulations), but often 3 stories Central Lift Access The dwelling is accessed through a communal lift (and [emergency] stairs) Vertical access with an elevator makes it possible to stack dwellings up to very great heights Corridor accessed through a communal horizontal route inside the building, not situated along facade extremely flexible can have corridors on every floor, every second, third, or even fourth floor not limited to high-rise slab buildings Corridor buildings two basic types with many variations: - single-loaded or gallery (every floor) - double-loaded Gallery dwelling is accessed through a communal horizontal circulation route along dwelling facades Every floor: Circulation will face the back side where views are limited or undesired orientation or site condition, while the dwelling faces the front with best view and orientation. A corridor-every-floor system will allow for single-orientation units to have natural ventilation even one the back side normally serve single oriented units and have a clear front and back side Every two floors: alternating corridor system often results in two-level or maisonette unit types, with both single and double oriented units on different levels The gallery access is normally located on the ‘back’ of the unit, where toilets and service areas will be located for natural ventilation but no view, while the main facade is reserved for social areas Every three floors: corridor every third floor is the most unusual type, and it alternates a level corridor every 3 floors with stairs up or down the units that are not in the corridor level A corridor every second floor (skip-stop) is extremely common especially when opting for duplex dwelling units Double Loaded System - split level and location idea is to reduce the vertical separation of a floor, through the divisions of spaces in half floors The core connects the ground floor entrance lobby to the horizontal circulation of each floor of the residential building. ‘Core’ in a residential building: 1. main Structure of the Building 2. location of Elevators, Staircases, Shafts 3. location of Building Service System