Final ARC 262 - Urban Design, Housing and Landscape Lecture Notes PDF

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE – KNUST Course Title: Urban Design, Housing and Landscape Course Code: ARC 262 Course Lecturer: Charles Essel Credit Hours: 2  To gain insight into Housing Design and Alternative Design for individuals and fami...

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE – KNUST Course Title: Urban Design, Housing and Landscape Course Code: ARC 262 Course Lecturer: Charles Essel Credit Hours: 2  To gain insight into Housing Design and Alternative Design for individuals and families To gain insight into socio-cultural and socio-economic aspects of Housing To enable students understand the building as a structure and what goes into its fabric URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Basic Fundamentals of Urban Planning and Design Shelter, human development and family life Housing and Maslow’s notion of human needs Housing conception as a commodity Principles of housing design evolution Housing typologies (traditional rural, urban, private, public, etc.) and Housing building typologies Major design issues in Housing (Climate Condition, Geo-morphology, Structure, Fabric, etc.) URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE 1. It is expected that this lecture will equip students with physical planning requirements for planning residential neighborhoods. 2. At the end of this lecture, students will have insight to spatial needs and requirements for residential and basic housing requirements for residential accommodation. 3. It is expected that students will learn the role our socio-cultural environment affects housing delivery in Ghana. 4. By the end of this lecture, students should understand the house as a structure and how all its components work to equip them to design their housing schemes at the studio. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE Attendance : 5% In Class Assignment : 10% Continuous Assessment Assignments : 15% Written Exams : 70% URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  The quality of the places we live in has an impact on all aspects of life. How well they are designed will influence how safe we feel, how easy it is to walk round, whether we have shops, community facilities and schools nearby, whether our children have safe places to play. It will also effect whether there is good access to public transport and a good choice of homes in which to live. Source:www.urbandesigncompendium.co.uk URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE ❑ URBAN SPACE ❑ URBAN ECONOMY ❑ URBAN TRAFFIC ❑ URBAN HOUSING ……etc. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE ❑ THE CORE/ HISTORIC AREA ❑ THE CENTRAL BUSINESS AREAS CBD ❑ SUBURBS ❑ PERI-URBAN AREAS URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Table 1. Ghana statistics from the Global Report on Human Settlement, 2009 2000 2010 2020 2030 National population (000s) (table B.1) 20,148 24,890 29,672 34,234 Urban population (000s) (table B.2) 8,856 12,811 17,336 22,145 Level of urbanisation(000s) (table B.3) 44.0 51.5 58.4 64.7 %annual urban growth in the forgoing period(table B.4) 3.66 3.35 3.08 10 year increment in households in the forgoing period (000s) 4,163 6,004 8,396 11,422 (table B.4) URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Table 2. the ten largest centers of urban population Names Region Population in march 2000 1. Accra Accra 1,658,937 2. Kumasi Ashanti 1,170,270 3. Sekondi-Takoradi Western 289,595 4. Tamale Northern 202,317 5. Ashiaman Accra 150,312 6. Tema Accra 141,479 7. Obuasi Ashanti 115,564 8. Koforidua Eastern 87,315 9. Cape Coast Central 82,291 10. Madina Accra 76,697 URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE The Three(3) Classic Models Of Urban Development URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Sector zone model URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Multiple nuclei model URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE Concentric zone model with it disadvantages URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Permeability Variety Robustness Visual Appropriateness Richness Personalization Legibility URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Only places which are accessible to people can offer them choice. The quality of permeability – the number of alternative ways through an environment – is therefore central to making responsive places. Permeability has fundamental layout implications. In the diagram below, the upper layouts offers a greater choice of routes than the lower one: it is therefore more permeable. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Variety – particularly variety of uses is a second key quality. The object of the second stage in design is to maximize the variety of uses in the project. First we assess the level of demand for different types of uses on the site, and establish how wide a mix of uses it is economically and functionally feasible to have. Then the tentative building volumes already established as spatially desirable are tested to see whether they can feasibly house the desired mix of uses, and the design is further developed as necessary. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Places which can be used for many different purposes offer their users more choice than places whose design limits them to a single fixed use. Environments which limits then to a single fixed use. Environments which offer this choice have a quality we call robustness. By this fourth stage in design, we have begun to focus on individual buildings and begun to focus on individual buildings and outdoor places. Its objective is to make their spatial and constructional organization suitable for the widest possible range of likely activities and future uses both in short and long term. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  The decisions about appearance already discussed still leave room for manoeuvre at the most detailed level of design. We must make the remaining discussions in ways which increase the choice of sense – experiences which users can enjoy. The stages of design already covered have been directed at achieving the qualities which support the responsiveness of the environment itself, as distinct from the political and economic processes by which it is produced. This is not because we do not value the ‘public participation’ approach: it is highly desirable. But even with the highest level of public participation. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  LEGIBILITY Paths Edges Districts Nodes Landmarks URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Paths are the channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or potentially moves. They may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads. For many people, these are the predominant elements in their image. People observe the city while moving through it, and along these paths the other environmental elements are arranged and related. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Edges are the linear elements not used or considered as paths by the observer. They are the boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad cuts, edges of development, walls. They are lateral references rather than coordinate axes. Such edges may be barriers, more or less penetrable, which close one region off from another; or they may be seams, lines along which two regions are related and joined together. These edge elements, although probably not as dominant as paths, are for many people important organizing features, particularly in the role of holding together generalized areas, as in the outline of a city by water or wall. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Districts are the medium-to-Iarge sections of the city, conceived of as having two-dimensional extent, which the observer mentally enters "inside of," and which are recognizable as having some common, identifying character. Always identifiable from the inside, they are also used for exterior reference if visible from the outside. Most people structure their city to some extent in this way, with individual differences as to whether paths Or districts are the dominant elements. It seems to depend not only upon the individual but also upon the given city. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are the intensive foci to and from which he is traveling. They may be primarily junctions, places of a break in transportation, a crossing or convergence of paths, moments of shift from one structure to another. Or the nodes may be simply concentrations, which gain their importance from being the condensation of some use or physical character, as a street-corner hangout or an enclosed square. Some of these concentration nodes are the focus and epitome of a district, over which their influence radiates and of which they stand as a symbol. They may be called cores. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Landmarks are another type of point-reference, but in this case the observer does not enter within them, they are external. They are usually a rather simply defined physical object: building, sign, store, or mountain. Their use involves the singling our of one element from a host of possibilities. Some landmarks are distant ones, typically seen from many angles and distances, over the tops of smaller elements, and used as radial references. They may be within the city or at such a distance that for all practical purposes they symbolize a constant direction. Such are isolated towers, golden domes, great hills. Even a mobile point, like the sun, whose motion is sufficiently slow and regular, may be employed. Other landmarks are primarily local, being visible only in restricted localities and from certain approaches. These are the innumerable signs, store fronts, trees, doorknobs, and other urban derail, which fill in the image of most observers. They are frequently used clues of identity and even of structure, and seem to be increasingly relied upon as a journey becomes more and more familiar. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE The City has identified nine(9) principles for creating a great neighborhood Start with the existing Natural Areas and opportunities for ecosystem ❑ enhancement ❑ Outline a mix of Land Uses Ensure the neighborhood is well connected to provide Multi-Model ❑ choice Strive for a more Compact Urban Form and increased Density to ❑ create distinct neighborhood nodes URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE ❑ Integrate a variety and mix of Parks and Community spaces ❑ Provide for Housing Opportunity and Choice Build in Resilience and Low Impact attributes that enhance the ❑ neighborhood ❑ Create a Safe and Secure Neighborhood ❑ Encourage elements that add to the neighborhoods unique Identity URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  STANDARDS Mix of uses Transition of Uses Commercial nodes and mixed use buildings Community Amenity sites URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Successful communities require a full range of local services and facilities, including commercial, educational, health, spiritual and civic uses. A successful and sustainable local neighborhood is a product of the distances people have to walk to access daily facilities, the presence of a sufficient range of such facilities to support their needs, and places and spaces where a variety of activities can take place. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  STANDARDS Streets and Blocks Walkability Trails Transit Cycling Access Parking Street Design URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Nodal neighborhood Street neighborhood Neighborhood adjacent to main road Waterfront neighborhood Neighborhood across a slope Neighborhood at a motorway URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  STANDARDS Density Redevelopment – Density and Building Design URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Redevelopment should fit in with the Maintain privacy of adjacent dwellings through existing character of the neighborhood. careful placement of windows, doors, decks and patios URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  STANDARDS Parks Sizes and Types Connectivity Amenities and Facilities URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  STANDARDS Housing Type Mix Housing Affordability URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  STANDARDS Efficient Infrastructure Green Development Green Buildings Storm water Management Opportunities for Local Food Production Oil and Gas URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  STANDARDS Site Planning Wellbeing and Livability Pedestrian experience Emergency services and utilities URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  STANDARDS Neighborhood Features and Themes Heritage and Cultural Features Built form and site design Architectural elements URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Great neighborhoods include a mix of land uses with an identifiable commercial center or corridor. These areas provide goods and services to meet residents daily needs and are an important community gathering place. Neighborhood nodes may also be locations of recreation and transportation. Nodes can vary in size depending on the context. The best neighborhood nodes include: A mix of uses, integrated higher density residential housing, a pedestrian oriented public realm, and are within a short walking distance of most residents in a neighborhood. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  NEW NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT vs. REDEVELOPMENT WITHIN EXISTING NEIGHBOURHOOD AREAS New neighborhood or greenfield development (typically a quarter section) is currently the most common form of development. Redevelopment within existing neighborhoods is an important aspect of city building and integral to long term sustainability. Redevelopment can add new life and vitality to an area and provides increased service efficiencies such as: Viable transit service and reuse of City infrastructure. Redevelopment can effectively accommodate a portion of overall new growth in the city while targeting a largely unexplored segment of the housing market. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE A concept of the housing stock (mixed used and urban mixed facilities) Proposed Land use (OPTION1) URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE A concept of the housing stock (mixed used and urban mixed facilities) PROPOSED LANDUSE MAP URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE A concept of the housing stock (mixed used and urban mixed facilities) Proposed Land use (OPTION1) URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE A concept of the housing stock (mixed used and urban mixed facilities) Proposed Land use (OPTION2) URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE A concept of the housing stock (mixed used and urban mixed facilities) URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE A concept of the housing stock (mixed used and urban mixed facilities) Proposed Land use URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE A concept of the housing stock (mixed used and urban mixed facilities) Proposed Layout URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE A concept of the housing stock (mixed used and urban mixed facilities) Existing Massing URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE A concept of the housing stock (mixed used and urban mixed facilities) Proposed Massing URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE A concept of the housing stock (mixed used and urban mixed facilities) Areas under consideration URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Massing of Techiman-Sunyani and Techiman- Temale Intersection URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE Food Courts (Conceptual) Along the major streets and Arteries URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE Proposed Food Court URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE Proposed Educational Facilities URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE Proposed Educational Facilities (Basic School) URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE Proposed Educational Facilities (SHS) URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE Physical planning in residential neighbourhoods focus on 2 main principles, these are: a. ROAD FORMS b. OUTDOOR SPACES COMMON IN RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOODS 1. Serial Road Network 1. Squares 2. Branching Road Network 2. Crescents 3. Grid Road Network 4. Loops Road Network 5. Cul-de-sacs URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE ❑ Serial Road Network ❑ Branching Road Networks ❑ Grid Road Network ❑ Loops Road Network ❑ Cul-de-sacs URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE ❑ Squares ❑ Crescents URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  INTRODUCTION Theology of Housing Sanctity and sacredness of the human abode (dwelling place) according to The Judeo-Christian traditions (the homeless cannot vote in the USA) The Ghanaian family traditions (the home as an icon of the ‘Abusua’ (family) Relevance of Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs to the Development of the Domestic Shelter Humanist perception of the human psyche (non-spiritual) Observations: motivation for human existence and development Housing both as a means to provide for human needs as well as a means of expressing human needs Assertion that, motivation for existence and development is fuelled by the desire to fulfill some needs Assertion that, there is a diversity of needs and that there are levels of intensity and importance of these needs That, these needs are ranked and that fulfilling of lower level needs becomes a basis for fulfilling higher level needs URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Self-Actualization Needs Level 5 Self or Ego Needs (Esteem and Recognition) Level 4 Social Needs Level 3 Safety and Security Needs Level 2 Physiological Needs Level 1 URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  1 4 5 2 3 URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  RELEVANCE TO HOUSING: 1. Physiological needs: facility for meeting the needs (decency and dignity) 2. Safety and Security needs: a framework and reference for meeting this these needs 3. Social needs: Housing type – eg. All male and all female; nuclear family; extended family Hierarchy of space in Housing (environment, domestic and community) Notion of residential propinquity (proximity) URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  RELEVANCE TO HOUSING: 4. Self or Ego Needs (Esteem and Recognition): Concept of residential mobility and stability Concept of habitat selection Architectural beautification and selection Architectural expression 5. Self-Actualization Needs: Development od customer made domestic architecture Villas, mansions Community built-environmental quality URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  INTRODUCTION 1. The Housing System is basically: The domestic shelter or dwelling place which is a micro-space within the global physical environment A human habitat (an ecological niche) as a means of coping with the encompassing environment 2. The Housing System Functions 4 main thematic areas: Functions primarily as an environmental entity – as such it has four environmental dimensions It has locational dimensions eg. Affected by solar axis, wind movement patterns, rainfall patterns It has place dimensions (genius loci eg. It is affected by geological factors, geomorphology and terrain) It has spatial dimension eg. It provides accommodation, it has enclosure, it occupies space (competes for land) It has tangible dimension eg. It has boundaries, identity(recognizable features), character URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  PROFILE OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 1. The physical environment is the embodiment of the surrounding conditions which support, and affect the life and behavior of all human species and other living organisms 2. It consists of both natural and ecological components. ❑ The major natural components are: - The landscape (earth, minerals, water) - The atmosphere (gaseous envelope, the air, ozone layer - Solar - The climate (wind, humidity, rain and temperature - The biodiversity (plant and animal life) - Humankind (various races and nationals) ❑ The major ecological components are: - Animal habitats - Human habitat URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  PROFILE OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3. Some essential features of the natural environment ❑ It is basically a life support system due to these elements: - Energy (eg. solar) - Oxygen - Nitrogen - Water (hydrogen/oxygen) ❑ It is a self-regulatory system based on the principles of cyclical interdependence and balance: - Dry Season and wet season - Winter and Summer - Autumn and Spring 4. The built environment is developed within the contest of the natural environment in response to Human needs for survival It is an expression of the living circumstances It is hierarchical in nature URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  IMPACT OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE HOUSING SYSTEM 1. The natural environmental factors such as landscape, climate(solar/lunar) and biodiversity directly determine the architecture of the housing system: Material utilization Construction technology Building form and character System of maintenance System of building services 2. The built-environmental factors (settlement typology-urban or rural; neighbourhood typology-violent or serene; can influence the performance of the housing system: Neighbourhood quality Privacy is the home Security Safety Noise Environmental hygiene Fire Flooding URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE A house is defined as a dwelling unit that can accommodate an average household. To address all the physiological means of man (BASIC) Safety and security needs Social needs Self / ego needs Self actualization needs URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE RURAL/PERI-URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING: The Case of Appeadu, A/R URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE RURAL/PERI-URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING: The Case of Appeadu, A/R URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE RURAL/PERI-URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING: The Case of Appeadu, A/R URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE RURAL/PERI-URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING: The Case of Appeadu, A/R URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE RURAL/PERI-URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING: The Case of Appeadu, A/R URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE RURAL/PERI-URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING: The Case of Appeadu, A/R URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE RURAL/PERI-URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING: The Case of Appeadu, A/R URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE RURAL/PERI-URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING: The Case of Appeadu, A/R URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING Source; sample survey 2010 URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING Compounds and other ‘rooming’ houses still dominate the existing housing in urban Ghana but Grant shows how compounds have declined from 62per cent of Accra’s housing stock in 1990 to 42.5 per cent in 2000. Newer forms, such as bungalows and, especially, flats and informal types (wooden shacks, kiosks, etc.) are growing very rapidly in proportion, but each is still a small component of the stock. Andreasen et al report that compounds are no longer being built in Kumasi. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING Source; sample survey 2010 URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING Source; sample survey 2010 URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING Source; sample survey 2010 URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING Source; GLSS 5 URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING 1. Detached single- unit housing Addison house Airey house American colonial George colonial Manor house Mansion Victorian house URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING 2. Semi-detached dwellings Duplex house Two decker 1. Row housing ✓ Attached single – unit housing Connected farm Longhouse ✓ Attached multi-unit housing Apartment flat St. Leonards, Sydney, Australia URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING Row of houses Semi-detached houses Apartment, Flats URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING In general , a slum is an overcrowded poverty- stricken area having lack of open spaces and presence of unhealthy residential structures. The formation of slum converts the land into a place of vices and miseries and more or less it results into the state of hell on the surface of earth. The slum dwellers live under conditions impairing their health and happiness and they live there because they cannot afford better housing. A scholar has rightly observed that “ God made the world, man made town but devil made the slum”. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING Attractive connections between key facilities, avoiding dead ends help create comfortable places URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING Density is a measure Wood grange Estate Newham URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING: The Case of 3-Storey Apartment Block at Ayeduase, Kumasi URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING: The Case of 3-Storey Apartment Block at Ayeduase, Kumasi URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING: The Case of 3-Storey Apartment Block at Ayeduase, Kumasi URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD & HOUSING: The Case of 3-Storey Apartment Block at Ayeduase, Kumasi URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  CONCLUSION Formal housing consists largely of internationally-traded commodities; cement, steel, aluminium, timber, glass, etc., all of which have minimum feasible prices. This is exacerbated however, by the high threshold which the regulatory framework and customary practice impose including very large plot sizes and high specification materials URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE 1. INCEPTION STAGE Client Requirement Site Visit Site Analysis Feasibility Studies/Case Studies 2. BRIEF DEVELOPMENT Bubble Diagram Functional Diagram Conceptual Massing Accommodation Schedule 3. DESIGN GENERATION Block Plan Floor Plan(s) Elevation(s) 3d Perspective 4. DESIGN DOCUMENTATION Roof Plan(s) Floor Plan(s) Section(s) Elevation(s) URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  SUBSTRUCTURE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  SUPERSTRUCTURE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  INFRASTRUCTURE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  SUPRA-STRUCTURE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE SUPPORTING READING MATERIAL URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Bentley, I., et al, (1985). Responsive Environments. Elsevier Publications, 9th Edition. Lynch, K., (1990). Image of the City. M.I.T. Press. Llewelyn – Davies,. Urban Design Compendium. English partnerships and the housing corporation. Lodewlyk, T., (2013). The Red Deer Neighbourhood Planning and Design Standards. Department of Architecture, KNUST. 4th Year Urban Design Studies. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York, Harper and Brothers. Maslow, A. (1959). New Knowledge in Human Values. New York, Harper and Brothers. Department of Architecture, KNUST. 2nd Year Rural/Peri-Urban Design Studies. Friedman, A. (2020). The Adaptable House. McClauskey, J. (1992). Roadform and Townscape. URBAN DESIGN, HOUSING AND LANDSCAPE  THANK YOU! Presented By: CHARLES ESSEL