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The self is a complex and multifaceted be mindful of how we present ourselves entity, constantly evolving and shaped by online and to maintain a healthy balance various influences. Understanding the between our digital and offline lives. different aspects of t...

The self is a complex and multifaceted be mindful of how we present ourselves entity, constantly evolving and shaped by online and to maintain a healthy balance various influences. Understanding the between our digital and offline lives. different aspects of the self is crucial for LESSON 2: SEXUAL SELF personal growth and well-being. Here are some key components: Sexual Self: Encompasses the entirety of one’s identity as a sexual being, including o Sexual Self: This encompasses our aspects of sexual health, orientation, gender understanding of our sexuality, including identity, expression, and values related to our sexual orientation, gender identity, sexuality. and expression. It involves navigating biological and physiological changes, Understanding Sexual Development: A exploring our sexual health, and lifelong process beginning at conception developing values and beliefs about (Tsiaras, 2006). intimacy. Influencing Factors: o Material/Economic Self: This aspect relates to our possessions and how they 1. Learning experiences shaped by an contribute to our sense of identity. individual’s sex. Children learn what While material possessions can provide behaviors are deemed appropriate for comfort and security, it's important to their sex. avoid defining ourselves solely by what 2. Awareness of body and relationships we own. with family and peers. They reach o Political Self: This involves the milestones in understanding their formation of our public identity based on bodies and relationships. our understanding of history, politics, 3. Development of thoughts, feelings, and social issues. Our political beliefs values, and beliefs about sexuality. and values shape how we engage in the Development of Secondary Sex world and contribute to society. Characteristics and the Human o Spiritual Self: This is the realm of our Reproductive System personal connection to a higher power, our search for meaning and purpose in Human Reproductive System: Comprises life, and our pursuit of inner peace. male and female reproductive systems. Spirituality can provide a sense of Male Reproductive System: Produce grounding and direction, offering a and deposit sperm. framework for understanding our place Female Reproductive System: Produce in the universe. egg cells. and protect and nourish the o Digital Self: In today's digital age, our fetus until birth. online presence has become an extension of ourselves. This encompasses our Sexual Differentiation: Humans exhibit social media profiles, online interactions, significant sexual differentiation in and virtual identities. It's important to reproductive organs and secondary sex and a rivalry with their father, while characteristics. girls experience penis envy and the Electra complex, a desire for their Secondary Sex Characteristics: Features father and a sense of fear with their that develop during puberty mother. The successful resolution of Females: Pubic hair, enlarged breasts, this stage involves identification with widened hips. the same-sex parent. Males: Facial hair, Adam’s apple. 4. Latency Stage (7 to 10 Years): Sexual feelings are inactive, and Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual stages of energy is channeled into learning, development social skills, and hobbies. Fixation at Cornerstone of psychoanalytic theory, this stage can lead to immaturity and proposing that personality development difficulty forming relationships. occurs in a series of five stages, each 5. Genital Stage (Puberty to Death): characterized by a specific erogenous zone The genitals are the primary and a corresponding conflict. These stages, erogenous zone once again, and from birth to adulthood, shape an individuals develop mature sexual individual’s personality and behavior. interests in the opposite sex. Successful completion of this stage 1. Oral Stage (Birth to 1 Year): The leads to healthy, fulfilling mouth is the primary erogenous relationships. zone, with pleasure derived from sucking, breastfeeding, and chewing. Fixation refers to a situation where an Fixation can lead to behaviors like individual gets “stuck” in a particular stage, nail-biting, overeating, or smoking. failing to successfully resolve the conflicts 2. Anal Stage (1 to 3 Years): The anus associated with that stage. This can occur and bladder become the primary due to two main reasons: erogenous zones, with pleasure and (a) Developmental Needs Weren’t conflict arising from toilet training. Adequately Met: This means Harsh training can lead to that the child didn’t experience anal-retentive traits like enough satisfaction or resolution perfectionism and orderliness, while of the conflict associated with the Liberal training can result in stage. anal-expulsive traits like messiness (b) Developmental Needs Were So and impulsivity. Well Met: This is the opposite 3. Phallic Stage (3 to 6 Years): The scenario. The child’s needs were genitals become the primary met so well that they don’t want erogenous zone, and children begin to move on to the next stage. to recognize their gender identity. They enjoy the gratification Boys experience the Oedipus associated with the current stage complex, a desire for their mother  and resist the challenges of o Intensification of Phase 1 moving forward. changes. o Vaginal swelling and Erogenous zones: Areas of the body with darkening. heightened sensitivity, stimulation of which o Increased clitoral sensitivity can produce sexual responses, with the (retraction under clitoral experience of pleasure or discomfort hood). influenced by various factors including o Testicular retraction. arousal, context, culture, and personal o Continued increase in history. breathing, heart rate, and Human Sexual Response blood pressure. o Muscle spasms in Human Sexual Response: The extremities. physiological and psychological changes Phase 3: Orgasm: Orgasm is the climax that occur in the body during sexual activity. of the sexual response cycle, marked by Phase 1: Excitement: This is the initial a sudden release of sexual tension and stage of arousal, where the body begins intense pleasure. It involves involuntary to respond to sexual stimulation. It’s muscle contractions and the release of characterized by physiological changes fluids. that prepare the body for sexual activity. o Involuntary muscle o Increased muscle tension, contractions. heart rate, and breathing. o Peak heart rate, blood o Skin flushing, nipple pressure, and breathing. hardening. o Sudden release of sexual o Genital blood flow increases tension. (clitoral/labial swelling in o Vaginal and uterine women, penile erection in contractions in women; men). ejaculation in men. o Vaginal lubrication begins; o Possible body rash. breast fullness in women. Basic Biology of Sexual Behavior: The o Testicular swelling and Chemistry of Lust, Love, and Attachment; tightening, lubricating fluid The Science of Love and Attachment secretion in men. Phase 2: Plateau: The plateau phase Lust: A feeling of physical attraction and signifies a continuation and desire towards another person, often intensification of the excitement accompanied by a sense of excitement, phase, bringing the body closer to mystery, and seduction. orgasm. It’s a period of heightened o Hormonal Basis: Primarily driven by arousal and anticipation. testosterone (in men) and estrogen (in women). o Evolutionary Purpose: Often seen as a a framework for understanding these basic drive to find a partner for multifaceted aspects: reproduction and spreading genes. 1. Intimacy: Emotional closeness and Attraction: A more intense phase of connection with a partner, infatuation, marked by an obsessive desire characterized by mutual sharing and for the loved one’s presence, a heightened the experience of having that sense of energy and excitement, and a closeness reciprocated. tendency to fantasize about the relationship. 2. Identity: One’s sense of self as a sexual being, encompassing gender o Hormonal Basis: Driven by a identity, sexual orientation, and body combination of norepinephrine, image. dopamine, and serotonin. 3. Sensuality: Awareness, acceptance, o Psychological Impact: Creates intense and comfort with one’s own body feelings of happiness, euphoria, and a and the bodies of others. It involves craving for the loved one’s company. enjoying physical sensations and the Attachment: The desire to form a deep and pleasure derived from touch and lasting commitment to a partner, often other forms of physical intimacy. involving cohabitation, marriage, and/or 4. Sexualization: The use of sexuality having children. It signifies a shift from to manipulate or control others. This passionate attraction to a more stable and is a negative aspect of sexuality, secure bond. often used in a harmful or exploitative manner. o Hormonal Basis: After an initial period 5. Health & Reproduction: of attraction, dopamine levels decrease, Understanding and managing one’s making way for oxytocin and sexual and reproductive health, vasopressin, which promote feelings of including sexual behavior, bonding, nurturing, and affiliation. contraception, childbearing, and the o Psychological Impact: Creates a sense care and maintenance of sexual and of security, comfort, and emotional reproductive organs. It also involves support within the relationship. making responsible and informed Psychological Aspects of Human choices about sexual health. Sexuality Gender and sexual diversity (GSD), or Sexuality encompasses far more than just simply sexual diversity, refers to all the sexual feelings or intercourse. It includes all diversities of sex characteristics, sexual feelings, thoughts, and behaviors associated orientations and gender identities, without with being male or female, attraction, and the need to specify each of the identities, love. It involves sexual intimacy, sensuality, behaviors, or characteristics that form this and sexual activity, including the enjoyment plurality. of sex and the engagement of the senses. e Gender Bias is a preference or prejudice in the prevention of unintended toward one gender over the other. Bias can pregnancy be conscious or unconscious, and may o Birth control pills manifest in many ways, both subtle and o Diaphragm obvious. o Condoms o Spermicide Premarital Sex: A sexual activity o Cervical caps practiced by people before they are o Intrauterine device married. Historically, premarital sex was o Birth control patch and shot and considered a moral issue which was taboo in implant many cultures. o Tubal ligation/vasectomy Sexual Health and Sexually Transmitted o Tubal implants Infections/Diseases (Stis/Stds): HIV/AIDS, o Emergency contraception pill AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection that LESSON 3: THE MATERIAL/ occurs when the body's immune system ECONOMIC SELF is badly damaged because of the virus. Empirical Self: Refer to all of the various Family Planning and Responsible ways people answer the question "Who am Parenthood I? The various components of the empirical self into three subcategories: Family planning allows people to attain their desired number of children and o The Material Self determine the spacing of pregnancies. It is o The Social Self achieved through use of contraceptive o The Spiritual Self methods and the treatment of infertility. Material Self: Refers to the aspects of our identity that are tied to our possessions, Methods Of Contraception physical appearance and our bodies. It is not 1. Natural Birth Control: the physical entities themselves, rather, it is Do not include any chemical or our psychological ownership of them. foreign How to identify if a material possession body introduction into the human (entity) is part of the Self? body. o If one responds in an emotional way o Abstinence when the entity is praised or attacked, o Calendar the entity is likely to be part of the self. o Cervical Mucus An equally instinctive impulse drives o Ovulation detection one to collect property. o Symptothermal Role of Consumer Culture on our Sense o Lactation Amenorrhea of Self and Identity: The Cycle of Work o Coitus interruptus and Spend 2. Artificial Birth Control: - Employment of surgery or chemicals  o Receiving one's salary/compensation is letters very relieving to a worker. Once they of the alphabet. have it, employees spend their 8. Possession observed in a variety of additional income. cultures and may even influence o Rising incomes create social pressures important life decisions. to spend. 9. People are more likely to live in o Highly consumerist households take on cities or choose occupations that the role of innovators, spending their match their name or initials. increased income on new, better, or 10. Greater liking and romantic interest more consumer items, the impact of in a person whose name is similar to their consumption ripples through the their own system. Marketing and advertising LESSON 4: THE SPIRITUAL SELF accelerate the process o The employee will become Spiritual Self: The authentic self, the habituated to this spending and unconditioned part, the You without incorporate it into his or her usual patterns. This is something personal for each standard of living. of us. Some may identify with Higher Self, More Money + No More Intelligence = The Universe, God, Higher Power, your Deteriorating Financial Position inner Buddha, your true being. Possessions are not simply valued for what Researches Associated with Spirituality they provide; they are also prized because they become part of the self. 1. Puchalski (2014): spirituality is the aspect of the self that is associated to Researches: an individual's process of seeking and 1. People spontaneously mention their expressing meaning and how possessions when asked to he or she is connected to the self. escribe themselves. 2. Beauregard and O'Leary (2007): it 2. Possessions serve a symbolic is any experience that is thought to function; they help people define bring the experiencer in contact with themselves. the divine; it is not just any 3. People accumulate possessions to enlarge their sense of self. experience that feels meaningful. 4. Possessions also extend the self in 3. Sinnott (2002): it is also posited as time. the individual's personal relation to 5. People's emotional responses to their the sacred or transcendent, a relation possessions also attest to their that then informs other relationships importance to the self. and the meaning of one's own life. 6. Evidence that possessions become 4. Myers and his colleagues (2000): it part of the extended self comes is the "personal and private beliefs from a series of investigations on the that transcend the material aspects of "mere ownership effect." life and give a deep sense of 7. The tendency to overvalue that which is "ours" even extends to  wholeness, connectedness, and o Kaluluwa (Tagalogs) openness to the infinite." o Kararwa (Ilokano) or Kadkadduwa (from root word The Practice of Religion: Belief in dua meaning two, kad means Supernatural Beings and Power constant companion). o Folk Belief: Spirit is the vital Relationship Between Loob and principle or animating force within Personhood all living things. o Ancient Islamic: A spirit applies o Loob: 'relational will' only to pure spirits, but not to other o Kapwa: 'other person' or `together with invisible creatures, such as jinn, the person' demons and angels. o Prospero Covar: the body has to be o English Bibles: Spirit denotes the purified to be worthy of agimat o Holy Spirit. The Bible regards the anting-anting. soul as the "breath of life", the o Intrinsic Goodness: Bait innermost aspect of a person that o These serve as pillars for a special signifies the spiritual principle in collection of virtues (kagandahang-loob, him. utang-na-loob, pakikiramdam, hiya, o The Concepts of Spirit and Soul: lakas-ng-loob)/ bahala na). Spirit survives bodily death and also Finding Meaning in Life by Viktor Frankl has the sense of ghost, i.e. a manifestation of the spirit of a Victor Frankl: Frankl's experiences in the horrors of the Holocaust, a prisoner in deceased person. Auschwitz and Dachau laid the foundation o Hebrew’s Concept of Spirit: Spirit of a very personal type of therapy, is ruach or pneuma in Greek which logotherapy. means "breath" which comes from God (life giving part of man). Three specific points in finding meaning o Ancient Filipinos (Animism): in life Believed that everything has a spirit o Work day by day with motivation and soul even symbols have spiritual o Live from a perspective of love meaning. o Have courage at all times in o Bagobos: Believe that all adversity things possess a gimokud or 3 Ways to achieve meaning in life soul (sumangat) including o Experiencing a Value: experiencing man-made objects. something or someone we value in o Spirit (Espiritu or Espirito): life (family, relatives, friends, "Ginhawa" in Visayan term, workmates) "Hininga" in Tagalog and "Anges" in o Attitudinal values (suffering): llocano. practicing values like compassion, o Term of Soul:  bravery, good sense of humor, Attitudes and Values making sacrifices The Presence of Dualism: The o Creative Values: finding creativity presence of dualism, the tension and passion in arts, music, writing, between self-interest and the invention and work common good, highlights the Finding Meaning in Life Through Prayer complex interplay between and Believing in God Almighty individual needs and the well-being Prayer: Absolutely vital to make any of the community. progress in life. A communication with higher power, often deity or deities. 2. Institutional Factors: Family, School, Benefits of Prayer Gender, Church, Media, Government, Non-government and people's organizations o Stress Reduction o Improved Mental health Influence of Experiences: Positive o Enhanced Emotional Well-being and negative experiences can o Increased Self-Awareness reinforce or challenge our political o Improved Decision-Making beliefs, leading to shifts in our o Promoting Peace and Harmony attitudes over time. Evolving Political Stances: Due to LESSON 5: POLITICAL SELF events that sweep the nation Due to Political Self: Refers to a representation of involvement in service-oriented yourself. It is the public identity that you activities make and construct. Impacts of colonization to Filipino Politics: This encompasses the processes identity and activities involved in governing a Spanish influence society, including decision-making, power dynamics, and the allocation of resources. Language: Spanish language and “Politics in political self” refers to the way culture were introduced, leading to our individual beliefs, values, and the adoption of Spanish surnames experiences shape our political views and and the integration of Spanish words actions. It’s about how we understand and into the Filipino vocabulary. engage with the political world, and how our Religion: Catholicism became the personal identities influence our political dominant religion, replacing choices. indigenous beliefs and practices. This religious shift had a profound Factors that account for the political self impact on cultural values and social 1. Individual Factors: Individual factors, norms. shaped by personal beliefs, values, and Social Hierarchy: The Spanish experiences, influence how we perceive and implemented a rigid social hierarchy engage with the political world. based on race and class, creating divisions among Filipinos. American influence 5 Indicators of colonial mentality among Filipinos Education: The American education system emphasized English language Feelings of Inferiority: Individuals and Western values, contributing to a may experience a sense of inferiority shift in cultural perspectives. due to their Filipino heritage, feeling Democracy: The Americans less worthy or capable compared to introduced democratic principles and those of other nationalities. institutions, shaping the political Shame and Self-Hate: A sense of landscape and fostering a sense of shame, embarrassment, resentment, nationalism. or self-hate may arise from being Modernization: American influence Filipino, leading to a rejection of brought about modernization in one’s heritage and culture. infrastructure, technology, and Denigration of the Filipino Body: industry, leading to social and Individuals may internalize the belief economic transformations. that white physical characteristics are superior to Filipino traits, leading to Japanese influence a preference for lighter skin and Nationalism: The Japanese Westernized features. occupation during World War II Discrimination Against fostered a sense of Filipino Less-Westernized Filipinos: This nationalism and resistance against includes making fun of people from foreign powers. the provinces or indigenous peoples, Cultural Exchange: Despite the viewing them as “backward” and war’s hardships, there was some inferior due to their lack of cultural exchange, particularly in Westernization. music and art. Tolerating or Minimizing Oppression: Individuals may accept Colonial mentality is a mindset that or minimize historical and perpetuates the superiority of the colonizer contemporary oppression of and the inferiority of the colonized. It Filipinos, viewing it as the necessary manifests as a preference for foreign cost of progress or civilization. products, ideas, and practices over those of the colonized people, leading to a lack of Philippine government vs the USA self-confidence and national pride. This Both the Philippines and the US are mindset can hinder a nation’s progress and republics with presidential systems, development, as it undermines its own sharing similarities in their cultural identity and resources. separation of powers, bicameral legislatures, and guarantees of  fundamental freedoms. However, where sharing takes place, and the they differ in term limits, electoral audience who can gain access. systems, and the relationship between the executive and legislative Extended Self in The Digital World branches. Dematerialization: Shifting from physical The 1987 Constitution: The Philippines objects to digital representations (e.g., operates under the 1987 Constitution, which music, photos, information). mandates a democratic and republican form Advantages if Dematerialization of government, establishes a separation of powers, guarantees fundamental freedoms, Enhanced Self-Presentation: Sharing and creates independent constitutional interests and connecting with others. commissions. This constitution reflects the Increased Social Interaction: Filipino people’s commitment to democratic Connecting with people across principles and their desire for a government distances. that reflects their values and aspirations. Group Identity Expression: Finding belonging through shared interests LESSON 6: DIGITAL SELF Research on Dematerialization Digital Self: In today’s digital age, our online presence has become an extension of Attachment to Virtual Goods: ourselves. This encompasses our social Strong emotional connection to media profiles, online interactions, and digital devices. virtual identities. It’s important to be Four Functions of Virtual mindful of how we present ourselves online consumptions and to maintain a healthy balance between our digital and offline lives. ▪ Can stimulate consumer desire for material and virtual Impact of Online Interactions on The Self goods Negotiating New Learning Spaces: ▪ Can actualize possible Online interaction can be both daydreams rewarding and challenging. ▪ Can actualize impossible As a Social Venue for Emotion fantasies Regulation Among Adolescents: ▪ Facilitate experimentation Online interaction via social media is Intangibility: Digital possessions largely seen as a positive social lack physicality, making ownership venue for adolescents whereby their complex. interactions may promote a positive Age Differences: Older generations sense of self. less likely to see digital possessions Privacy, Social Networking and as part of their identity. Your Career: Privacy is a sense of control over information, the context Re-embodiment: The process of Enhanced Self-Awareness: Sharing experiencing an extended or alternative promotes introspection and deeper sense of self through a digital avatar or self-understanding. virtual body. It involves a merging of the Problem-Solving: Collaborative physical and digital self, where the virtual access to information and diverse body influences thoughts, feelings, and perspectives aids problem-solving. behaviors in the real world. Disadvantages of Digital Sharing: Advantages of Re-embodiment Oversharing: Easy sharing can lead Self-Exploration: Avatar to unintended disclosure of sensitive customization allows expression of information. ideal, possible, and aspirational Privacy Concerns: Lack of privacy selves. in many online spaces fosters Self-Reflection: Avatars serve as vulnerability and compulsive online mirrors and reinforcement behavior. mechanisms, offering a unique form Disinhibition Effect: Anonymity of self-feedback. can lead to both positive (authentic self-expression) and negative (toxic Research on Re-embodiment behavior) consequences. Avatar Attachment: Strong Online Confessions: Online confessions, emotional connections develop due often found in blogs or social media, offer to experiences and memories within potential therapeutic benefits for both the the virtual world. sharer and the audience, but raise concerns Proteus Effect: Virtual embodiment about loss of control. Three key aspects of influences real-world behavior, online confession are: though virtual bodies remain distinct from physical reality. Self-Cleansing: Confession, Multiplicity: Multiple avatars allow combined with self-reflection and exploration of diverse personality self-critical practices, serves as a aspects, reflecting the fluid and method of personal purification and evolving nature of growth. self-understanding. Empathy and Voyeurism: Confessional content can foster Digital Sharing: Digital technologies empathy in the audience, while also facilitate unprecedented sharing, creating a satisfying a voyeuristic interest in vast, interconnected repository of witnessing vulnerability and personal information and experiences. struggles. Advantages of Digital Sharing Loss of Control: The sharer relinquishes control over their narrative, as the confession can be  disseminated and interpreted beyond Affirmation Seeking: Online their initial intention. interactions affirm and reinforce individual and collective senses of Research on the Digital Sharing self. This cumulative effect Enhanced Self-Presentation: continues to shape the extended self. Digital platforms enable Collective Self-Cultivation: self-presentation in novel ways. Affirmation of the self is often Loss of Control: Shared information intertwined with the affirmation of can be easily re-shared without the the collective self. Our identities are original sharer’s control. co-created and enhanced through Community Building: Shared interactions with others. digital experiences foster a sense of Distributed Memory: Digital technologies community and collective identity. extend our memory, storing personal and Re-worlding: Digital technologies collective experiences across devices and transcend physical limitations, platforms. creating new virtual spaces. Third Places: Online spaces provide Advantages of Distributed Memory opportunities for social interaction Enhanced Recall: Easier access to and belonging. memories (facts, emotions, events) Co-Construction of Self: The digital world expands our capacity for facilitates the co-creation of self, where our self-understanding and connection to identities are shaped not only by our the past. Digital photos act as individual actions but also through messages from past selves, evoking interactions and feedback from others original emotions. online. Social networking sites play a Digital Legacy: Online presence significant role in this process, especially serves as a memorial, allowing for during the transition to adulthood. continued connection and remembrance after death. Individuals Advantages of Co-Construction can curate their digital Digital Patina: Online comments self-presentation and leave and interactions create a layer of instructions for their digital afterlife. metadata that contributes to and Research on Distributed Memory reflects our extended selves. Digital Clutter: Overload and Disadvantages of Co-Construction difficulty accessing relevant Dishonesty: The ease of online information among vast digital interaction can lead to dishonesty or archives. misrepresentation of self. Narratives of Self: Easy access to information allows for manipulation Research on Co-Construction of Self and fabrication of self-presentation.  Distorted Past: Reliance on curated not only benefits them but also digital memories can lead to a contributes to our own emotional fragmented or inaccurate well-being and sense of purpose. understanding of history. 3. Leverage Your Strength: Engaging in activities that bring “flow” can lead to personal fulfillment and MANAGING AND CARING FOR THE growth. SELF 4. Use Stages of Change Model: Identifying desired changes and LESSON 1: LEARNING TO BE A goals through this model can BETTER PERSON promote self-awareness and A good person is characterized by a actionable steps towards personal genuine desire to help others without development. seeking personal gain, demonstrating How Learning Take Place – The Human pro-social behaviors and acting with Brain altruism. Brain Structure and Function Pro-social behavior refers to any action that benefits others, regardless Cerebrum is Key: The cerebrum is of the motivation behind it. the most important part of the brain Altruism is the unselfish concern for for learning, as it houses other people—doing things simply higher-order functions like memory out of a desire to help, not because and reasoning. you feel obligated to out of duty, Specialized Areas: Different areas loyalty, or religious reasons. of the cerebrum specialize in functions like sight, hearing, speech, Developing a helping behavior: It is crucial touch, short-term memory, long-term for a fulfilling life, as we all need assistance memory, language, and reasoning. at some point, and a supportive community benefits everyone by providing aid when Memory Formation needed. Sensory Input: Sensory information Ways to Become a Better Person is transmitted through neural pathways and stored temporarily in 1. Manage Your Anger: Recognizing, short-term memory. identifying the cause, and adapting Long-Term Memory: Information is coping strategies are key to then transferred to long-term managing anger and preventing its memory, where it is compared to negative effects on relationships and existing knowledge and stored. health. Strengthening Connections: 2. Learn to Support Others Frequent practice and rehearsal Unconditionally: Helping others strengthen neural connections,  making memories more complete Metacognition has two key components: and easier to recall. Knowledge about Cognition: Emotional Impact: Emotionally Understanding how our minds work, charged experiences are more likely including our strengths and to be remembered vividly. weaknesses in areas like memory, Learning and the Brain learning strategies, and problem-solving. Novelty is Key: The brain is Regulation of Cognition: Being programmed to pay special attention able to control and manage our to novel or unusual experiences. thinking processes, such as planning, Contradiction Drives Learning: monitoring, and evaluating our When new information contradicts learning, and adapting our strategies existing knowledge, the brain works as needed. harder to explain the discrepancy, making it more likely to be Metacognition is crucial for effective remembered. learning and problem-solving. It helps Past Memories Can Hinder: Past students: memories can sometimes impede Transfer Learning: Apply learning, especially when new knowledge and skills to new information contradicts previous situations. knowledge. Develop Deeper Understanding: Implications for Learning Connect new information to existing knowledge and create meaningful Engage All Senses: Learning connections among ideas. methods should engage all senses Go Beyond Surface Learning: and tap into the emotional side of the Move beyond simply memorizing brain (e.g., humor, storytelling, facts and achieve a deeper level of group activities). comprehension. Stay Updated on Brain Research: Learning professionals should stay Seven Strategies for Becoming abreast of new brain research and Metacognitive adapt their teaching methods to align 1. Model your thought processes. with how the brain learns naturally. Teachers can model by Metacognition is the ability to “think about demonstrating their own thought thinking,” becoming aware of one’s own process while they read. awareness and developing higher-order 2. Create simple tasks for students to thinking skills. The term “meta” means demonstrate thinking. Teachers ask “beyond” or “on top of,” suggesting that students to demonstrate their metacognition is a level of thinking that thinking in writing or during goes beyond simply processing information. discussion. 3. Increase writing. Writing is a guide your actions and achieve desired particularly useful way to make outcomes. metacognition visible because it Goal Fatigue: Occurs when you become enables students to look back on overwhelmed by the extensive number their previous notes and see how of goals you've set, leading to their thinking has changed. discouragement and a loss of motivation. 4. Pre and post reading polls. To demonstrate the impact of learning, teachers can record students’ 3 Types of Goals (Elliot and attitudes and preconceived notions McGregor (2001) about a topic prior to reading a text, then follow up after the reading to Mastery goals focus on personal gauge whether students have improvement and achieving a changed their minds based on what specific skill or outcome. they’ve learned. Performance-approach goals 5. Build in one question for students focus on outperforming others or to ask themselves. Teachers can ask achieving a specific standard. students, “How did you figure that Performance-avoidance goals out?” after a student offers an answer focus on avoiding negative to a question. outcomes or comparisons. 6. Peer assessment. Students can help get in the habit of assessing different Five Goal-setting Principles learning strategies by judging work: after viewing a detailed answer to a Clarity: Clear and specific goals question, students can discuss eliminate confusion and provide whether the answer shows an a clear path to success. effective use of reasoning and how it Challenge: Challenging goals can be improved. push you to think bigger and 7. Make revisions part of achieve more, building a winning assignments. Finally, students mindset. benefit tremendously from Commitment: Full commitment opportunities to revise their work to your goals is crucial for and reflect on how their thinking has achieving them. improved. Feedback: Feedback helps you track progress, adjust LESSON 2: SETTING GOALS FOR expectations, and refine your SUCCESS plan. Goal Setting: Process of defining Task Complexity: Align your specific, measurable, achievable, goals with the complexity of the relevant, and time-bound objectives to tasks required to achieve them. Carol Dweck's research reveals two Mental Care: Engage in key mindsets: mentally stimulating activities and practice self-compassion to Fixed Mindset: Believes maintain psychological intelligence is static, avoids well-being. challenges, views effort as Spiritual Care: Engage in fruitless, and sees mistakes as practices that foster a deeper revealing limitations. sense of meaning and Growth Mindset: Believes connection, whether religious or intelligence can be developed, secular. embraces challenges, sees effort Emotional Care: Develop as a path to mastery, and views healthy coping mechanisms for mistakes as opportunities for processing and expressing improvement. emotions, incorporating Even for those with a growth mindset, recharging activities. failure can be painful. However, it Developing Your Self-Care Plan: A doesn't define one's ability to learn. self-care plan should be personalized and Instead, failure reveals problems that regularly reassessed to meet your evolving need to be addressed, learned from, and needs. Prioritize self-care even when feeling used to inform future actions. It should busy; addressing all aspects of well-being provide feedback leading to a solution. improves overall effectiveness. LESSON 3: TAKING CHARGE FOR Stress Management: Effective stress ONE'S HEALTH management involves taking control of Self-care is the purposeful engagement thoughts, emotions, schedule, environment, in strategies that promote healthy and problem-solving to achieve a balanced functioning and enhance well-being, life. Identify the root causes of stress by building resilience against life's examining habits, attitudes, and stressors. justifications. How to Care for the Self: Stress is the body's natural response to threats or frightening situations; it can be Physical Care: Prioritize motivating or harmful depending on the adequate sleep, a healthy diet, intensity and duration. regular exercise, and proactive health management. Stressors can be physical, work-related, Social Care: Cultivate and health-related, personal, conflict-related, maintain close relationships by academic, or environmental. dedicating time to nurturing Unhealthy coping mechanisms include connections with others. substance abuse, overeating/undereating, isolation, excessive sleeping, 1. Earliest Form of Religion procrastination, and lashing out at others. - Animism Healthy Coping Strategies: 2. Area of the Body with Heightened Sensitivity SM Strategy 1: Avoid Unnecessary - Erogenous zone Stress: Minimize exposure to 3. Another Term for Relational Will stressors by controlling your (Filipino): Loob environment and avoiding unnecessary conflicts. 4. William James' Three Subcategories of SM Strategy 2: Alter the Situation: Empirical Self: Address stressors directly by - Material self - Social self expressing feelings, compromising, - Spiritual self being assertive, and improving time management. 5. Relationship or Connection to a Higher SM Strategy 3: Adapt to the Being: - Spirituality Stressor: Reframe problems, focus on the bigger picture, adjust 6. Refers to All Diversities of Sex and expectations, and maintain a positive Gender Characteristics and Orientations: outlook. - Gender and Sexual diversity SM Strategy 4: Accept the 7. How to Identify if a Material Possession Unchangeable: Focus on the positive is Part of the Self: aspects, share feelings, practice - Examine one's emotional forgiveness, and avoid trying to investment in it. control the uncontrollable. 8. Presenting Oneself Online and Creating SM Strategy 5: Prioritize Fun and Different Images or Perceptions: Relaxation: Schedule relaxation - Selective self-presentation and time, connect with others, engage in impression management enjoyable activities, and maintain a 9. Features That Appear During Human sense of humor. Puberty: SM Strategy 6: Maintain a Healthy - Secondary sex characteristics Lifestyle: Exercise regularly, eat a balanced diet, avoid harmful 10. Type of Government in the Philippines: - Republic substances, and get sufficient sleep 11. Five Aspects of Self-Care: - Physical - Emotional - Mental - Social - Spiritual 12. Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual Stages of 22. A Feeling of Physical Attraction and Development: desire to another person - Oral - Lust - Anal - Phallic - Latency 23. Three Branches of Government - Genital (Philippines): 13. Public Identity Constructed Through - Executive Individual and Institutional Factors: - Judicial - Political self - Legislative 14. Another Term for "The Other Person" 24. Two Methods of Birth Control: (Filipino): - Natural - Kapwa - Artificial 15. Three Phases of the Human Sexual 25. Concept of Online Interactions Where Response Cycle (for both men and Users Share Aspects of Their Lives: women): - Social media sharing (or simply, - Excitement Sharing) - Plateau 26. Science Explaining How Learning Takes - Orgasm Place: 16. Posting, Tagging, and Commenting as - Neuroscience (or Cognitive Self-Reaffirmation: science) - Co-construction of self 27. Activities Related to Influencing 17. Sexual Activity Practiced Before Government Policies: Marriage: - Politics - Premarital sex 28. Philosopher Who Believed in Finding 18. Awareness of One's Environment and Life's Purpose Through Experiencing Understanding of Existing Knowledge: and Valuing Something Learning beyond and applying it to real - Viktor Frankl life situations. 29. Principle and Goal Setting Involving - Metacognition Passion: 19. Totality of One's Self as a Sexual Being: - Commitment - Sexual self 30. Tangible Objects, People, or Places That 20. Using Technology to Store Material Carry Personal Significance: Possessions Digitally: - Material self - Dematerialization 31. Three Ways of Achieving Meaning in 21. A Multidimensional and Multifaceted Life: Process: - Attitudinal Values - Self-care 32. Combination of Influences in Philippine Culture:  - Western and Eastern cultures 45. Unselfish Concern for Others: - Prosocial behavior 33. Result of Frustration from Unaccomplished Goals: 46. Another Term for Material Self: - Goal fatigue - Economic self 34. Type of Goal Driven by a Desire to 47. Positions in the Philippine Government: Outperform Others: - President - Performance-approach goal - Vice President - Senate 35. Performance-avoidance goal: - House of Representatives - Avoiding punishment or failure. 36. Online Identity: - Digital self 37. Psychologist Who Described the Material and Economic Self as Part of the Empirical Self: - William James 38. Two Biblical Ways of Finding Meaning in Life: - Faith, prayer, service to others (or similar interpretations) 39. Taking Care of Thoughts, Feelings, and Environment to Manage Problems: - Stress management - 40. Influence on Identity and Mindset: - Colonial mentality 41. Psychosexual Stage (Ages 7-10) Where Sexual Feelings Are Inactive: - Latency stage 42. Authentic Self as Personal and Collective: - Spiritual self 43. Method Allowing People to Plan Family Size and Spacing: - Family planning 44. Collection of Recorded and Archived Memories (Digital): - Distributed memory