PERSONAL-DEVELOPMENT-reviewer.pdf

🦖🦖 PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT Reviewer by: Kyle Adolescent - Comes from the latin word adolescentem which means growing or near maturity - 10-19 years of age - Stages of adolescence...

🦖🦖 PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT Reviewer by: Kyle Adolescent - Comes from the latin word adolescentem which means growing or near maturity - 10-19 years of age - Stages of adolescence: Early Adolescence 11-14 years old Middle Adolescence 15-17 years old Late Adolescence 17-19 years old - A period of storm and stress, different areas of development are in consideration (Physical domain, Cognitive Domain, Psychosocial Domain Adolescence -The developmental stage of life and transition from childhood to adulthood Physical Domain -Changes in primary and secondary sex characteristics -Sudden rush of hormones and make the adolescents life very complicated. Cognitive Domain - Mental Capacities - The beginning development of more complex thinking process Psychosocial Domain - Emotional Maturity - To give and receive affection - Experienced emotional satisfaction with their parents and other significant love ones. - Become aware of self-identity and sexual orientation - Prepares the adolescent to parenthood A Central task of adolescence is the search for identity - personal, sexual and occupational Maladaptive Ways - Such as engaging in trouble and not accomplishing what they set out to do. The CrossRoad - A common dilemma among adolescents when they are constantly faced with making decisions in their life for them to be able to achieve their goals. Developmental Task Are skills, knowledge, functions or attitudes that individuals must acquire at various stages during their lifetime. Self-Concept - Proposed by Carl Rogers - It is how we perceive our behaviours, abilities and unique characteristics Our Self Awareness Tends to be more malleable when we’re younger and still going through the process of self-discovery and identity formation. Ideal Self The person you want to be. This person has the attributes or qualities you are either working toward or want to possess. Real Self Refers to how you see yourself at this moment in time. Looking Glass Self - By Charles Horton Cooley - States that individuals form their view of themselves based on how they believed they appear to other. Johari Window - Joseph Luft and Howry Ingham in 1955 Public Self - Is a part of ourselves that we are happy to share with others and discuss openly. Private Self - We hide these away and refuse to discuss them with other people. Blind Self - The view with our self is not always the same how others perceive us. Undiscovered Self - One which neither we nor other people see. ————————————————————————————————————— Domains of Development - Adolescent developmental domains are intertwined and strongly influenced by experiences and environments. Physical Development - These changes are part of a long, complex process of maturation that begins even before birth, and their psychological ramifications may continue into adulthood. Puberty - sudden and dramatic changes in an adolescent’s body. Girls - 10, Boys - 12 Girls start puberty early due to body fats. Estrogen is a hormone that plays various roles in the body. Primary Sex Characteristics - The external and internal genitalia. Parts of human anatomy Secondary Sex Characteristics - Features of the human body that develops during puberty. Examples are changing in the voices, growth of pubic and facial hair. Thelarche - Is the medical term for the beginning of breast development. For 90% of girls this is the first sign of puberty Pubarche - Growth of pubic hair that happens 6 months after thelarche begins. Two years after pubarche, axillary hairs start to grow. Menarche - The onset of menses, arrives on average at age 12.5 years. Spermarche - A boy’s first ejaculation, often occur during wet dream Peak Height Velocity - Is the period of time where there is the fastest rate in growth of standing stature and is often known as the adolescent growth spurt Cognitive Development - They can now think abstractly, reason logically, think hypothetical possibilities, and impossibilities about life. - Crucial with how they perceive themselves and the world Cognitive Bias - systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgement Spotlight effect - Seeing ourselves in “center stage”. The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior than they usually are. Illusion of Transparency - The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others Social Comparison - Evaluating one’s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others. Mindfulness - Is the practice of focusing your awareness on the present moment without judgement Self Concept - What we know and what we believe about ourselves Self Esteem - A person’s self-evaluation or se Self Efficacy - The belief in your own competence and effectiveness. 4 types of learners in the classroom by Neil Fleming’s VARK model Visual Learners - Prefer to see info and to visualize the relationship between ideas. Auditory Learners - Like to recite information out loud to remember it. Reading/Writing Learners - Interacting with text is more powerful for them Kinesthetic Learners - They move around in order to demonstrate or experience certain points (i.e roleplaying) Psychosocial Development - Adolescence is a period wherein confusion starts to arise in choosing what to believe and what to accept. Roles usually sought by adolescents: Sexual Role Ideological Role Occupational Role What influences identity? Past Experience Society Culture Peers According to Erik Erikson, the main task of adolescents is to solve the identity crisis versus role confusion. Failure to establish a well-developed sense of identity can result in identity confusion. ————————————————————————————————————— Identity Status Theory - Canadian developmental psychologist James Marcia refined and extended Erik Erikson’s model, primarily focusing on adolescent development - The main idea is that one’s sense of identity is determined largely by the choices and commitments made regarding certain personal and social traits - Marcia’s theory of identity achievement argues that two distinct parts form an adolescent’s identity: crisis and commitment. Crisis - A time of upheaval where old values or choices are being reexamined The end outcome of crisis leads to a commitment made to a certain role or value Identity-Diffusion - The status in which the adolescent does no have a sense of having choices; he or she has not yet made (nor is attempting/willing to make) a commitment Identity-Foreclosure - They tend to conform to the expectations of others regarding their future. Some parents may make these decisions for their children Identity-Moratorium - The status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices, but hasn't made a commitment to these choices yet. The individual is exploring various choices but has not yet made a clear commitment to any of them. Identity-Achievement - The status in which an adolescent has gone through an identity crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity(i.e. certain role or value) that he or she has chosen. Social Influence - The influence of other people on our everyday thoughts, feelings and behavior. - leads individuals to adapt and adhere to the opinions and behavior of others. Social Conformity - The change in beliefs, opinions, and behaviors as a result of our perceptions about what other people believe or do. Informational Influence - Happens when people change their behavior in order to be correct. We often look to others who are better informed and more knowledgeable and use their lead to guide our own behaviors. Normative influence - Stems from a desire to avoid punishments (such as going along with the rules in class even though you don't agree with them) and gain rewards (such as behaving in a certain way in order get people to like you) Mature Individuals - Are people who learn from their experience and deal with frustration effectively. They accept constructive criticisms and embrace who they are. Emotional maturity is an important ingredient in living a harmonious life. Immature People - Are selfish, lack independence, run away from responsibilities, and blame other people for their mistakes. Adolescent Egocentricity - David Elkind (1967) expanded on the concept of Piaget’s adolescent egocentricity - Physiological changes that occur during adolescence result in adolescents being primarily concerned with themselves. Imaginary Audience - Is the adolescent’s belief that those around them are as concerned and focused on their appearance as they themselves are Personal fable - Belief that one is unique, special, and invulnerable to harm. Ningas-Kugon mentality - Starts a new venture task, then suddenly stop working. ————————————————————————————————————— Functions of Family Need for secure base Making choices that may affect the adolescent’s life Role modeling Social Learning Theory - By Albert Bandura - Suggests that observation and modeling play a primary role in this process. - Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling Real World Applications - By watching media violence, childrens may act out the aggressive actions they see portrayed on television. Adolescents were born with temperament of traits that can be accounted for from their genes. The Big 5 Personality Traits - By Robert McCrae and Paul Costa - The five primary personality traits are called OCEAN: (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism) Adolescents may tend to be more anxious about themselves. Adolescents may complain regarding too many requirements for how they should project themselves. Family & close personal relationships with other people contributes a vital role in the development of one’s self-presentation. ————————————————————————————————————— Stress - Is the physiological or psychological response to internal or external stressors. Stress influences how people feel and behave. Hans Selye - The Father of Stress and introduced the concept of eustress and distress Eustress - A stress that has a positive effect on you. Distress - A stress that negatively affects you. Stress can lead to burnout and even anxiety and depression. Burnout - The extinction of motivation or incentive, especially where one’s devotion to a cause or relationship fails to produce the desired results. Academic Burnout - can be defined as a negative emotional, physical and mental reaction to prolonged study that results in exhaustion, frustration, lack of motivation and reduced ability in school. The Takeaway - it’s important to find ways to cope with stress. Knowing the signs and stages of stress can help you take appropriate steps to manage your stress level and lower your risk of complications. Everyone copes with stress in different ways. Some cope better than others. Though approaching stress through healthy coping mechanisms is not a skill that everyone naturally has, it’s one that can be developed ————————————————————————————————————— The Nervous System - Is divided into two fundamental parts: the Central Nervous system and Peripheral Nervous System. Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Brain - The command center, where Nerves - Conduits carrying information information is processed, decisions are to and from the central nervous system. made, and memories are stored. Ganglia - Information processing Spinal Cords - Acts like an points information highway, transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. Brain - In charge with the response or actions of an individual after processing the information - jelly-like consistency - Average weight is 3lbs or 1350 grams. - Protected by the skull Spinal Cord - A cylindrical structure that runs through the center of your spine, from your brainstem to your low back. - There are over 1-billion neurons in the spinal cord. Over 120 muscles and 220 ligaments support the average spine. - The spinal cord lies inside the spinal column, which is made up of 33 bones called vertebrae. A fissure or groove that separates the two hemispheres is called the great longitudinal fissures. The two sides of the brain are joined at the bottom by the corpus callosum. Left Brain Function: Right Brain Function: - Logic - Creativity - Analysis - Imagination - Linear - Holistic Thinking - Mathematics - Intuition - Language - Daydreaming Broca’s Area - Major language center that is associated with Production of speech Wernicke’s Area - Comprehension of speech Wernicke’s Aphasia - causes you to speak in jumbled “word salad” Broca’s Aphasia - limits your language. Might only be able to say a single word or very short sentences. THE FOUR PARTS OF HEMISPHERE Frontal Lobe - Located in the front and top of the brain. Its functions include: Higher mental processes, and Decision making, Recognition, Formulation of speech, Voluntary Motor Movements. Temporal Lobe - Areas of the cerebral cortex located just behind the temples. - Containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech. - Responsible for explicit memory Occipital Lobe - Containing the visual centers of the brain. - Located at the rear bottom of each cerebral hemisphere Parietal Lobe - Top and back of each cerebral hemisphere - Controls touch, taste and temperature sensations. Neurotransmitters - Their job is to carry chemical signals (“messages”) from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell. - Body’s chemical messengers The space between neurons at a nerve synapse across which a nerve impulse is transmitted by a neurotransmitter — also called Synaptic gap. Communication between two neurons happens in the synaptic cleft (the small gap between the synapses of neurons). The Endocrine System - Is composed of glands that secrete chemical messengers known as hormones. Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream and influences the activities and function of the muscles and organs and different glands. Pituitary Gland - It secretes growth hormones and other important hormones. Referred to as the master gland, it influences the activity of other glands Pineal Gland - secretes melatonin, hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle Thyroid Glands - Controls metabolism (burning of energy) by secreting thyroxine. Adrenal Glands - Secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Controls salt intake, stress, and sexual development. Pancreas - Controls the level of sugar by secreting insulin and glucagon. Insulin controls whether sugar is used as energy or stored as glycogen. Glucagon, signals cells to convert glycogen back to sugar and helps prevent blood sugar from dropping. Gonads - Ovaries in Women, Testes in Men. They secrete hormones to regulate sexual growth, activity, and reproduction. Homeostasis - Ensures a balanced and complete response. Stress and Danger Response Blood Sugar Regulation Menstrual Cycle for Women Temperature Regulation ————————————————————————————————————— The Department of Health estimates that at least 3.6 million Filipinos are facing mental health issues At its worst, depression can lead to suicide. Over 700 000 people die due to suicide every year. Suicide is the fourth leading cause of death in 15-29 year-olds. The fear of being misunderstood and judged by others is one of the factors why people who’s suffering in mental health issues to suffer in silence. Mental Health - Psychological state of an individual, can be positive or negative Well-being - A state of happiness and contentment, with low levels of distress, overall good physical and mental health and outlook, or good quality of life. Frustration - Is a result when a person’s desired goal is blocked by a certain life instances which lead to negativity Depression - A persistent and extreme feeling of loneliness Anxiety - Irrational fear and worry towards something or a situation Poor Performance - Inability to maximize potentials Self Diagnose - May lead to incorrect perceptions. Making them feel something is wrong when it is actually normal feelings and valid emotions.