Fundamentals of Horticulture PDF

# Fundamentals of horticulture ## Explain in detail the importance & scope of fruit crop in India **Definition:** Horticulture is defined as the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, and crops like spices, condiments, and other plantation crops. ### Importance 1. Horticulture c...

# Fundamentals of horticulture ## Explain in detail the importance & scope of fruit crop in India **Definition:** Horticulture is defined as the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, and crops like spices, condiments, and other plantation crops. ### Importance 1. Horticulture crops contribute to the national income. 2. High production per unit area. 3. Fruits and vegetables are protective food. 4. Source of income throughout the year. 5. Best utilization of undulating and barren land. 6. No recurring expenditure. 7. Utilization of dry land areas. 8. Industrial use. 9. Saving money. 10. Fodder of cattle. 11. Human nutrition. ### Scope 1. Irrigation facility. 2. Transport and marketing facility. 3. Development of new techniques for maximum production. 4. Evaluation. 5. Development of new varieties. 6. New development scheme of state and central governments. 7. Availability of cheap manpower. 8. Availability of diverse and congenial climate. 9. Development of the cooperative sector and export potential. ## Branches **Main branches:** 1. Pomology 2. Olericulture 3. Floriculture 4. Plantation crop 5. Spices and condiments. **Sub branches:** 1. Medicinal and aromatic plants. 2. Ornamental gardening 3. Landscape gardening 4. Nursery management. ## Roles of human body source - vitamins **Vitamin A:** - Deficiency: Night blindness. - Example: Mango, papaya. **Vitamin B1, B2:** - Deficiency: Loss of weight, swollen nose, and baldness. - Example: Amla, guava, lemon, papaya, and litchi. **Vitamin C:** - Deficiency: Scurvy, pain in joints. - Example: Amla, guava, lemon. **Vitamin B1:** - Deficiency: Beri-beri, paralysis. - Example: Apple, banana. ## Give the classification of fruit crops on horticulture? Describe classification based on climate requirements. ### Classification: **Purpose to classify:** 1. For easy and quick cultural operation. 2. For breeding purposes and to evolve new varieties. 3. For facilities propagation of crops. 4. For effective control to pests and diseases. 5. For cultivating crops suitable to different climates. ### Horticulture plants are classified on the basis: 1. On the basis of duration of life/life span. 2. On the basis of climate requirement. 3. On the basis of habit and physiological character. 4. On the basis of plant parts used for consumption. 5. On the basis of whether leaves are shed during the year. 6. On the basis of longevity. 7. Botanical classification. ### On the basis of climate requirement: **Temperature** **a) Temperate Horticulture crops** **b) Sub-tropical Horticulture crops** **c) Tropical Horticulture crops** **a) Temperate:** Below the freezing point, winter season fall. - Fruit: Apple, pear, spices: Fennel, vegetables: Cabbage, saffron. **b) Sub-tropical:** Summer hot and dry winter. - Fruit: Pomegranate, guava, spices: Turmeric, vegetables: Tomato, brinjal. **c) Tropical:** Hot and humid in summer, cold in winter. - Fruit: Mango, spices: Tamarind, vegetables: Tomato, brinjal. ## Describe briefly the important points to be considered while selection of site for a fruit orchard **Selection of site:** The fruit plants are permanent in nature. **Considered while selection of site:** 1. Climate and soil. 2. Transport facilities. 3. Irrigation facilities. 4. Cheap manpower. 5. Owner's house. 6. Market. ## Write in brief the cultivation of mango 1. **Soil and climate:** - **i) Well-drained deep alluvial soil, medium black soils.** - **ii) Well-drained climate.** 2. **Varieties:** - **Hybrid:** Amrapali, Ratna, Mallika. - **Regular:** Neelam, Totapuri. 3. **Propagation planting:** - Inarching, veneer grafting, stone grafting, forkert budding. 4. **Harvesting:** April to June. Nine-year-old trees after 300 days. 5. **Yield**: 200 to 300 fruits. ## What is meant by plant propagation? Explain briefly their importance and the advantages and disadvantages of the asexual method of plant propagation. **Plant propagation:** Plant propagation is defined as the process of creating new plants from a variety of sources: seeds, cuttings, bulbs, and other plant parts. ### Asexual propagation/vegetative/clonal propagation: Asexual propagation refers to the multiplication of plant parts from any vegetative parts like root, stem, leaves, etc #### Advantages 1. Progenies are true to type, hence uniform growth and fruit quality. 2. Certain rootstocks are resistant. 3. Resistant to pest and disease. 4. Fruit trees come bearing earlier. 5. Plants are generally dwarf in nature than seedlings. 6. Plants produce seedless fruit. 7. Damaged parts of the tree trunk and roots can be repaired by bridge grafting or inarching to save the plant. #### Disadvantages 1. Plants are not vigorous, and they are short-lived. 2. No new varieties are developed or evolved. 3. These methods are more expensive, laborious, and time-consuming ## Sexual propagation Propagation of the plants by using seed as propagation material is called sexual propagation. ### Advantages 1. Most of the economical process among various types of plant propagation. 2. Leads to better crop species that are stronger, disease-resistant, and have a longer life span. 3. They are hardy with deep root system. 4. Production of a larger number of crops and that too with different varieties. 5. Rootstock is raised by seed. 6. Required large number; seed propagation is an easy means. ### Disadvantages 1. Some plant species do not produce viable seeds. Propagation for same unsuitable. 2. Plants that do not have seeds cannot be propagated through this process. 3. Progenies are not true to type and so become inferior. ## Define plant growth regulator & describe briefly their importance in fruit crops with suitable examples. **Plant growth regulator (PGR):** There are organic compounds other than nutrients, which in small amounts promote, inhibit, or otherwise modify any physiological process in the plant. **Examples:** Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene **Methods of application in different ways:** 1. Spraying method 2. Injection of solution into internal tissues 3. Root feeding method 4. Powder form 5. Dipping of cutting in solution 6. Soaking in dilute aqueous solutions. **Various uses of plant growth regulators:** 1. Propagation of plants 2. Seed germination. 3. Control of plant size. 4. Regulation of flowering. 5. Control of sex expression. 6. Control of fruit set and growth of fruit 7. Control of fruit drop. 8. Thinning of fruits. 9. Early ripening and development of fruit color. 10. Prevention of sprouting. 11. Control of weeds. ## Define pruning and write the objectives, principles, and enlist the methods of pruning. **Pruning:** It refers to the removal of plant parts like buds, shoots, roots, etc. ### Objectives: 1. To maintain the growth, and vigor of the trees. 2. To shape the tree to make the best use of the trees. 3. To regulate the size and quality of the fruit. 4. To regulate the succession of crops. 5. To spread the trees for economic orchard management. 6. To remove the dead, diseased, and over-age wood. 7. For effective spraying of pesticides of the crops. 8. To minimize biannual bearing. ### Principles of Pruning: 1. Excessive pruning should be avoided as it affects the growth of the plant, and by dwarfening. 2. In pruning, only wood which is not necessary for the trees, should be removed. 3. Pruning of larger limbs should be avoided as far as possible. 4. Pruning for young trees should be done more carefully than yielding trees. 5. Much more yielding area will be removed than what's desired. ### Types/Methods of Pruning: 1. Frame pruning. 2. Maintenance pruning. 3. Renewal pruning. ## Defn: Physical techniques that control the shape, size & direction of plant growth are known as training. ### Objectives of training: 1. To improve appearance. 2. To usefulness of plant/tree through providing different shapes. 3. Securing balanced distribution. 4. To ease cultural practices including inter-cultivation, plant protection, and harvesting. 5. To improve performance. ### Methods of training: Methods of training of plants are determined by: 1. Nature of the plant. 2. Climate 3. Purpose of growing. 4. Planting method. 5. Mechanization ### Types: 1. Training in herbaceous annuals and biennials. 2. Training of woody perennial. ## Enlist the different planting systems of fruit orchards. Explain any two? **Different planting systems of orchards:** 1. Square system 2. Rectangular system 3. Hexagonal system 4. Triangular system 5. Diagonal/quincunx system. 6. Contour system ### 1: Square system Planting distance such as row-to-row and plant-to-plant distance is the same. ### 2: Rectangular system Planting distance such as row-to-row and plant-to-plant is not the same. ## Cultivation of the number of plants in different systems of planting **Square and rectangular system:** No. of plants = Area in meter/Planting distance **Example:** Suppose the area is 10,000 sq.m (1 ha), and the planting distance is 10x10 meter, then: Number of plants = 10,000/10x10 = 100 plants. ## Def of Garden and garden types? **Garden:** A garden can be defined as a place where various plants are grown, accommodating many other aspects. **Different types of gardens:** 1. Landscape gardening. 2. Formal garden 3. Informal garden 4. Wild garden ## Define Lawn and criteria of Lawn. **Lawn:** A lawn can be defined as a piece of land which is thickly covered with uniformly green and soft grass. **Lawn development needs some criteria, which are given below:** 1. Selection of site 2. Soil and soil preparation 3. Selection of grass. 4. Planting of lawn.