History of Architecture (HOA 1 to 4) PDF

History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby A style that reacted against the classic, hence it was called "bar- baric"; a style that departed from the...

History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby A style that reacted against the classic, hence it was called "bar- baric"; a style that departed from the classic lines; characterized Gothic Architecture by: elaborate and ornate decor high, pointed ends Tracery An ornamental stonework on the upper part of a Gothic window A type of tracery; uses thick areas of stone to separate glazed Plate Tracery areas; the stone dominates the window rather than the glass A type of tracery; composed of thin stone elements rather than Bar Tracery thick ones; glass dominates the window rather than stone Functional waterspouts during the Gothic Era and are said to Gargoyle scare off evil spirits The french term for the Gothic architectural style from the word L'architecture Ogivale "ogive" referring to a pointed arch Ogival System The vaulting framework of intersecting pointed arch ribs An apse having a surrounding ambulatory of which are chapels; Chevet the east or apsidal end of a Gothic church, including the choir, ambulatory and radiating chapels. A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a building, commonly Apse found at the east end of a church. Lady Chapel A chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary A slender spire rising from the ridge of a roof, esp. one above the Fleche crossing of a Gothic church A French Cathedral; Formally known as Cathedral Basilica of Saint Albi Cathedral Cecilia, it is a fortress church with a large vaulted hall (18 m.), the widest in France A French Cathedral; Has slightly projecting transepts and sweep- Amiens Cathedral ing chevet of 7 chapels A French Cathedral; The most daring achievement of Gothic ar- Beauvais Cathedral chitecture, having the highest nave in Europe (48.5 m.); It has 3 tiers of flying buttresses A French Cathedral; Is remarkable for the absence of transepts Bourges Cathedral and its shortness in proportion to the width. A French Cathedral; Has a notable chevet with 13 chapels of Le Mans Cathedral unusual projection. A French Cathedral; conceived by Louis IX as a kind of gigantic reliquary for the most precious religious relics in all Christendom (including the "true cross" of Christ, the "Crown of Thorns" and La Sainte Chapelle other relics connected to the actual passion of Christ); The win- dows fill more than 3 quarters of the height of the walls producing a luminous filigree effect Filigree Delicate ornamental tracery A French Cathedral; A Latin Rite Catholic cathedral; Has the most complete collection of medieval stained glass in the world, Chartres Cathedral renowned for their vivid blue color; with reputation to be the Stone Age Bible, it was considered as the Middle Ages expression A French Cathedral; Used to be the world's tallest building in the Strasbourg Cathedral 1600s with a spire reaching up to 466 ft. (142 m.); today it is the 6th tallest church in the world A French Cathedral; Is 850 years old and is one of the oldest French Gothic Cathedrals; Begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully Notre Dame Cathedral and restored by one of France's most famous architects, Eugene Viollet-le-Duc 1 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby A French Cathedral; The coronation church of the French kings and one of the finest Gothic structures ever built; adorned with Reims Cathedral sculptures from the 13th and 14th cent., including the "Smiling Angel of Reims" A French Cathedral; Has a single tower that dates from the Soissons Cathedral mid-13th century and is an imitation of those of Notre Dame de Paris. A French Cathedral; Has the highest spire in France (151 m.); Rouen Cathedral Used to be the world's tallest building in the late 1800s; Its spire was built in the late Gothic Period (Flamboyant Style) A Late Gothic style of architecture superseding the Rayonnant Flamboyant Style style and named for the flame-like appearance of its pointed bar tracery mainly used in describing French buildings A French fortified town; used to be a fortified stronghold of the Roman-Bretons in the 6th and 7th century; Best known for the Le Mont Saint Michel medieval Benedictine Abbey and steepled church; Known as "Wonder of the West" A French fortified town was restored in 1853 by Eugene Viol- Carcassone let-le-Duc (one of France's most famous architects) A French castle; uses early principles of concentric fortification; Chateau Gallard one of the earliest European castles to use machicolations Part of a castle; A projecting gallery or parapet supported on Machicolation corbels having openings through which missiles could be dropped; Also called "murder holes" A French castle; was a defensive military architecture from the Chateau de Pierrefonds middle ages by Louis I de Valois; Classified as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture A French castle; was once home to the French royal court; built Chateau d' Amboise of French late Gothic Flamboyant style; also known as Chapel of Saint Hubert and is the burial place of Leonardo da Vinci Means "rebirth of classical"; The reintroduction of Classical Ar- chitecture all over Europe dating from the 15th to 18th century; characterized by: Renaissance Architecture formality achieved through symmetry Trabeated and Arcuated systems use of pediments, horizontal cornices and columnar arcades An architectural style under the Renaissance era, known for its curved lines shown in elements such as twisted columns and Baroque pediments; elaborate an extensive ornamentation in decorative art and architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century Extreme Baroque style; An architectural style under the Renais- sance era, known for its symmetrical plans, walls constructed Rococo with ashlar masonry, doors with semi-circular heads and Greek entablatures, Roman mouldings, classic order columns, fresco paintings and sgraffito Color plaster; a ceramic or mural decoration made by scratching Sgraffito off a surface layer to reveal the color underneath Italy (Florence) The birthplace of Renaissance architecture The most famous architect in Italy; designed the Dome of Florence Filippo Brunelleschi Cathedral and the Palazzo Pitti The author of the first architecture book after the invention of print- Alberti ing; designed the Church of Santa Andrea, Mantua (the prototype of later renaissance) Alberti's publication on Architecture; It was the first printed work De re Aedificatoria on architecture of the Renaissance. 2 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby The first Roman architect of Renaissance time; designed the Bramante Pazzo Della Cancellaria and started the Vatican Palace in Rome The cousin and pupil of Roman architect Bramante; designed the Raphael Vatican Loggia; The architect who changed the plan of the Vatican from the Greek cross plan to the Latin cross plan The architect who designed the Palazzo Farnese, Villa of Pope Julius in Rome, the Caprarola (the most magnificent of Roman Vignola palaces), and the Gesu Church (prototype of Jesuit Church in baroque style) The wealthiest family in Italy and ruled Florence during the Re- Medici Family naissance The architect of the Sta. Maria Della Salute, Venice (the structure Longhena in the middle of a canal) Largest Christian church in the world; Located in the Vatican City St. Peter's Basilica in Italy. The dome was created by Michelangelo A large, domed temple built in ancient Rome to honor many gods Panthenon and goddesses; has the largest dome in Italy An architectural style influenced by the Italian Renaissance; No- French Renaissance table for its sober and restrained composition of design A roof characterized by steeply sloped facets surrounding a flat or Mansard Roof nearly flat center section; Also known as "Gambrel Roof" A French residential palace known for its monumental spiral stair- Chateau de Blois case, covered with fine bas-relief sculptures and looking out onto the château's central court A former royal palace designed by Pierre Lescot located on the Palais de Louvre Right Bank of the Seine in Paris, now a museum containing a large collection of historical artifacts A monument commemorating Napoleon's victories; built in 1836 Arc de Triomphe and reminded people of Napoleon's legacy This palace was the center of political power built for Louis XIV in Versailles Palace the Île-de-France region of France; designed by Le Vau A small chateau on the palace grounds of Versailles in which Marie Petit Trianon Antoinette would retreat to Church that was built as part of a military hospital; the tomb of Les Invalides Napoleon Bonaparte A secular mausoleum originally built as a church dedicated to St. Panthéon Geneviece A Catholic church designed in its present form as a temple to the La Madeleine glory of Napoleon's army Spanish Renaissance style; From Spanish "platero" for "silver- smith". Late Gothic and early Renaissance architecture that was Plateresque Style decorated with very elaborated motifs; also "Isabelline Architec- ture" A type of baroque pediment Segmental or Segmented Scrolled A type of baroque pediment 3 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby A type of baroque pediment Swan Neck A type of baroque pediment Open A type of baroque pediment Broken The Spanish variation of the Baroque, this style was arguably the most exuberant of all national variations of the Baroque; it Churrigueresque was named after a family of architects - Jose Churriguera and his brothers Alberto and Joaquin The oldest Spanish University and one of the four greatest Uni- versities in the world; known for its "frog on skull" ornament University of Salamanca "House of Shells"; Currently houses a public library in Spain; Its Casa de las Conchas facade is decorated with more than 300 shells English Renaissance architecture during the reign of Queen Eliz- Elizabethan Architecture abeth I; Remnants of Gothic Architecture A period in the history of architecture in England; Secular buildings Anglo-Saxon Architecture in Britain during this era were generally simple, constructed mainly using timber with thatch for roofing. A period in the history of architecture in England; known as the "English Romanesque" or "Twelfth Century Style"; general ap- Norman Architecture pearance is bold and massive, and presents many similarities with the architecture in Normandy A period in the history of architecture in England; Also known as the "Lancet"; shaking itself free from the massive Norman style; Early English Style characterized by dog-tooth ornaments, foliaged capitals, and tall and narrow lancet openings. A period in the history of architecture in England; Also known Decorated Style as the "Geometric and Curvilinear"; Characterized by enlarged 4 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby clerestories, numerous vaulting ribs; an example of this style is the Westminster Abbey English architecture and decorative style of the early 17th century Jacobean Architecture adapting the Elizabethan style to continental renaissance influ- ences A notable English architect of the Banqueting House in Whitehall, Inigo Jones and the Queen's House; "English Palladio" known for his use of Palladian Motif; Disciple of Italian Renaissance An English architect in the 17th and 18th century; architect of Saint Paul's Cathedral; Designed many buildings (51 new churches) in Sir Christopher Wren London for the large rebuilding effort that followed the city's "Great Fire" of 1666; Disciple of French Renaissance Masonry blocks at the corner of a wall; Exist in some cases to Quoins provide actual strength for a wall made with inferior stone or rubble Also known as "Florentine Renaissance"; characterized by: massive blocks of rusticated masonry in lower stories of palaces Italian Renaissance general absence of pilasters as decorative features sparing use of carved details massive cornices that crown the structures It means having no columns and pilasters, unsupported architec- Astylar ture At the top of a capital, a thick rectangular slab of stone that serves as the flat, broad surface on which the architrave rests. Abacus A passage or corridor parallel to the nave of a church or an ancient basilica and separated from it by columns or piers. Aisle A semicircular or polygonal passageway around the apse of a Ambulatory church In Classical temples, the pilaster like projecting end of a portico wall often framing columns, which are then said to be in antis Anta A series of arches supported on piers or columns. A "blind" arcade Arcade is a row of arches applied to the wall as an ornamental feature. 5 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby A structural devise, curved in shape, to span an opening by means of wedge-shaped bricks or stones (voussoirs) that support each Arch other by exerting mutual pressure and that are buttressed at the sides. A square beam that is the lowest of the three horizontal compo- nents of a Classical entablature. Architrave A molded band carried around an arch. Archivolt Arcuated Any form of construction using arches Building stone that has been squared and finished, and the ma- Ashlar sonry constructed of such blocks. A half-cylindrical vault, semicircular or pointed in cross section; Barrel Vault also called tunnel vault. A vertical compartment of a building in which several such com- Bay partments are repeated; each bay mignt be defined by columns, piers, windows, or vaulting units Sculpted ornament of joints, found primarily in vaults. Boss A projecting mass of masonry serving to provide additional Buttress strength for the wall as it resists the lateral thrust exerted by an arch or vault. The uppermost part of a column, usually shaped to articulate the joint with the lintel or arch supported Capital 6 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby A sculpted female figure used as a support in place of a column or pier. Caryatid The body and main sanctuary of a Classical temple, as distinct from its portico and other external parts; sometimes "Naos" Cella The eastern portion of a church set apart for the clergy, and often separated from the main body of the church by a screen, rail, or Chancel steps. The term is also used to describe the entire east end of a church beyond the crossing. The part of a church, generally located toward or in the apse, reserved for clergy and singers. Choir A part of a building that rises above adjoining roof-tops and is pierced by window openings to admit light to the interior. Clerestory An open square court surrounded by a covered ambulatory, often archaded. It is generally attached to a church or monastery and is Cloister distinguished from a secular courtyard by its function as a lace of seclusion and repose. Recessed panels, square or polygonal, that ornament a vault, ceiling, or the underside (soffit) of an arch. Coffering A vertical, usually cylindrical, support, commonly consisting of a Column base, shaft, and capital; in Classical architecture, its parts are governed by proportional rules. 7 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby The fifth Classical order; favored in late Roman architecture. On the capital, large conjoined Ionic volutes are combined with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order. Composite Order A masonry block projecting from a wall to support a superincum- bent element. Corbel The most richly embellished of the thre orders; developed by the Greeks, with a tall capital composed of a bell-shaped core (kalathoss) enveloped by layers of acanthus leaves terminating in the corner volutes, surmounted by concave-sided abacus. Corinthian Order The uppermost, projecting portion of an entablature; also the crowing horizontal molding of a building or wall. Cornice The area where the nave and transept intersect in a cruciform Crossing church, frequently surmounted by a tower or dome. A vaulted space beneath the pavement of a church, often housing Crypt relics or tombs. A Greek temple with a double line of columns surrounding the naos; Referring to a temple surrounded by a double range of columns. Dipteral A curved vault that is erected on a circular base and that is Dome semicircular, pointed, or bulbous in section. The column and entablature developed on mainland Greece; the Doric Order fluted columnar shaft is without a base; its capital is an abacus above a simple cushion-like molding (echinus); The entablature 8 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby has a plain architrave, a frieze composd of metopes and triglyphs, and a cornice with projecting blocks (mutules) The cylindrical or polygonal wall supporting a dome. Drum A convex, cushion like molding between the shaft and the abacus in the Doric or Tuscan order; in an Ionic capital, found beneath the volutes, generally in decorated form. Echinus The upper part of a Classical order comprising architrave, frieze, and cornice. Entablature The uppers surface of an arch or vault. Extrados Facade The principal exterior face of a building, usually the front. A horizontal band, sometimes painted or decorated with sulpture or moldings. It may run along the upper portion of a wall just beneath a cornice or it may be that part of a classical entablature that lies between the architrave and cornice. Frieze A triangular element. It may be the end of a pitched roof framed Gable by the sloping sides. It also refers to the top of a Gothic panel, or to the triangular area above the portals of a Gothic building. 9 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby An upper story projecting from the interior wall of a building, or placed above the aisles of a church. It may function as a corridor or as an area for assembly or seating. Gallery A church with a naive and aisles of the same height, giving the Hall Church impression of a large, open hall. In a pier, the projecting molding at the springing of an arch. A rectangular impost block transmits the weight of an arch to a supporting member; it may appear between the capital of a column and the springing of an arch. Impost The undersurface (as opposed to extrados) of an arch (or vault); also called a soffit. Intrados The space between adjacent colunms in a colonnade, frequently determined by some multiple of the diameter of the column itself. Intercolumnation One of the five Classical Orders, characterized by a scroll-shaped (voluted) capital element, the presence of dentils in the cornice, and a frieze that might contain continuous relief ornament; DAS COLLIE THE COLUMN 10 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby Ionic Order The central voussoir at the top of a completed arch. Keystone A tall, slender window with a sharply pointed arch (like a lance), common in early Gothic architecture. Lancet Window An arcade supported by piers or coluns, open on one side at least; either part of a building (as a porch) or a separate structure. Loggia The Aegean characteristic domestic unit; principal hall of an Aegean dwelling, oblong in shape and formed with sloping sides and a flat top, with a passage leading to an underground burial chamber. Megaron In the frieze of a Doric order, the rectangular area between tryg- lyphs; often left plain but sometimes decorated with relief orna- ment. Metope 11 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby A slender upright dividing an opening, usually a window, into two or more sections. Mullion The principal enclosed area of a Greek temple, containing the cult statue of god or goddess. Naos A colonnaded porch in front of the facade of a church, in early Christian architecture often serving as the fourth side of an atrium; also a transverse vestibule preceding the church nave and aisles. Narthex The central, longitudinal space of a Basilican church, separated Nave from the aisles or from side chapels, and extending from the main entrance to the transept or to the apse. A concave recess in a wall, often used to house statuary. Niche A round window. Oculus The room at the rear of a Greek temple, behind the naos; a porch at the rear of a temple set against the blank back wall of the cella Opisthodomos or Epinaos A low wall for protection at the edge of a balcony, terrace, roof, Parapet bridge, etc. Pedestal A supporting substructure for a column or statue. 12 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby A triangular space formed by the raking cornices (sloping sides) and horizontal cornice of a gabled temple; also used above a door or window. Pediment An inverted, concave, triangular piece of masonry serving as the transition from a square support system to the circular base of a dome. Pendentive A Greek temple with a single line of columns at the front and rear; Pertaining to a building surrounded by a row of columns on all Peripteral sides; a temple with peristyle columns a row of columns all around the building Pertaining to a building surrounded by a row of columns on all sides. Piano Nobile Piazza An Italian term for a city square. A column is flattened, rectangular shape, projecting slightly form the face of the wall. Pilaster A generally square block forming the bottom most element of a column base; or the projecting lowest portion of a wall. Plinth 13 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby A massive platform on which an Etruscan, Roman, or other an- cient building was sometimes placed. Podium An open, colonnaded, roofed space serving as a porch before the entrance to a building. Portico A system of construction in which two or more uprights support a Post and Lintel horizontal beam; also called trabeated. The porch in font of the cella of a Greek or Roman temple formed by the projection of the side walls and a range of columns between the projections. Pronaos The porch in font of the cella of a Greek or Roman temple formed Pylon by the projection of the side walls and a range of columns between the projections. A slender, projecting arched member of a vault, used to facili- tate its construction, reinforce its structure, or articulate its form in varying ways in Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic, Gothic, and Baroque architecture. Rib Rib Vault An arched ceiling or roof supported or reinforced by ribs. Heavy stonework with a surface left rough, or with deeply chan- Rustication nelled joints, used principally on Renaissance buildings. A concave molding used as the intermediate part of a base. Scotia Shaft The cylindrical body of a column between capital and base. The triangular area between adjoining arches, or the triangualr Spandrel area next to a single arch. 14 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby A tall pointed termination of a tower or roof. Spire A large convex molding found principally at the base of a column. Torus An architectural system using a horizontal beam over supports, as opposed to an arched or arcuated system; synonymous with post and lintel. Trabeated In a basilican church, the arm that crosses the nave at right angles, Transept usually separating it from the apse An arcaded wall passage in a Gothic nave wall, between the clerestory and the main arcade in a three-story elevation; in a four-story elevation, it appears between the gallery and the clerestory. Triforium a triple projecting, grooved member of a Doric frieze that alter- nates with metopes. Triglyph Ornament in the form of a spiral scroll, and the principal feature of Volute the Ionic capital. 15 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby A wedge-shaped stone used in the construction of an arch or vault. Voussoir Designed by Santino Solari; A cathedral during the German Re- naissance in the Baroque architectural style; Contains the bap- Salzburg Cathedral tismal font in which composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was baptized. A Church consecrated to the Archangel Michael; Considered to be Church of Saint Michael the most tremendous creation of the Renaissance in the side of the Alps; known for its retable and big facade A Gothic Hall Church in Munich originally belonging to the Hospice Church of the Holy Ghost of Holy Ghost A Benedictine monastery in Germany; It was the first friary in Brevnov Monastery Brevnov, Prague One of the grandest palaces of the Renaissance found in Ger- Heidelberg Castle many; Its ruins are among the most important Renaissance Struc- tures north of the Alps Rathaus A German term translating to "city hall" or "council house" One of the most important examples of brick Gothic architecture in Bremen Rathaus or Town Hall of Bremen Europe located in Germany; UNESCO World Heritage Site (2004) A cathedral in Florence, Italy; begun by Brunelleschi and finished Santo Spirito by Antonio Manetti; Its campanile was by Baccio d'Agnolo (Michelozzo Michellozzi) A palace in Florence, Italy in astylar Palazzo Riccardi design. (Giovanni Amadeo) A chapel in Bergamo, Italy; a church and Colleoni Chapel mausoleum for Bartolomeo Colleoni; Its facade is encrusted with rose-colored marbles in patterns and profuse elements An Italian architect from Perugia, known throughout Europe for his Galeazzo Alessi distinctive style based on his enthusiasm for ancient architecture; his designs are of Proto-Baroque style. (Guarino Guarini) A Baroque style chapel in Italy; Its dome was built of intersecting arched ribs carrying vertical widnows instead of solid webs. Chapel of The Holy Shroud 16 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby An architectural screen or wall above and behind an altar, usually Retable containing painting, sculpture, carving, or other decorations. This early Renaissance building in Rome is known as the most The Capitol successful civic work of Michelangelo. A French term translating to "fools the eye."; A form of illusionistic Trompe l'oeil painting that aims to deceive viewers into believing that they are seeing real objects rather than a representation of those objects. (Giacomo da Vignola) An early Italian Renaissance building with the first truly Baroque facade. Contains the trompe l'oeil ceiling Il Gesu Church painting by Giovanni Battista Gaullias called "Triumph of the Name of Jesus" One of the Architects of St. Peter's Basilica; His design was chosen Donato Bramante in 1506 and it had a Greek cross plan; Rome's first outstanding architect of the renaissance who began as a painter One of the Architects of St. Peter's Basilica; Superseded Donato Bramante along with two other architects, Sangallo and Verona; Raphael Santi Proposed a Latin cross plan instead of Bramante's Greek cross plan. One of the Architects of St. Peter's Basilica; Succeeded Raphael Baldassare Peruzzi Santi and reverted it back to the Greek cross plan. One of the Architects of St. Peter's Basilica; After the death of Antonio da Sangallo Peruzzi, he superseded and altered the plan with an extended vestibule, lofty campanile and an elaborate central dome. One of the Architects of St. Peter's Basilica; Responsible for most of the building's outstanding features; Reverted it back to the Greek cross plan, strengthened the piers of the dome, redesigned Michelangelo Buonarotti the surrounding chapels and apses, and commenced the con- struction of the great dome; He was also the painter of the Sistine Chapel ceiling; A Florentine sculptor and painter Two of the Architects of St. Peter's Basilica; Superseded Michelan- Della Porta and Fontana gelo after his death and completed the dome from the model he left behind One of the Architects of St. Peter's Basilica; Added the side cupo- Giacomo da Vignola las One of the Architects of St. Peter's Basilica; lengthened the nave Carlo Maderna to form a Latin cross plan and added the gigantic facade One of the Architects of St. Peter's Basilica; Finally erected the Gian Lorenzo Bernini piazza; 650 ft. wide surrounded by columns 284 (Pietro Lombardo) A miniature early renaissance church in Venice, Santa Maria dei Miracoli Italy; also known as the "marble church" within and without. A grouping of arches and smaller free-standing twin columns; named after Andrea Palladio who popularized it, this motif for Palladian Motif openings such as windows and doors consists of an arched cen- tral opening flanked on either side by tall, rectangular openings; it can also be called the "Serliana motif" or the "Venetian window" An architect who represented Roman Baroque at its peak; a Giovanni Bernini sculptor, architect and painter Fernando Fuga The last notable Baroque architect of Rome Andrea Palladio The most influential architect of the whole Renaissance (Andrea Palladio) An early Renaissance building in Venice, by Basilica Vicenza Andrea Palladio famous for its Palladian Motif arcades. A feature of German Renaissance architecture; the bulbous ter- Helm Roof mination of a tower 17 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby An architectural style greatly inspired by Christianity; character- ized by: Romanesque Architecture semi-circular arches massive solidity and strength use of piers A cross-shaped building plan, incorporating one longer stem (nave) and three arms of equal length; The common form for a Christian church; Popularized in the Romanesque architectural style Latin Cross Plan Church plan with a square central mass and four arms of equal length; Popularized in the Byzantine architectural style Greek Cross Plan One of the predominant building types in the Romanesque era; a Monastic Village group of buildings designed for all the occupations of the monks A Romanesque building in Central Italy; one the finest of the Ro- manesque period; includes a Baptistery, Campanille and Campo Pisa Cathedral Santo, forming one of the most famous building groups in the world; has exterior bands of colored marble An architectural ornament in the form of three arcs arranged in a Trefoil circle A type of fortified structure of European innovation during the Mid- Castle dle Ages; served military, administrative, and domestic purposes. A series of Christian society of knights, called by the Pope (Pope Crusades Urban II) and with the main goal of restoring Christian control of the Holy Land from Muslim aggression "Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ"; Secretive group built to protect Knights Templar pilgrims on the road to the Holy Land; oldest of the Western Christian military orders "Knights of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem"; A group of men Knight Hospitaller attached to a hospital in Jerusalem that was founded by Blessed Gerard. Keep or Donjon Part of a castle; the inner tower for refuge during a siege Curtain Wall Part of a castle; enclosing defensive walls of a castle Part of a castle; bold, sloping thickness at the foot of walls to Talus/Glacis protect them from undermining Part of a castle; the complex of towers, bridges, and barriers built Gatehouse to protect each entrance through a castle or town wall 18 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby Part of a castle; wooden bridge leading to a gateway, capable of Drawbridge being raised or lowered to either accommodate or prevent entry to the castle Towers Part of a castle; deterrent to mining and to deflect missiles Part of a castle; also called "battlements"; found at the top curtain Crenellation walls; merlons are upstanding parts of an embattled parapet be- tween 2 crenels which allow the firing of arrows Part of a castle; a courtyard-like area of ground enclosed by a Bailey or Ward stone wall where the domestic buildings of the castle were Motte Part of a castle; an earthen conical mound of a castle Rampart Part of a castle; a defensive earthen bank surrounding a castle Part of a castle; a deep and wide trench filled with water around Moat the rampart of a fortified castle A type of castle; sited to secure the routes from coastal ports to Pilgrim Fort Jerusalem; has a thin curtain wall with rectangular corner towers, a large fosse or ditch and an outer earth rampart Coastal Fortifications A type of castle; coastal ports were fortified to secure the sea links A type of castle; built to protect the coast roads, safeguard moun- Strategic Inland castles tain passes and provide visual command of the approach rules A castle in Lebanon; it is the best surviving example of a coastal Chateau de Mer, Sidon Crusader castle Also called "Pilgrim's Castle"; It was built by Templars with the help of Teotonic Knights and the pilgrims; It stands upon a peninsula Castle Pelerin commanding the approach to one of the principal passes; It was the only castle never taken by siege A castle in Lebanon; built by the Knights Hospitaller and was the Margat Castle biggest of all Crusaders' castles One of the two centers of the Christian Church; the Western Church in Rome (Latin Church); by far the most important church The Roman Catholic in Christendom; situated in the ancient imperial capital and had the largest congregation of Christians; became the most dominant institution in Rome One of the two centers of the Christian Church; the East- ern Church in Constantinople (Greek Church); a federation of The Eastern Orthodox self-governing national churches; has patriarchs but no pope, papacy, or bishops This was issued granting the toleration of Christians which fol- Edict of Milan lowed the building of churches This movement by Emperor Leo III forbade all representations of Iconoclastic Movement human or animal forms in sculptures which affected Byzantine church architecture An architectural style characterized by: absence of sculpted figures in its ornamentation large domes on square bases Byzantine Architecture centralized plans Iconostas use of flat roofs, small windows and arcades with open courts use of clay bricks. A screen of images; In the Eastern Orthodox church, it is the Iconostas partition that extends across the front of the church separating the sanctuary from the solea. A type of dome; the dome and pendentive are parts of the same Simple Dome structure 19 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby A type of dome; the dome is constructed separately from the Compound Dome pendentive; could be either a dome on top of a pendentive, or a dome on drum Melon-shaped Dome A type of dome; with convolutions or ribs Tessarae A piece of material used in making mosaics Fish (Ikhthus) A type of ornament motif; a symbol for Jesus Dove A type of ornament motif; a symbol of peace and unity Peacock A type of ornament motif; an emblem of immorality and unity Lamb (Good Shepherd) A type of ornament motif; refers to Jesus' role as a sacrifice A type of ornament motif; the idea of the vital union of the believers Grapevine of Christ Endless Knot A type of ornament motif; emblem of eternity A type of ornament motif; the first two letters of the word "Christ" Chi Rho in Greek; symbolizes His status as Christ The art of painting on fresh, moist plaster with pigments dissolved Fresco Painting in water A type of floor pavement; utilized tiny, geometrically shaped pieces Opus Alexandrinum of colored stone and glass paste arranged in intricate geometric patterns dotted with semi-precious stones A capital shaped to form a transition from square abacus to circular Cubiform Capital shaft A wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, used in building an Voissoir arch; surround the keystone A clearly defined block resting on the capital of a column and serv- Dosseret ing as an extra impost in Byzantine and Romanesque architecture A former Orthodox patriarchal Basilica in Istanbul, Turkey, later a Hagia Sophia mosque, and now a museum. It is an art form practiced in ancient Byzantium; an ancient tech- Cloisonne Technique nique for decorating metalwork objects An example of Byzantine architecture and is the oldest church in The Church of the Holy Apostles Athens An example of Byzantine architecture in Venice; Both interior and St. Mark's Basilica exterior are lavishly decorated with elaborate mosaic, much of it in shimmering gold 4 yehey congrats so smart break time: 2 x 2 = ? The most recognizable symbol of Russia; a Russian Orthodox cathedral built by Ivan IV; has nine unique onion domes, each with nine individual chapels and painted in the most brilliant colors; Saint Basil's Cathedral Legend has it that the Tsar ordered the architect (Postnik Yakovlev) to be blinded to prevent him from ever creating anything to rival its beauty again An architectural style influenced by Greeks and originated from the Etruscans; first to use concrete; Characterized by: arches supported on piers not columns Roman Architecture columnar and trabeated arcuated and vaulted utilitarian Roman Emperor who issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the Constantine persecution of Christians; He also founded the city of Constan- tinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire. The early Roman architectural style; characterized by: Etruscan Architecture true radiating arches 20 / 28  History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby use of the Tuscan order atrium-type houses "Great Sewer" built by the Etruscans to drain the site of the Roman Cloaca Maxima Forum; one of the earliest sewage systems ever built An ancient Etruscan burial city; tombs were tumulus type and Necropolis Cerveteri chamber tombs laid out symmetrically like a town for the living A temple on Capitoline Hill, Rome; the most important temple in Temple of Jupiter Ancient Rome A type of Roman wall masonry; rectangular and square blocks of stones in regular ashlar courses Opus Quadratum A type of Roman wall masonry; small rough stones with pyramidal ends set irregularly in mortar Opus Incertum A type of Roman wall masonry; square stones set diagonally, forming a net-like pattern Opus Reticulatum A type of Roman wall masonry; brick facing with pyramidal ends Opus Testaceum A type of Roman wall masonry; alternation of courses of bricks and small squared stones Opus Mixtum Rise The distance between the ground and the highest point of an arch Span The distance between the two sides of an arch A type of Roman Vault; borne throughout its length on the two Semi-circular, Barrel, Wagon-Headed or Tunnel Vault parallel walls of a rectangular plan A type of Roman Vault; formed of two semi-circular vaults of equal Cross Vault span Semi-Dome Vault A type of Roman Vault; used over semi-circular structures Hemispherical Dome A type of Roman Vault; used over circular structures 21 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby Lacunaria Sunk panels found in the ceiling of Greek temples; also "Coffers" A type of marble mosaic pattern; produced the "herringbone" or "chevron" pattern Opus Spicatum A type of marble mosaic pattern; "cut work"; produced geometrical Opus Sectile patterns A type of marble mosaic pattern; small pieces of tiles that produces Opus Vermiculatum pictorial patterns and images Niche or Hemicycle A type of Roman buttress; for retaining earth A type of Roman buttress; used where large openings for doors Spur Buttress and windows were needed A type of Roman buttress; places on top of a spur buttress to help Pinnacle Buttress their weight drive the oblique thrust more steeply down to earth The Roman counterpart of the Greek "agora"; a central open Forum space used as a meeting place, market or for political demonstra- tions Imperial Forum Roman forum; consists of a series of monumental public squares Forum Romanun Roman forum; oldest and most important in the city Roman forum; largest of the forums, built by Apollodorus of Dam- Forum of Trajan ascus; was once a bustling business center Roman Temple A mixture of Greek temples and Etruscan temples The most perfectly preserved ancient Roman temple; Its Rotunda Pantheon was erected by Hadrian; the oculus admits light into the dome's interior Roman term for hall of justice and commercial exchange; Its Basilica central position indicates the importance of law and business in Ancient Rome The largest Basilica in Rome; designed by Apollodorus; has no Basilica of Trajan known religious function and was dedicated to the administration of justice; had a great central nave Thermae Roman public baths; designed for luxurious bathing Tepidarium Part of a Thermae; warm bath Caldarium Part of a Thermae; hot bath Frigidarium Part of a Thermae; unheated bath Sudatorium or Laconicum Part of a Thermae; dry sweating room Apodyteria Part of a Thermae; dressing room Unctuaria Part of a Thermae; oil room Palaestra Part of a Thermae; room for physical exercise Xystus Part of a Thermae; open space for foot-racing Hypocaust The central floor heating system in a thermae Also "slippers"; pillars built to raise the Thermae floor above Pilae Stacks ground Thermae of Diocletian Most grand and sumptuous of all Roman Thermaes Balneum Small, private baths in Roman palaces and houses 22 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby Stabian Baths The oldest bathhouse in Pompeii Roman communal toilets; first plumbing system ever introduced; Latrines designed with a deep channel running around the four sides of a rectangular space A Roman building type adopted from the Greeks and restricted to Theater a semi-circle; built up by means of concrete vaulting A Roman building type used for the display of mortal combats; Amphitheater sand from the arena absorbs the blood of the combatants Also known as "Flavian Amphitheater"; massive piers support three tiers of countless arcades; uses classic orders superim- The Colosseum posed on the walls; presence of grand sweeping lines of unbroken entablature around the building; also used for mock naval battles The chamber beneath an arena where bodies of dead gladiators Spoliarium are dragged and piled A canvas awning drawn over the amphitheater to protect the Velarium audience from rain or sun Naumachia Mock naval battles Circus A Roman building type used for horse and chariot racing Loculi Part of a tomb; recesses for coprses Columbaria Part of a tomb; niches that receive the ashes of the dead A Roman building type erected to emperors and generals com- Triumphal Arches memorating victorious campaigns A Roman building type erected to celebrate naval victories; dec- Rostral Columns orated with prows of ships and figures Pillars of Victory A Roman building type erected to record triumphs A Roman Private House; home of the wealthy and the middle Domus class; a combination of the Etruscan atrium house and the Greek peristyle house Villa or Country House A Roman summer house for the wealthy Romans Also "countryside villa"; glorified farmhouses with barns, orchards Villa Rustica and vineyards for the owner of the estate Urbana A part of the Roman Villa Rustica; the main house Rusticana A part of the Roman Villa Rustica; the farm area A Roman apartment block; houses for the lower class with the Insula ground level used for shops Roman water channels or water bridges constructed to convey Aqueducts water Specus A part of an aqueduct; water-conveying ducts A special mixture of ground terra cotta and lime used for the lining Opus Signinum of water channels, aqueducts and reservoirs Thermae of Caracalla A Roman thermae included in the 7 wonders of Ancient Rome The fertile plains located between the twin rivers, Tigris and Eu- Mesopotamia phrates; known as the "cradle of civilization" part of the Fertile Crescent Iraq The current name of Mesopotamia Babylon Capital of ancient Babylonia in southern Mesopotamia Reigned as king when Babylon was the largest city in the world; King Nebuchadnezzar II rebuilt Babylon after it was destroyed by the Assyrians Hammurabi's Code The first code of laws recorded in human history 23 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby A system of writing which originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian, but later was adapted Cuneiform to represent other languages of western Asia; Written script in clay tablets, and is one of the earliest known forms of written expression An architectural style originating from Mesopotamia; character- ized by: arcuated construction (Babylonia and Assyria) Ancient Near East Architecture small or no windows colossal winged bulls as ornaments flat roofs mud brick walls Sun-dried bricks A type of brick finish; for ordinary finish Kiln-dried bricks A type of brick finish; for facing important buildings Color glazed brick A type of brick finish; for decorative purposes The Ziggurat which had a solid core of mud brick and faced with Ziggurat of Ur burnt brickwork; carried the usual temple at the summit The Ziggurat that contains a shrine that is thought to have been White Temple Zigurrat dedicated to Anu; fairly small in comparison to surrounding struc- tures A part of the Palace of Sargon; palace proper with the king's Seraglio residence, state halls, men's apartments and reception courts Harem A part of the Palace of Sargon; private family apartments Khan A part of the Palace of Sargon; the service chamber Eighth gate to the inner city of Babylon; constructed by order of King Nebuchadnezzar II on the north side of the city; Dedicated to Ishtar Gate the Babylonian goddess, the gate was constructed of blue glazed tiles with alternating rows of bas-relief dragons and lions Built by king Nebuchadnezzar II dedicated to please his homesick Hanging Gardens of Babylon wife, Amytis of Media; towering gardens watered by a nearby river Massive Babylonian architecture dedicated to the supreme god; Temple of Marduk heavily bastioned, built in clay with huge towers and crenellated terraces The Tower of Babel This structure was intended to reach heaven; "gate of God" the great palace built by Xerxes I consisting of a grand hall with Palace of Persepolis four large columns, the entrance on the Western Wall. A part of the Palace of Persepolis; Xerxes' name was written in Gate of All Nations three languages and carved on these entrances The Apadana A part of the Palace of Persepolis; also the Grand Audience Hall A part of the Palace of Persepolis; smallest of the palace buildings Tachara in Persepolis; constructed using the finest quality stone creating an almost completely black, polished surface A part of the Palace of Persepolis; also the Reception Chamber Tripylon and Guard Room A part of the Palace of Persepolis; by Darius and served as the Treasury armory and storehouse A part of the Palace of Persepolis; constructed for the king to Throne Hall or Hall of the Hundred Columns receive nobles and dignitaries; columns have double unicorn and double bull capitals Prehistoric Architecture The architectural style that is the root of architecture Also "Old Stone Age"; first out of the 3-stage Chronology of the Stone Age; used stone and bone as instruments 24 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby livelihood from hunting and food gathering Paleolithic learned to make fire lived in caves and rock shelters Also "Middle Stone Age"; second out of the 3-stage Chronology of the Stone Age; fashioned stone tools like the bow Mesolithic made body coverings from animal hides made the canoe built huts from bones, hides, and grass Also "New Stone Age"; third out of the 3-stage Chronology of the Stone Age; polished stone tools developed pottery Neolithic developed agriculture and domesticated animals sew clothing from animal hides built huts from stones and mud with thatched roofing practiced burial rituals and built tombs The second stage in the Cultural Evolution of Man; most advanced Bronze Age metalworking with copper in the ancient times The third stage in the Cultural Evolution of Man; where cutting tools Iron Age and weapons were mainly made of iron or steel A large stone used to construct a structure either alone or together Megalith with other stones; utilizes an interlocking system without the use of mortar or cement Dolmen or Chromlech Two or more upright stones supporting a stone slab An example of a stone circle; Archaeological evidence indicating that ALIENS EXIST (who the f builds a) Stonehenge A Neolithic monument with the largest stone circle in Europe; a Avebury Henge large outer circle with two separate smaller stone circles inside the center of the monument Monolith Great upright stone; also "Maenhir" Barrow Also "Tumuli"; earthen mound for burials A prehistoric dwelling; shallow cave-like opening at the base of a Rock Shelter cliff or bluff A prehistoric dwelling; may either be built underground, on the Hut ground, or above ground Most famous variety of marble; pure white, fine-grained marble Pentelic Marble from Penteliko Mountain in Athens, Greece Aegean Architecture Early Greek architectural style An example of Aegean Architecture; great palace led by the king Palace of King Minos of the Minoan civilization that had huge technological and archi- tectural advances including running water Located in Mycenae, Greece; the most famous feature of the Palace, Tiryns; above the huge lintel, corbelled stones form an Lion Gate arch, creating a triangle that is filled by two lions carved in relief on either side of a sacred Minoan column 25 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby This period began after the death of Alexander the Great; the architecture in this period is characterized by: temples as principal buildings The Hellenistic Period colonnades (row of columns) surrounding temples columnar and trabeated timber forms imitated in stone mortise and tenon column construction Greek Architecture The architectural style sometimes called "Carpentry in Marble" In classical architecture, the slight swelling or bulge in the center of Entasis a column, which corrects the illusion of concave tapering produced by parallel or straight lines Acropolis Greek city; a fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city Propylaea The entry gate at the west end of the Acropolis in Athens A picture gallery containing painted pictures in the Acropolis in Pinacotheca Athens Temple of Athena A part of the Acropolis in Athens dedicated to the wingless victory A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis Parthenon in Athens, Greece. It was built in the 5th century BCE, during the Athenian golden age. A temple to Athena and Poseidon. It is Ionic. This is said to be Erechtheion where Athena and Posiden had their great battle over being the patron god of the Athens. performance site of the drama in Athens on the south slope the Theater of Dionysus acropolis; part of shrine to the god of fertility An ancient city in central Greece, in Phocis; the major site for the Delphi worship of the god Apollo Greek island sacred to Apollo; holds the position as a holy sactu- Delos ary and cult center in ancient Greece In-antis A Greek temple with 2-4 columns at the front Prostyle A Greek temple with a portico of columns at the front Amphi-antis A Greek temple with 2-4 columns at the front and rear Amphi-prostyle A Greek temple with a portico of columns at the front and rear Pseudo-Peripteral A Greek temple with a flank of columns attached to the Naos wall A Greek temple similar to the Dipteral style, but without the inner Pseudo-dipteral range of columns Term meaning "100-footer"; describing the massive Naos of the Hecatompedon Parthenon in Athens A caryatid with a basket on her head; used either as support or as Canephora a freestanding garden ornament Atlantes A caryatid in the figure of a man Cyma Reversa A Greek moulding; water & leaf ornament Cyma Recta A Greek moulding; 'S' shaped, honeysuckle ornament A Greek moulding; usually an exact quarter of a circle; egg and Ovolo tongue ornament Astragal A Greek moulding; usually a half circle; bead ornament A Greek moulding; usually painted with the fret ornament (also Corona "key pattern") Cavetto A Greek moulding; a simple, hollow moulding A Greek architecture type; generally hollowed out of the slope of Greek Theater a hillside 26 / 28 History of Architecture: A compilation from HOA 1 to 4 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_nbeby Cavea Part of a Greek Theater; seating Part of a Greek Theater; horizontal walkway between the lower Diazoma and upper tiers of seats Part of a Greek Theater; semicircular space in front of the stage Orchestra used by the chorus in ancient Greek theaters Part of a Greek Theater; extensions or projec