Questions and Answers
What is a structural device curved in shape, to span an opening using wedge-shaped bricks or stones that support each other by exerting mutual pressure?
What is the name of the square beam that is the lowest of the three horizontal components of a Classical entablature?
architrave
A molded band carried around an arch is called __________.
archivolt
A buttress provides additional strength for the wall as it resists the lateral thrust exerted by an arch or vault.
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Match the following architectural terms with their definitions:
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Who designed the Bramante, Pazzo Della Cancellaria, and started the Vatican Palace in Rome?
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Which Italian family ruled Florence during the Renaissance?
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The dome of St.Peter's Basilica in Italy was created by Michelangelo.
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Match the architectural style with its characteristics:
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What is the Gothic architectural style characterized by?
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What does the term 'ogive' refer to in Gothic architecture?
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Gargoyles in Gothic architecture were functional waterspouts used to scare off evil spirits.
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Match the following French Cathedrals with their notable features:
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What is the rectangular area between triglyphs in the frieze of a Doric order called?
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What is the slender upright that divides an opening, usually a window, into two or more sections?
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What is the principal enclosed area of a Greek temple that contains the cult statue of a god or goddess?
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What is the colonnaded porch in front of the facade of a church called?
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What is the central longitudinal space in a Basilican church, separated from the aisles or side chapels?
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What is a round window called?
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What is the architectural style originating from Mesopotamia characterized by arcuated construction, small or no windows, colossal winged bulls as ornaments, and flat roofs?
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Which type of brick finish is used for ordinary construction?
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The Ziggurat of Ur had a solid core of burnt brickwork and carried a temple at the summit.
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The Ishtar Gate in Babylon was constructed of blue glazed tiles with alternating rows of bas-relief _____ and lions.
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Match the following Ancient Roman terms with their descriptions:
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Match the following Greek temple styles with their descriptions:
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The ____ barked.
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What is the term for a caryatid with a basket on her head?
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What is the meaning of the term 'Cavea'?
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What is the purpose of a Drawbridge at a castle?
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What is the function of Towers in a castle?
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Match the following ornament motifs with their meanings:
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What is Fresco Painting?
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Which architectural style is greatly inspired by Christianity and characterized by semi-circular arches, massive solidity, and use of piers?
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What is the term for an architectural ornament in the form of three arcs arranged in a circle?
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A church plan with a square central mass and four arms of equal length is known as __________ plan.
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Match the following architects with their contributions to St.Peter's Basilica:
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What was Xerxes' name written in at the Gate of All Nations in the Palace of Persepolis?
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Which part of the Palace of Persepolis was known as the Grand Audience Hall?
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Paleolithic humans learned to make fire.
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The __________ Age is the third out of the 3-stage Chronology of the Stone Age.
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Match the following architectural materials with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Gothic Architecture
- Reacted against classic lines, characterized by elaborate and ornate decor, high pointed ends
- Tracery: ornamental stonework on upper part of Gothic window
- Plate Tracery: uses thick areas of stone to separate glazed areas, stone dominates window rather than glass
- Bar Tracery: composed of thin stone elements, glass dominates window rather than stone
- Gargoyle: functional waterspouts during Gothic Era, said to scare off evil spirits
- Ogival System: vaulting framework of intersecting pointed arch ribs
- Chevet: apse with surrounding ambulatory, often with chapels; found at east end of Gothic church
- Apse: recess, usually semicircular, in wall of building, commonly found at east end of church
- Lady Chapel: chapel dedicated to Virgin Mary
- Fleche: slender spire rising from ridge of roof, often above crossing of Gothic church
French Cathedrals
- Albi Cathedral: fortress church with large vaulted hall, widest in France
- Amiens Cathedral: has slightly projecting transepts and sweeping chevet of 7 chapels
- Beauvais Cathedral: daring achievement of Gothic architecture, highest nave in Europe (48.5 m), 3 tiers of flying buttresses
- Bourges Cathedral: lacks transepts, notable for shortness in proportion to width
- Le Mans Cathedral: conceived by Louis IX as a kind of gigantic reliquary, chevet with 13 chapels of unusual projection
- La Sainte Chapelle: conceived as a kind of gigantic reliquary, windows fill more than 3 quarters of height of walls, producing luminous filigree effect
- Chartres Cathedral: most complete collection of medieval stained glass in the world, renowned for vivid blue color
- Strasbourg Cathedral: used to be world's tallest building in 1600s, now 6th tallest church in the world
- Notre Dame Cathedral: over 850 years old, one of oldest French Gothic Cathedrals, begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully
- Reims Cathedral: coronation church of French kings, adorned with sculptures from 13th and 14th centuries
- Soissons Cathedral: has single tower that dates from mid-13th century, imitation of those of Notre Dame de Paris
- Rouen Cathedral: has highest spire in France (151 m), used to be world's tallest building in late 1800s
Late Gothic and Flamboyant Style
- Flamboyant Style: Late Gothic style, superseding Rayonnant Style, named for flame-like appearance of pointed bar tracery
- Le Mont Saint Michel: French fortified town, used to be fortified stronghold of Roman-Bretons in 6th and 7th century
- Carcassone: French fortified town, restored in 1853 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc
- Chateau Gallard: French castle, uses early principles of concentric fortification, one of earliest European castles to use machicolations
- Machicolation: projecting gallery or parapet supported on corbels having openings through which missiles could be dropped
Renaissance Architecture
- Means "rebirth of classical", reintroduction of Classical Architecture across Europe, characterized by:
- Formality achieved through symmetry
- Trabeated and Arcuated systems
- Use of pediments, horizontal cornices, and columnar arcades
- Baroque Architecture: style under Renaissance era, known for curved lines, twisted columns, and pediments, elaborate ornamentation
- Rococo Architecture: extreme Baroque style, characterized by symmetrical plans, walls constructed with ashlar masonry, doors with semi-circular heads and Greek entablatures
- Sgraffito: ceramic or mural decoration made by scratching off surface layer to reveal color underneath
Italian Renaissance Architecture
- Italy (Florence): birthplace of Renaissance architecture
- Filippo Brunelleschi: most famous architect in Italy, designed Dome of Florence Cathedral and Palazzo Pitti
- Alberti: author of first architecture book after invention of printing, designed Church of Santa Andrea, Mantua
- Bramante: first Roman architect of Renaissance time, designed Pazzo Della Cancellaria and started Vatican Palace in Rome
- Raphael: cousin and pupil of Roman architect Bramante, designed Vatican Loggia
- Vignola: architect who designed Palazzo Farnese, Villa of Pope Julius in Rome, and Gesu Church
French Renaissance Architecture
- French Renaissance: architectural style influenced by Italian Renaissance, characterized by sober and restrained composition of design
- Mansard Roof: roof characterized by steeply sloped facets surrounding a flat or nearly flat center section
- Chateau de Blois: French residential palace, known for monumental spiral staircase, covered with fine bas-relief sculptures
- Palais de Louvre: former royal palace, located on Right Bank of Seine in Paris, now a museum containing large collection of historical artifacts
- Arc de Triomphe: monument commemorating Napoleon's victories, built in 1836
- Versailles Palace: palace built for Louis XIV, designed by Le Vau
- Petit Trianon: small chateau on palace grounds of Versailles, used as retreat by Marie Antoinette
- Les Invalides: church built as part of military hospital, tomb of Napoleon Bonaparte
- La Madeleine: Catholic church, designed in present form as temple to glory of Napoleon's army### Architectural Styles
- Decorated Style (also known as Geometric and Curvilinear Style):
- Characterized by enlarged clerestories and numerous vaulting ribs
- Example: Westminster Abbey
- Jacobean Architecture:
- Adapting Elizabethan style to continental Renaissance influences
- Notable architect: Inigo Jones
- English Renaissance Architecture:
- Characterized by Palladian motifs
- Notable architect: Inigo Jones (known as "English Palladio")
Architects
- Inigo Jones:
- Designed Banqueting House in Whitehall and Queen's House
- Known for using Palladian motifs
- Sir Christopher Wren:
- Designed Saint Paul's Cathedral and 51 new churches in London
- Disciple of French Renaissance
Architectural Elements
- Quoins:
- Masonry blocks at the corner of a wall
- Exist to provide actual strength for a wall made with inferior stone or rubble
- Abacus:
- Thick rectangular slab of stone at the top of a capital
- Serves as the flat, broad surface on which the architrave rests
- Aisle:
- Passage or corridor parallel to the nave of a church or ancient basilica
- Separated from the nave by columns or piers
- Ambulatory:
- Semicircular or polygonal passageway around the apse of a church
- Anta:
- Pilaster-like projecting end of a portico wall
- Often framing columns that are then said to be in antis
Vaults and Arches
- Arch:
- Structural device, curved in shape, to span an opening
- Composed of wedge-shaped bricks or stones (voussoirs) that support each other
- Arcuated:
- Any form of construction using arches
- Barrel Vault:
- Half-cylindrical vault, semicircular or pointed in cross section
- Dome:
- Vaulted space erected on a circular base, semicircular, pointed, or bulbous in section
Other Terms
- Astylar:
- Having no columns and pilasters, unsupported architecture
- Boss:
- Sculpted ornament of joints, found primarily in vaults
- Buttress:
- Projecting mass of masonry serving to provide additional strength for the wall
- Capital:
- Uppermost part of a column, usually shaped to articulate the joint with the lintel or arch supported
- Caryatid:
- Sculpted female figure used as a support in place of a column or pier### Architectural Terms
- A podium is an open, colonnaded, roofed space serving as a porch before the entrance to a building.
- A portico is a system of construction in which two or more uprights support a horizontal beam.
- A pronaos is the porch in front of the cella of a Greek or Roman temple formed by the projection of the side walls and a range of columns between the projections.
- A pylon is a slender, projecting arched member of a vault, used to facilitate its construction, reinforce its structure, or articulate its form in varying ways in Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic, Gothic, and Baroque architecture.
- A rib is an arched ceiling or roof supported or reinforced by ribs.
- Rustication is heavy stonework with a surface left rough, or with deeply channeled joints, used principally on Renaissance buildings.
- A scotia is a concave molding used as the intermediate part of a base.
- A shaft is the cylindrical body of a column between capital and base.
- A spandrel is the triangular area between adjoining arches, or the triangular area next to a single arch.
- A spire is a tall pointed termination of a tower or roof.
- A torus is a large convex molding found principally at the base of a column.
- Trabeated is an architectural system using a horizontal beam over supports, as opposed to an arched or arcuated system.
- A transept is the arm that crosses the nave at right angles, usually separating it from the apse in a basilican church.
- A triforium is an arcaded wall passage in a Gothic nave wall, between the clerestory and the main arcade in a three-story elevation.
- A triglyph is a triple projecting, grooved member of a Doric frieze that alternates with metopes.
- A volute is ornament in the form of a spiral scroll, and the principal feature of the Ionic capital.
- A voussoir is a wedge-shaped stone used in the construction of an arch or vault.
Buildings
- Salzburg Cathedral is a cathedral in the Baroque architectural style, containing the baptismal font in which composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was baptized.
- Church of Saint Michael is a church consecrated to the Archangel Michael, known for its retable and big facade.
- Church of the Holy Ghost is a Gothic Hall Church in Munich, originally belonging to the Hospice of Holy Ghost.
- Brevnov Monastery is a Benedictine monastery in Germany, the first friary in Brevnov, Prague.
- Heidelberg Castle is one of the grandest palaces of the Renaissance in Germany, its ruins are among the most important Renaissance Structures north of the Alps.
- Rathaus is a German term translating to "city hall" or "council house".
- Bremen Rathaus or Town Hall of Bremen is one of the most important examples of brick Gothic architecture in Europe, a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2004).
- Santo Spirito is a cathedral in Florence, Italy, begun by Brunelleschi and finished by Antonio Manetti.
- Palazzo Riccardi is a palace in Florence, Italy in astylar design.
- Colleoni Chapel is a chapel in Bergamo, Italy, a church and mausoleum for Bartolomeo Colleoni, its facade is encrusted with rose-colored marbles in patterns and profuse elements.
Architects
- Galeazzo Alessi is an Italian architect from Perugia, known throughout Europe for his distinctive style based on his enthusiasm for ancient architecture.
- Guarino Guarini is a Baroque architect, known for his design of the Chapel of The Holy Shroud.
- Michelangelo is an Italian architect, sculptor, and painter, known for his design of The Capitol, a successful civic work.
- Donato Bramante is one of the architects of St. Peter's Basilica, his design was chosen in 1506 and it had a Greek cross plan.
- Raphael Santi is one of the architects of St. Peter's Basilica, he proposed a Latin cross plan instead of Bramante's Greek cross plan.
- Baldassare Peruzzi is one of the architects of St. Peter's Basilica, he succeeded Raphael Santi and reverted it back to the Greek cross plan.
- Antonio da Sangallo is one of the architects of St. Peter's Basilica, he superseded Peruzzi and altered the plan with an extended vestibule, lofty campanile, and an elaborate central dome.
- Michelangelo Buonarotti is one of the architects of St. Peter's Basilica, he reverted it back to the Greek cross plan, strengthened the piers of the dome, redesigned the surrounding chapels and apses, and commenced the construction of the great dome.
- Della Porta and Fontana are two of the architects of St. Peter's Basilica, they superseded Michelangelo after his death and completed the dome from the model he left behind.
- Gian Lorenzo Bernini is one of the architects of St. Peter's Basilica, he finally erected the piazza, 650 ft. wide surrounded by columns.
Architectural Styles
- Romanesque Architecture is an architectural style characterized by semi-circular arches, massive solidity and strength, and the use of piers.
- A Latin Cross Plan is a cross-shaped building plan, incorporating one longer stem (nave) and three arms of equal length, popularized in the Romanesque architectural style.
- A Greek Cross Plan is a church plan with a square central mass and four arms of equal length, popularized in the Byzantine architectural style.
Other Terms
- A castle is a type of fortified structure of European innovation during the Middle Ages, serving military, administrative, and domestic purposes.
- The Crusades were a series of Christian society of knights called by the Pope (Pope Urban II) and with the main goal of restoring Christian control of the Holy Land from Muslim aggression.
- Knights Templar is a secretive group built to protect pilgrims on the road to the Holy Land, the oldest of the Western Christian military orders.
- Knight Hospitaller is a group of men attached to a hospital in Jerusalem that was founded by Blessed Gerard.
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Explore the characteristics of Gothic architecture, a style that reacted against classic lines, featuring elaborate and ornate decor.
