HOA02_Module 01_02_Early Christian and Byzantine PDF

14/09/2024 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NWU NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Northwestern University ARCHITECTURE http://my.nwu.edu.ph/students...

14/09/2024 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NWU NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Northwestern University ARCHITECTURE http://my.nwu.edu.ph/students HOA 2 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 02 Ar. Emerson V. Bolibol, M.Arch Instructor 1  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise HIS STORY The word "history" originates from the ancient Greek word "ἱστορία" (historia), which means "inquiry" or "knowledge acquired by investigation." This term was used by the Greek historian Herodotus, who is often referred to as the "Father of History," to describe his investigations into the past. The Latin word "historia" was adopted from the Greek, and it retained the same meaning. Over time, the term evolved in various languages, but its core concept of studying and understanding past events through investigation has remained consistent. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise “Kwento mo yan eh” 2  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise “Anything PAST is HISTORY” NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise History of Architecture "It is a record of man's effort to build beautifully. It traces the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed lands and ages." Historic Styles of Architecture "The particular method, the characteristics, manner of design which prevails at a certain place and time.“ 3  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise What are the 6 influences of Architecture? NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise GEOGRAPHICAL RELIGIOUS GEOLOGICAL SOCIAL ARCHITECTURE CLIMATIC HISTORICAL 4  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise What are the 4 great constructive principles of Architecture? NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise POST & LINTEL ARCH & VAULT CORBEL & CANTILEVER TRUSS CONSTRUCTION 5  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 How many can you IDENTIFY? Warm-up Exercise NWU ARKI HOA 2 How many can you IDENTIFY? Warm-up Exercise 6  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 How many can you IDENTIFY? Warm-up Exercise NWU ARKI HOA 2 How many can you IDENTIFY? Warm-up Exercise 7  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 How many can you IDENTIFY? Warm-up Exercise NWU ARKI HOA 2 What do you call this? Warm-up Exercise 8  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise Main Reference this Semester for HOA 2 Northwestern University ARCHITECTURE http://my.nwu.edu.ph/architecture/intro Chapter 01 Church Architecture Topics: A. Early Christian Architecture B. Byzantine Architecture 9  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 What do you Warm-up Exercise Believe? NWU ARKI HOA 2 Church Architecture “The Architectural achievements of the Catholic Church are not only expressions of faith, but also art, science and human creativity. They are among the greatest wonders of history, admired by people of all religions” -Ecclesia Romana 10  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 The Manila Cathedral Warm-up Exercise NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise Vatican I Orientation to the West Vatican II 11  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise 1.Edict of Milan (313 AD): Constantine issued this decree, which granted religious tolerance to Christians and allowed them to practice their faith openly without fear of persecution. 2.Foundation of Constantinople: He established Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) as the new capital of the Roman Empire, which became a major center for trade, culture, and Christianity. 3.Reorganization of the Empire: Constantine implemented various administrative reforms that helped stabilize the empire, including creating a new gold coin (solidus) that strengthened the economy. 4.Promotion of Christianity: He was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, actively supporting the faith and promoting it within the empire, which helped its spread. 5.Council of Nicaea (325 AD): Constantine convened this council to address issues within the Christian church, leading to the formulation of the Nicene Creed, which established a unified Christian doctrine. 6.Persecution of Pagans: While he supported Christianity, Constantine also enacted policies that marginalized pagan religions, leading to the decline of traditional Roman religious practices. 7.Civil Wars: His rise to power involved a series of civil wars that resulted in significant bloodshed and instability within the empire. 8.Authoritarian Rule: Constantine’s reign was marked by increasing autocracy, and he often used harsh measures to maintain control and suppress dissent. 9.Divisive Policies: His favoritism towards Christianity created divisions within the empire, leading to conflicts between Christians and followers of other religions. 10.Religious Conflict: The promotion of Christianity under Constantine set the stage for future religious conflicts, including tensions between different Christian sects and between Christians and pagans. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian(Constantine 313-800 A.D. to Charlemagne) Introduction I. Geography - started in Judea - spread to the different parts of the Roman Empire - eventually became the universal religion of the Roman Empire II. Geology - stones were quarried from existing Roman structures - other materials indigenous to the area were used III. Climate - the eastern influence led to the adoption of small windows to protect against the sun - use of stained glass, mosaic and color to take advantage of bright sun 12  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction IV. History In 27 AD, Jesus began preaching to Belief that Jesus was the Christ Mediterranean people in Galilee, north of Judea and the Son of God - Christianity Main inhabitants were the Jews After three years, he was arrested was born Jews believed that one day the by the Jews and found guilty of Disciples spread stories of Jesus’ “Messiah” or “Christ” would free offending their god life and teaching by word of mouth them from the Romans He was nailed to a cross and died a and by written account in the new painful death testament He appeared to his disciples after his resurrection from the dead NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Despite this, in 4th century Rome, Christianity grew In 312 AD, Constantine, a converted Christian, named it the official religion of the Roman empire By 600 AD, most roman villages had their own churches, governed by a bishop Patriarchs based in Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople and Rome Edict of Milan (313 AD) by Emperor Constantine granted Christians equal rights to practice their religion 330AD – Constantine moved capital to Byzantium (later named Constantinople, = modern-day Istanbul) Moved from Judea to Antioch in Syria and 364 AD Roman Empire divided into Easter Roman Empire into the Northern Mediterranean (Emperor Valens) and Western Roman Empire (Emperor Founded new communities along the way Valentinian) Carried by St. Peter, St. Paul and other Schist between east and west culminated in the coronation of missionaries to Rome, the center of the Charlemagne in 800 AD, with his title as ‘Emperor of the Romans’ Empire and fountainhead of power and East became the Orthodox Church, west became the Roman influence Catholic Church Emperor Nero ordered Christians to be fed By 5th century AD, the western empire was conquered by the to wild beasts or burned to death Goths; the eastern empire survived until 1453 13  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction V. Architectural Character ▪ largely continuation of Roman building craft ▪ in most cases, stones were taken from old Roman temples to be re-used for new buildings ▪ principal building, church, based on the Roman basilica ▪ impressive and dignified ▪ long rows of columns in perspective ▪ exposed simple truss roof covered the nave ▪ side aisles were occasionally vaulted ▪ walls are of Roman type concrete ▪ external appearance was not a major consideration ▪ very colorful interiors ▪ mosaic was added to interiors NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Basilican Churches ▪ The early Christian basilican churches adapted the plans of Roman basilicas (halls of justice) for worship, acting as transitional forms from Classical to Gothic architecture. Some believe these churches evolved from Roman houses or classrooms where early Christians met. Key Features Atrium An open forecourt surrounded by arcades, with a central fountain used for washing before entering the church. Narthex The covered entrance area for penitents. Nave and Aisles: The nave, lit by clerestory windows, flanked by aisles often half its width. Sometimes double ▪ Basilica di San Clemente, Roma Italia aisles were used, as in St. Peter’s and St. Paul’s Basilicas. 14  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Key Features Galleries Sometimes included for women above the aisles. Transept (Bema/Presbytery) Occasionally added, creating a Latin cross plan. Choir and Chancel Enclosed by low screens (cancelli) and equipped with ambos (pulpits) for scripture readings. Apse and Altar The bishop’s seat and altar, often covered by a baldachino (canopy), were placed in the apse. Initially in front, the altar was later moved against the east wall. ▪ Basilica di San Clemente, Roma Italia NWU ARKI HOA 2 Introduction Prominent Examples The Old Basilican Church of St. Peter (A.D. 330) was erected near the site of St. Peter's martyrdom in the Circus of Nero. It featured a transept, or "bema," 55 feet wide and 113 feet high. Five arches, with the center one called the arch of triumph, provided access from the main body of the church. At the sanctuary end was a semicircular apse on a raised floor, with the Pope's seat positioned at the center of the wall. The priest stood behind the altar, facing east, as the chancel was located at the west end of the church. 15  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Prominent Examples Archbasilica of St. John Lateran The Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, originally constructed in A.D. 330, has undergone significant alterations in modern times, leading to a loss of its early character. Despite these changes, it remains a key historical and religious site. St. John Lateran is one of the thirty-one Basilican churches in Rome, many of which were constructed using fragments of earlier pagan buildings. The interiors of these basilicas, including St. John Lateran, are marked by their impressive and austere design, characterized by the grand Significance: repetition of long rows of columns, creating As the cathedral of the Bishop of Rome (the Pope), St. John Lateran holds a special place in the hierarchy of the Catholic Church. It is the seat of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Pope and the a majestic and solemn atmosphere. official ecclesiastical seat of the Bishop of Rome. The basilica's architectural grandeur and historical significance make it a vital religious and cultural landmark. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Prominent Examples San Paulo Fouri le Mura S. Paolo fuori le mura, or St. Paul Outside the Walls, was initially built in A.D. 380 by Emperor Theodosius and dedicated to St. Paul the Apostle on the site where he is believed to be buried. As one of Rome's four major basilicas, it showcased the grandeur and architectural style of the late Roman Empire with its vast nave, aisles, and transept. After a devastating fire in 1823, the basilica was significantly reconstructed in 1821, restoring its former splendor while maintaining its basilican layout with a large central nave, flanked aisles, transept, and apse. 16  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction San Paulo Fouri le Mura Notable features of the basilica include: Nave and Aisles: The spacious nave, lined with 80 columns, creates a majestic and open interior space, contributing to the basilica's sense of grandeur. The aisles, running parallel to the nave, provide additional space for worshippers and pilgrims. Transept: The transept intersects the nave, forming a cross-like shape in the floor plan, a common feature in many basilican churches. Apse: The semi-circular apse at the end of the nave is richly decorated with mosaics depicting Christ, St. Paul, and other significant religious figures. Cloister (Monastic Covered Walkway) The medieval cloister, dating from the 13th century, is a highlight of the basilica complex. It features intricate columns and a serene courtyard, showcasing the artistic and architectural achievements of the period. Triumphal Arch: The arch leading into the apse is adorned with beautiful mosaics, adding to the basilica's artistic heritage. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Prominent Examples Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Built in the mid-4th century by Pope Liberius on the site of a pagan temple dedicated to Cybele, the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore is deeply rooted in legend. It is said that the Virgin Mary appeared to Pope Liberius, directing him to build the church, and that a miraculous snowfall determined its floor plan. Over time, the basilica has been known by various names, including Saint Mary of the Snow, Santa Maria Liberiana, and St. Mary of the Nativity, before finally being called Santa Maria Maggiore, reflecting its status as the largest church in Rome dedicated to the Virgin Mary. 17  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Introduction Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Santa Maria Maggiore features a grand 18th-century facade by Ferdinando Fuga, with a two-story loggia and intricate carvings. Its interior follows a traditional basilican layout with a long nave and Ionic columns, and a gilded Renaissance ceiling by Giuliano da Sangallo. The basilica is renowned for its 5th-century mosaics depicting Old Testament scenes and the life of Christ. It includes notable chapels like the Baroque Borghese Chapel with the Salus Populi Romani icon. The floor showcases Cosmatesque mosaics, known for their intricate geometric patterns. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Prominent Examples Ravenna, a city that was strategically positioned to absorb the influence of Constantinople and once served as the seat of an Exarch of the Byzantine Empire, is home to significant examples of early Christian and Byzantine architecture. S. Apollinare Nuovo (A.D. 493-525) Commissioned by Theodoric the Goth, this basilica exemplifies early Christian basilican architecture with a three- aisled layout. Its design reflects the influence of Roman architectural traditions while incorporating Byzantine artistic elements. The basilica features a series of impressive mosaics that adorn its walls, depicting biblical scenes and figures, which illustrate the blend of Roman and Byzantine styles. One notable architectural feature is the impost blocks placed above the capitals of the columns supporting the pier arches. These blocks enhance the structural integrity and contribute to the basilica's aesthetic appeal. 18  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Prominent Examples Ravenna, a city that was strategically positioned to absorb the influence of Constantinople and once served as the seat of an Exarch of the Byzantine Empire, is home to significant examples of early Christian and Byzantine architecture. S. Apollinare in Classe (A.D. 538-549) This basilica was constructed during the early Byzantine period, following the reconquest of Italy by the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I. It is another exemplary three-aisled basilica that demonstrates the adaptation of Roman architectural models under Byzantine influence. The church is renowned for its elaborate mosaics, which cover the apse and depict scenes from the life of Christ and the saints. These mosaics are significant for their artistic quality and historical value, reflecting the transition from Roman to Byzantine artistic styles. The impost blocks in S. Apollinare in Classe, similar to those in S. Apollinare Nuovo, support the arches and add to the structural and visual sophistication of the basilica. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Prominent Examples Basilica de Sta. Sabina The Basilica of Santa Sabina was founded by the Roman presbyter Pietro d'Illiria during the pontificate of Pope Celestine I (422-432) and consecrated a few years later by Pope Sixtus III (432-440). Despite the interventions over the centuries, it retains its solemn and austere character of the late antiquity cult buildings, of which it is an extraordinary example. In 1222, the basilica was entrusted to the Order of Preachers by Pope Honorius III. Probably a few years earlier, the first brothers arrived on the Aventine hill and lived in premises that existed before the construction of the convent with its cloister. The cell of St. Dominic was also created in these spaces, where, according to tradition, the famous meeting with St. Francis took place. 19  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Prominent Examples Basilica de Sta. Sabina NWU ARKI HOA 2 Introduction Basilica di San Clemente ▪ The Basilica of San Clemente is located on Via Labicana, just a short distance from the Colosseum. It occupies a strategic position in the heart of ancient Rome, nestled in a valley between the Caelian and Oppian hills. The current basilica, constructed in the 12th century, is built atop an earlier 4th-century church, which in turn was erected over a 1st-century Roman house and Mithraic temple. ▪ Features 1. The Upper Church: The upper basilica, built in the 12th century, is a fine example of Romanesque architecture. It features stunning mosaics, particularly in the apse, which depict Christ enthroned in majesty, surrounded by the symbols of the four evangelists. The interior also boasts intricate frescoes and marble columns. 2. The 4th-Century Basilica: Beneath the current church lies a 4th- century basilica, which was originally constructed by Pope Saint Clement I. This early Christian church was notable for its frescoes and architectural features that reflect the transition from pagan to Christian Rome. 20  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Introduction ▪ Features 3. The Mithraic Temple: The deepest layer of the complex is a 1st- century Roman house and a Mithraic temple. The temple, dedicated to Mithras, a deity of the Roman mystery cult, contains remains of altars and inscriptions. This level reveals the religious and social practices of pre-Christian Rome. 4. Historical Significance: The layers of San Clemente offer a tangible representation of Rome’s evolution from pagan antiquity through early Christianity and into the medieval period. The basilica’s excavation provides valuable insights into the city's historical development and its religious transformations. The Basilica of San Clemente not only captivates with its art and architecture but also serves as a living history lesson, encapsulating the rich and complex narrative of Rome’s past.. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Prominent Examples Basilica de Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura The Basilica of Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura, located on Via Nomentana outside Rome's ancient city walls, is a significant church dedicated to Saint Agnes, a 4th-century martyr. Originally built by Emperor Constantine, the church’s current 7th-century structure features a striking Baroque façade by Francesco Borromini and an elaborately decorated interior with marble, stuccoes, and mosaics. Below the church, the crypt houses Saint Agnes's relics, making it a key site for pilgrimage and reflection. The basilica reflects both the artistic splendor and historical importance of early Christian Rome. 21  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Prominent Examples The Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Baptisteries ▪ Baptisteries in Early Christian architecture were buildings dedicated to the sacrament of baptism, typically modeled after Roman circular temples and tombs. Initially separate from churches and often placed near the atrium, these structures evolved over time. Baptistery of Constantine in Rome ▪ Early baptisteries, such as the octagonal Baptistery of Constantine in Rome and the circular Baptistery of Nocera, featured columns supporting domes or wooden roofs. Baptistery of Nocera 22  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Baptisteries ▪ The S. Stefano Rotondo in Rome, though not a baptistery, is an example of a similar circular design with a roof supported by multiple columns. ▪ The Baptistery of Ravenna, built at the end of the 4th century, is notable for its octagonal shape, two interior arcades, and a dome decorated with mosaics of Christ’s baptism. Baptistery of Ravenna S. Stefano Rotondo in Rome NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Tombs or Catacombs Early Christian tombs often reflect a mix of architectural styles and purposes, transitioning from Roman traditions to S. Constanza, Rome unique Christian forms. Notable examples include: S. Constanza, Rome (A.D. 330): Originally built by Emperor Constantine as a tomb for his daughter, it was converted into a church in 1256. The structure features a 35-foot diameter dome supported by twelve pairs of granite columns. Tomb of Galla Tomb of Galla Placidia, Ravenna (A.D. 420): This Placidia, Ravenna cruciform tomb measures 35 by 30 feet internally and is domed by a segment of a sphere. It’s distinguished by its intact mosaic decorations and the use of pendentives and dome as a single hemisphere. Tomb of Theodoric, Ravenna (A.D. 530): This two-story tomb has a decagonal lower level with a cruciform crypt. Its upper level was originally surrounded by an arcade and Tomb of Theodoric, topped with a massive stone slab roof, featuring handles Ravenna for placement. 23  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Tombs or Catacombs In Syria, early Christian architecture moved away from Roman influences, utilizing local materials and techniques, such as stone piers and slab roofs. Key examples include churches in Bethlehem, Jerusalem, and Syria, which used circular plans within square layouts, setting the stage for Byzantine church designs seen later in places like Constantinople and Ravenna. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Summary Early Christian church architecture adapted Roman basilican models and repurposed various existing structures. A. Plan: Churches often used the basilica layout but also adapted halls, baths, and temples. Circular baptisteries were typically attached to the main church. B. Walls: Built with Roman methods, walls were made of rubble or concrete and faced with plaster, brick, or stone. Mosaic decoration was common, both internally and occasionally on facades. C. Openings: Windows, doors, and niches were generally framed by semicircular arches, with small clerestory windows high above the aisle roofs, a precursor to Gothic architecture. 24  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Summary D. Roofs: Central naves were covered with wooden roofs using simple truss designs, sometimes ornamented. Side aisles were vaulted, and apses were domed and decorated with mosaics. E. Columns: Often repurposed from earlier Roman buildings, columns varied in design and size. Early Christian builders frequently used leftover materials from pagan structures. F. Mouldings: Mouldings were simple variations of Roman styles with rudimentary carving but a rich overall effect. Decorative techniques were less refined compared to earlier periods. G. Ornament: Interiors featured vibrant colors, with domed apses and triumphal arches decorated with mosaics of Christ and saints. Walls and pavements were adorned with colored mosaics and geometric marble patterns, adding to the grandeur of the interiors.. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Church Architecture Introduction Icons of the Church The early Christian Church indeed used icons as a powerful form of storytelling. These icons weren't just decorative; they were meant to convey religious narratives, theological concepts, and the lives of saints in a way that was accessible to everyone, including those who were illiterate. The visual language of these icons was highly symbolic, with each element carefully chosen to reflect specific aspects of the faith. Icons helped to educate and inspire the faithful, offering a visual connection to the divine. They also played a role in personal devotion and communal worship. Over time, this tradition developed into a rich and complex art form, with its own rules and styles, particularly in the Eastern Orthodox Church. 25  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Church Architecture Introduction Let’s Review! ▪ Church is a building for public Christian worship Christianity, the religion founded on the teachings of Jesus Christ, including the Catholic protestant in eastern orthodox churches Basilica, an early Christian church characterized by a long rectangular plan, a high colonnaded nave lit by a clerestory and covered by a timbered roof two or four lower side aisles as semi circular apse at the end, a narthex and often other features as an atrium, a bema and small, semi circular apses terminating the aisles atrium forecourt of an early Christian church, flanked or surrounded by porticoes Ambulatory the covered walk of an atrium cloister Cantharus, a basin for a ritual cleansing with water in the atrium of an early Christian Basilica Baptistery, a part of a church or a separate building in which baptism is administered also Baptistry Baptism, a sacrament of initiation into Christianity, symbolic of spiritual regeneration, marked by a ceremonial immersion or application of water Font, a basin usually of stone holding the water used in baptism Icon, a representation of a sacred Christian personage as Christ or a saint or angel typically painted on a wood surface and itself venerated as being sacred, especially in the tradition of the Eastern church Iconostasis, a screen or partition on which icons are placed separating the Bema from the name of an eastern church; also iconostas. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Church Architecture Introduction Let’s Review! Exedra, a large apsidal extension of the interior volume of a church also exhedra Narthex, the portico before the nave of an early Christian or Byzantine church appropriated to penitents Esonarthex, an inner narthex when two are present Exonarthex, a covered walk or outer narthex situated before an inner narthex Nave, The principal or Central part of a church, extending from the narthex to the choir or chancel and usually flanked by aisles Aisles, any of the longitudinal divisions of a church separated from the nave by a row of columns or piers Ambo, either of two raised stands from which the gospels or epistles were read or chanted in an early Christian church: also Ambon Apse, a circular or polygonal projection of a building, usually vaulted and use, especially at the sanctuary or east end of a church: also apsis Tribune, the bishops throne occupying recess or apse in an early Christian church Bema, a transverse open space separating the nave and the apse of an early Christian church developing into the transcept of latter cruciform churches Santuary, a sacred or holy place as that of a church in which the principal altar is placed 26  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Church Architecture Introduction Let’s Review! Altar, the table in a Christian church upon which the Eucharist the sacrament celebrating Christ last supper is celebrated, also called communion table Baldachin, an ornamental canopy of stone or marble permanently, placed over the altar in a church. Also baldachino, baldaquin or ciborium Cancelli, a low screen in an early Christian Basilica separating the clergy and sometimes the choir from the congregation Sarcophagus, a stone coffin, especially one bearing sculpture or inscriptions and displayed as a monument Bema, the sanctuary space surrounding the altar of an eastern church Diaconicon, A sacristy in an early Christian or Eastern church usually on the south side of the Bema Sacristy, a room in a church where the sacred vessels and vestments are kept are also called vestry Prothesis, a chapel in an eastern church, where the Eucharistic elements are prepared, usually on the north side of the Bema NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise What are the 4 major Papal Basilica in Rome? 27  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Church Architecture Introduction San Giovanni in Laterano (Archbasilica of St. John Lateran) San Pietro in Vaticano (St Peter’s Basilica) Santa Maria Maggiore (Papal Basilica of St Mary Major) San Paolo fuori le mura (St Paul Outside the Walls) NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture "So fair a church as this had Venice none: The walls were of discoloured Jasper stone Wherein was Christos carved; and overhead A lively vine of green sea agate spread.“ ~ Chaucer 28  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture I. Geography Byzantium, later named Constantinople by Constantine, occupies a prime location at the junction of the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara. Known as "New Rome" by Turks, it stands on seven hills like Rome in Italy. Its strategic position at the crossroads of major trade routes—waterways from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and land routes from Asia to Europe— gave it significant power and influence, especially in the corn trade with western merchants. The Golden Horn, a deep, four-mile-long inlet, made its harbor accessible to large vessels. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture II. Geology Constantinople lacked good building stone and materials for quality bricks, so local resources were used as much as possible. Most of the marble for the new capital was imported from various quarries around the Eastern Mediterranean. As a marble working center, Constantinople exported sculpted marble throughout the Roman world. According to Mr. Brindley, about 75% of the colored marble in Hagia Sophia and other churches and mosques in Constantinople is Thessalian green (Verde Antico). The choice of marble was influenced by the availability of suitable columns from different parts of the empire, where monolithic columns were crafted. III. Climate Due to Constantinople's hotter climate and its eastern location, the Romans adapted their building methods to suit the new conditions and incorporated Oriental art influences. 29  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture IV. Religion Constantine made Christianity the state religion. The political division between east and west led to a church split due to the "Filioque controversy," which debated whether the Spirit proceeded from the Father and the Son or the Father only. The Eastern Orthodox Church supports the latter, while the Western Church supports the former. The iconoclastic movement in the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the acceptance of painted figures in church decoration but excluded sculptured statues. These differences have significantly influenced Eastern church architecture to this day. V. Social & Political Constantine expanded Diocletian's despotic government methods and moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium in A.D. 324, making it a key commercial center. After his death, rival emperors and church disputes, such as those addressed by the Council of Nice in A.D. 325, plagued the state. The Eastern emperors lost power in Italy due to their anti- image policy. The election of Charlemagne as Emperor of the West in A.D. 800 marked the final division of the Roman Empire. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture VI. History Byzantium, founded in the 7th century B.C. and a Greek colony by the 4th century B.C., developed a distinctive architectural style after becoming the capital of the Roman Empire. Byzantine architecture influenced buildings in places like Ravenna, Venice, Greece, and Russia. Under Justinian (A.D. 527-565), Italy was reclaimed, influencing its architecture. Ravenna gained importance when Emperor Honorius moved his residence there in A.D. 402, and it became an archiepiscopal see in A.D. 438. After the Western Empire fell, it was taken by Odoacer and later Theodoric the Great, becoming a rival to Rome. From A.D. 539- 752, it was the seat of the Exarch of the Byzantine Emperors. The Byzantine style persisted until Constantinople fell to the Turks in A.D. 1453, becoming the Ottoman capital. 30  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture Byzantine Architecture: Character General Architectural Character ▪ Emphasis on the development of the dome. ▪ Adoption of circular and polygonal plans for churches, tombs, and baptisteries. ▪ Contrast with Romanesque style, which developed the vault in Western and Northern Europe. Transition to Byzantine Style Gradual change from old Roman forms. Under Justinian, the Church of Hagia Sophia (A.D. 532-537) was erected, the greatest achievement in the style. Distinction between Early Christian and Byzantine styles: Basilican type vs. vaulted church with pendentives. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture Byzantine Architecture: Character Construction Techniques Buildings typically had a brick carcass with internal marble sheeting. Vaults often decorated with colored mosaics on a golden background. Concrete core walls faced with bricks arranged in decorative patterns (e.g., meander fret, chevron). External facades featured ornamental bands and relieving arches. Spread and Influence Byzantine art and architecture spread to Ravenna, Venice, Greece, Russia, and other regions. Domes were a central feature, often placed over square rooms with pendentives to transition from square bases to circular domes. Windows were added to the lower parts of domes, later raised on high circular drums. Vaulting used porous stones or pottery for construction. 31  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Church Architecture Byzantine Architecture: Character Structural Innovations Use of large flat bricks allowed for vault construction without centering. Columns and capitals in Byzantine buildings were structural, not just ornamental. Abandonment of classic Roman entablatures in favor of arches resting directly on columns. Capitals designed to support arches, with square voussoirs. Decorative Elements Interiors featured richly colored marble pavements and mosaics (opus sectile or opus Alexandrinum). Use of natural stones replaced by colored glass enamel mosaics. Flat treatment with minimal mouldings, cornices, and modillions. Architectural lines replaced by decorative mosaic bands NWU ARKI HOA 2 Church Architecture Byzantine Architecture: Character ▪ Material Use ▪ Extensive use of brickwork, with attention to mortar composition. ▪ Brick walls were often lined with marble and mosaics. ▪ Columns of rich marbles were reused from older buildings or newly quarried. ▪ The Theodosian code supported the trade and industry of decorative materials. 32  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture Byzantine Architecture: Prominent Examples Byzantine examples consist mainly of churches and baptisteries. In the former, although a certain number follow the Basilican type, the majority are founded on the circular and polygonal plans of the Roman and Early Christian periods. Saints Sergius & Bacchus, Constantinople SS. Sergius and Bacchus in Constantinople, built by Justinian in A.D. 527, has a nearly square plan and a dome 52 feet in diameter with a distinctive melon-like shape. Located on the Bosphorus, the church was in a ruinous state but undergoing partial restoration in 1896, though its frescoes and mosaics were irreparably damaged. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture Byzantine Architecture: Prominent Examples St. Sophia, Constantinople (Hagia Sophia) Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, built by Justinian between 532-537 AD, is a grand architectural feat by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus. It features a central space 107 feet square, surrounded by four massive piers supporting a 107-foot diameter dome. The plan includes a large oval nave, aisles, and galleries, with intricate internal decoration of colored marbles and mosaics. The dome, resting 180 feet above the pavement, creates a vast, central domed space with semicircular domed ends. The exterior is characterized by massive buttresses and symmetrical proportions. Despite its grandeur, Hagia Sophia’s design was not widely imitated in later Byzantine architecture. 33  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture St. Sophia, Constantinople (Hagia Sophia) “Through the Years” The Hagia Sophia, originally built as a cathedral by Emperor Justinian I in 537 CE, was the world's largest church and an architectural marvel of Byzantine architecture. After the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, it was converted into a mosque by Sultan Mehmed II, incorporating minarets and Islamic features. In 1935, following the establishment of modern Turkey, it was secularized and converted into a museum by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. In 2020, it was re-designated as a mosque by a Turkish court decision, while remaining The Hagia Sophia is not a Mudejar building. Mudejar architecture refers to a style developed in open to visitors. Spain and Portugal from the 12th to the 17th centuries, characterized by the use of Islamic design elements by Christian architects and builders, often under Muslim rule. Is Hagia Sophia, an example of Mudejar The Hagia Sophia, located in Istanbul, was originally built as a Byzantine cathedral and later converted into a mosque. Its architecture is primarily Byzantine with significant Ottoman Architecture? additions, rather than Mudejar. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture Byzantine Architecture: Prominent Examples St. Irene, Constantinople: (1) 1 Originally built by Constantine and rebuilt around 740 AD, S. Irene retains a basilican layout with a nave, two aisles, an Eastern apse, and a Western atrium. It features an early example of a dome on a high drum with windows. Theotokos Church, Constantinople: (2) 3 Dating from the 9th to 12th centuries, this small church features a double narthex with three domes and a central dome over the main space. ▪ Church of the Chora, Constantinople: (3) 2 Originally from the 4th century and later modified, this church has a central dome on a 26-foot diameter drum with semicircular windows and an apse. It includes inner and outer narthexes adorned with mosaics and is known as the "mosaic mosque." Its facade may have influenced the design of S. Mark's in Venice. 34  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture Byzantine Architecture: Prominent Examples Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople: (1) 1 Founded by Constantine and rebuilt by Justinian, this church, destroyed in 1463, was the second type of Byzantine plan and served as a prototype for S. Mark’s in Venice. 3 San Vitale, Ravenna: (2) Built between 526-547 AD, this octagonal church features an inner octagon of 50 feet and an outer one, with a chancel opening from the inner octagon. The dome is constructed of earthen pots and covered by a wooden roof, differing from Roman methods. 2 Charlemagne’s Church, Aix-la-Chapelle: (3) Built by Charlemagne, this church, which houses his tomb, is inspired by S. Vitale in Ravenna. (see German Romanesque) NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture Byzantine Architecture: Prominent Examples Basilica di San Marco, Venezia, Italia St. Marks, Venice: Built between 1063-1071, with columns and mosaics added between 1100-1350, this church reflects Venice’s role as a link between the Byzantine and Franconian empires. The plan is a Greek cross with a central dome and additional domes over each arm, inspired by the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. Its interior features rich marble veneer and glass mosaics depicting saints and scenes against a gold background. The exterior, adorned with colorful marble and mosaic panels, was later updated. The church is noted for its intricate decoration and the influence of Byzantine style in Greece, Russia, and the Greek Orthodox 35  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 1 2 Church Architecture 3 4 Byzantine Architecture: Prominent Examples The Byzantine style, which spread to Greece, Russia, and other regions, remains central to the Greek Orthodox Church. ▪ In Greece, notable examples include the Metropole Cathedral (1) ▪ Church of Kapnikarea (2) Church of Daphni (3), and the ▪ Monastery of S. Luke of Stiris (4). NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture Byzantine Architecture: Prominent Examples In Thessalonica, the early domed church of S. 1 2 George (1) and the five-aisled basilica of S. Demetrius (2) are key examples. In Russia, the cathedrals in Moscow, Kiev, and Novgorod (3) showcase distinctive Eastern features with bulbous domes. Armenia also has unique Byzantine examples, like the Church of S. Sophia in Trebizond (4). 3 4 36  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture Byzantine Influences NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Introduction Summary A. Plans Central Space: Dominated by a large dome supported by pendentives. Layout: Greek cross plan with equal-length arms, resulting in a nearly square plan with the addition of a narthex and side galleries. Comparison with Early Christian Basilicas: Byzantine: Vertical emphasis with domes grouped A pendentive is an around a central dome. architectural feature Early Christian: Horizontal emphasis with long used in construction, perspectives towards the apsidal termination. particularly in domes. B. Walls It's a triangular Construction: Often brick. segment of a Interior Decoration: Marble casing and mosaics, spherical surface that resulting in a flat wall treatment with minimal mouldings. allows a dome to be Exterior Appearance: Generally plain, occasionally with placed on top of a alternating rows of stone and brick. square or polygonal base. 37  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Introduction Summary C. Openings Types: Semicircular, segmental, or horse-shoe arched windows and doors. Windows: Small and grouped; mosaics reduced the need for large windows. Light provided by: Ring of windows around the dome base (drum). Windows grouped in gable ends and within semicircular arches under the dome. Occasionally, translucent marble slabs were used. D. Roofs Construction: Series of domes in brick, stone, or concrete, sometimes with no additional external covering. Dome Construction: Early: Part of one sphere (e.g., Galla Placidia tomb). Later: Dome rises independently from pendentives, often on a drum. Material: Lead sheets (e.g., S. Sophia) or hollow earthenware for reducing thrust NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Introduction Summary E. Columns Origins: Often recycled from ancient structures; later designs were created to meet new needs. Capitals: Varied from Roman Ionic/Corinthian types to new designs with cubes or "dosserets.“ Function: Primarily decorative or supportive of galleries; massive piers support the superstructure. F. Mouldings Internal: Broad flat expanses with occasional billet mouldings and flat splays with incised ornamentation. External: Simple treatments, with occasional stone banding. 38  14/09/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Introduction Summary G. Ornament Interior Decoration: Extensive use of costly marbles and glass mosaics with symbolic figures, saints, and motifs. Mosaic as a complete wall lining with seamless transitions from wall to dome. Carving Technique: Mainly low relief, with Greek-style carving, and use of drills for detailed work. Patterning: Incised patterns, with a preference for flat surfaces and geometric or symbolic designs. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Moving Forward to Chapter 2 Next Topic….. Romanesque Architecture 39  14/09/2024 -end of slide- Prepared by: Ar. Emerson V. Bolibol, uap NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Send us message or visit us Don Mariano Marcos Avenue, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte 2900 Philippines +63 966 322 0733 (077) 670 8610 [email protected] 40