AIEX Lecture 2024 - Set A - Part 2.2 PDF

ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY AND THEORY OUTLINE Dark Ages / Medieval / Middle Age Early Christian Architecture Byzantine Architecture Islamic Architecture Romanesque Architecture Gothic Architecture Renaissance Architecture Medieval Architecture Medieval Architecture Notable structures...

ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY AND THEORY OUTLINE Dark Ages / Medieval / Middle Age Early Christian Architecture Byzantine Architecture Islamic Architecture Romanesque Architecture Gothic Architecture Renaissance Architecture Medieval Architecture Medieval Architecture Notable structures Chief structures: - Houses - Motte and Bailey - Stone Keep - Castles - Fort Medieval Architecture Notable structures Houses Cruck-framed House Medieval Architecture Notable structures Motte and Bailey Medieval Architecture Notable structures Stone keep Medieval Architecture Notable structures Castles Medieval Architecture Notable structures Forts Early Christian Architecture Early Christian Architecture Notable structures Chief structures: - Churches - Monasteries Early Christian Architecture Notable structures Church a converted Roman basilica or patterned after one – entry moved to short side still Roman in character but simpler and executed coarsely first to introduce a belfry (campanile) and baptisteries Early Christian Architecture Notable structures Church Atrium - forecourt with fountain of ablution Narthex - transition from atrium to nave Parts: Nave - central aisle - Atrium Side aisles – ½ Nave width - Narthex - Nave - Side aisles NARTHEX - Choir BEMA APSE - Ambo - Confessio - Bema - Apse Early Christian Architecture Notable structures Church Choir – partially enclosed by a cancelli or low screen Ambo – pulpit for Gospel and Epistle reading Parts: Confessio – high altar marking the burial place of saint - Atrium Bema – stage reserved for the clergy - Narthex - Nave - Side aisles NARTHEX - Choir BEMA APSE - Ambo - Confessio - Bema - Apse Early Christian Architecture Notable structures Monasteries located remote areas Parts: - Cloister - Monastic Church - Scriptorium - Refectory - Hostelry - Chapter House Early Christian Architecture Summary Simplicity in Design and Coarseness in Execution Built from Ruins of Roman Buildings Arcuated and Trabeated construction Has coarse variation of Roman mouldings and Glass mosaics Timber trusses for roof Example: Old St. Peter’s Basilica Byzantine Architecture Byzantine Architecture Summary Grand Exterior, Richness in Interior First use of Domes and pendentives Arcuated and Trabeated construction Roman mouldings, frescoes, mosaics Example: Hagia Sophia Sultan Ahmed Mosque “Blue Mosque” St. Basil’s Cathedral Byzantine Architecture Notable structures Hagia Sophia Istanbul, Turkey Byzantine Architecture Notable structures Sultan Ahmed Mosque “Blue Mosque” Istanbul, Turkey Byzantine Architecture Notable structures St. Basil’s Cathedral Moscow, Russia Islamic Architecture Islamic Architecture Summary Decorated with abstract patterns, foliage motifs, and calligraphy development of Bulbous dome and horseshoe arch and ogee arch Chief structure: Mosque Kinds of Mosque: Famimasjid (Friday Mosque) Madrasah (Collegiate Mosque) Tomb Mosque Islamic Architecture Notable structures Mosque - parts: Fawwara (fountain) Islamic Architecture Notable structures Mosque - parts: Mihrab (niche) with Mimbar (pulpit) Mimbar (pulpit) Islamic Architecture Notable structures Al-Haram Mosque (Mecca) where all the mosques point at Islamic Architecture Notable structures Dome of the Rock Tomb Mosque the place where Muhammad ascended to heaven Islamic Architecture Notable structures Taj Mahal built by Shah Jahan marble as main material Mughal Islamic Architecture Notable structures Court of the Lions a palace at Alhambra Moorish Islamic Architecture Notable structures Hagia Sophia Istanbul, Turkey Ottoman Romanesque Architecture Romanesque Architecture Summary Sober and Dignified Stones and Bricks as main material Arcuated, Rib & Panel construction Vegetable-origin decors Arcaded with wheel windows blind arches and pilasters Follows a portal design with Tympanum & Trumeau Introduction of wheel window and recessed door jambs called order Romanesque Architecture Summary Sober and Dignified Stones and Bricks as main material Arcuated, Rib & Panel construction Vegetable-origin decors Arcaded with wheel windows blind arches and pilasters Follows a portal design with Tympanum & Trumeau Introduction of wheel window and recessed door jambs called order Romanesque Architecture Summary Sober and Dignified Stones and Bricks as main material Arcuated, Rib & Panel construction Vegetable-origin decors Arcaded with wheel windows blind arches and pilasters Follows a portal design with Tympanum & Trumeau Introduction of wheel window and recessed door jambs called order Romanesque Architecture Notable structures Pisa Complex “Icon of Romanesque Architecture” Pisa Cathedral Campanile Baptistery Campo Santo (Cementery) Romanesque Architecture Notable structures Pisa Complex “Icon of Romanesque Architecture” Pisa Cathedral Romanesque Architecture Notable structures Pisa Complex “Icon of Romanesque Architecture” Campanile Romanesque Architecture Notable structures Pisa Complex “Icon of Romanesque Architecture” Baptistery Romanesque Architecture Notable structures Pisa Complex “Icon of Romanesque Architecture” Campo Santo (Cementery) Romanesque Architecture Notable structures Speyer Cathedral German Romanesque Gothic Architecture Gothic Architecture Summary Loft and Aspiring Stones and Timber as main material lancet arches, flying buttresses, vaulted ceilings Stained-glass decors Arcaded with rose windows, traceries w/ foils Gothic Architecture Summary Loft and Aspiring Stones and Timber as main material lancet arches, flying buttresses, vaulted ceilings uses crockets, steeples, spires, pinnacles Stained-glass decors Arcaded with rose windows, traceries w/ foils Gothic Architecture Summary Loft and Aspiring Stones and Timber as main material lancet arches, flying buttresses, vaulted ceilings uses crockets, steeples, spires, pinnacles Stained-glass decors Arcaded with rose windows, traceries w/ foils Gothic Architecture Notable structures Notre Dame de Paris France Gothic Architecture Notable structures Rheims Cathedral France Gothic Architecture Notable structures Cologne Cathedral Germany Gothic Architecture Notable structures Salisbury Cathedral - highest spire in England Gothic Architecture Notable structures Winchester Cathedral - longest Gothic cathedral in Europe (170 m) Gothic Architecture Notable structures Milan Cathedral - 3rd largest church in Europe RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE RENAISSANCE Architecture Summary Dignity and Formality Column, beam, arch construction Cathedrals, Palazzos, Chateaux Frescoes, Carvings, Scrolls as decors RENAISSANCE Architecture Summary rebirth revival of the classical arts ideal consideration of the human proportions different arts and sciences flourished RENAISSANCE Architecture Summary standardization of the 5 classical orders Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola Regola delli cinque ordini d'architettura proportions derived from actual measurements of Roman monuments RENAISSANCE Architecture Summary return to the classical order rusticated masonry dome on a drum (2nd celebration of domes) establishment of rules: proportion geometry (symmetry) Important structures: Churches Palaces RENAISSANCE Architecture Notable structures St. Peter’s Basilica Italian Renaissance - Churches RENAISSANCE Architecture Notable structures Florence Cathedral Italian Renaissance - Churches RENAISSANCE Architecture Notable structures Santa Maria Novella Italian Renaissance - Churches RENAISSANCE Architecture Notable structures Palaces “palazzo” have astylar face (w/o pilasters) always has a formal garden rusticated masonry use of quoins alternating round and triangular pediments RENAISSANCE Architecture Notable structures Palazzo Medici Italian Renaissance - Palazzo RENAISSANCE Architecture Notable architects Donatello Bramante Filippo Brunelleschi Arnulfo di Cambio Domenico Fontana Michaelangelo Lorenzo Ghiberti Andrea Palladio RENAISSANCE Architecture Notable structures Villa Rotunda – model for most civic buildings today Palladian Architecture