Roman Architecture PDF

Roman Architecture  a civilization of innovators that combined new BASIC FORMS OF ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE construction techniques and materials with creative design producing a whole range of  Introduced the Arcuated System: iconic structures...

Roman Architecture  a civilization of innovators that combined new BASIC FORMS OF ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE construction techniques and materials with creative design producing a whole range of  Introduced the Arcuated System: iconic structures o radiating arc (semi circular) o Tuscan column GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES o atrium type house  The remains, which consist chiefly of: THE ROMAN EMPIRE  Tomb City Walls  Gateways  The central and commanding position of Italy in  Temples the Mediterranean sea enables Rome to act as  Bridges intermediary in spending art and civilization  Aqueducts over Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa  Differs from that of Greece, the only building ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE material is marble  In the neighborhood of Rome, there was:  The Romans adopted the Columnar and o Travertine, a hard limestone Trabeated style of the Greeks o Tufa, a volcanic substance  developed the ARCH, VAULT, AND DOME o Marble, mostly white are used for exterior and interior finishing. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCES  POZZOLANA, a clean, sandy earth, when mixed with lime, finest examples of Roman  Roman society originated as a society of small Architecture. farmers to “one of the most urbanized societies” in the pre industrial world. Climate  Wealth and high population densities- forced the ancient Romans to discover new  North Italy- Temperature of Europe (architectural) solutions  Central Italy is genial and sunny  Political propaganda - made to impress as well  South Italy is almost tropical as perform a public function. RELIGION  Polytheistic (Roman mythology) ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER  SACERDOTALISM has no place in Roman religion 1. Vastness and Magnificence HISTORY - SUMMARY OF TIMELINE 2. Ostentation and Ornateness 3. Columnar and Trabeated style of the Greeks  Many city-states on the Italian peninsula 4. Developed the ARCH, VAULT and DOME of the  Rome became the most powerful Etruscans  Rome conquered all of Italy to “strongest empires” in history  System of Construction  Was centrally-located on the northern o TRABEATED AND ARCUATED – Mediterranean Combination of Columns, Beams and  Not a sea-faring people Arches. Two periods:  Etuscan  Roman TYPES OF VAULTS o Developed constitutional republic o Provinces run by governors 1. Tunnel Vault- two parallel walls throughout its o Latin was the official language length o Applied roman system of laws 2. Wagon Vault with Intersecting Vault 3. Hemispherical Dome- Used over circular ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE structures 4. Cross Vault- intersection of two semi-circular  Etruscans- early inhabitants of Central Italy; vaults of equal span Great builders, influenced Roman Architecture.  use of the true radiating arch, white walls of solid cyclopean masonry   COLUMNS o Orders of architecture, used by Greeks M[ARCUS] - AGRIPPA - L[ucii] - F[ilius] - CO[n] S[ul] –  Tuscan Order TERTIUM - FECITOR" meaning "Marcus Agrippa, son of  Simplified version of Lucius, made [this building] when consul for the third Doric order time.  Composite Order  Most decorative  Pantheon- a small temple dedicated to all Roman gods. DECORATION  The Temple of Vesta, Rome  Mosaics  The most sacred shrine in o Thousands of small stones to form a Rome pattern  Construction Principles oBasilicas – Roman Hall of Justice  Opus Incertum - small stones,  Basilica of Constantine [and loose pattern Maxentius], Rome  Opus Quadratum - rectangular  Also known as Basilica Nova blocks, with or without mortar (New Basilica) joints  It was the largest building in  Opus Reticulatum - net-like effect the Roman Forum  Opus testaceum - wall built with  Basilica of Trajan, Rome concrete and specially made  Architect: Apollodorus of triangular baked bricks. Damascus  Opus Caementicum - “Roman  Also the Basilica Ulpia concrete” 3. THE PANTHEON  Opus Mixtum - opus reticulatum + 4. THERMAE opus latericium o a palacial public bath o 3 Parts of the Thermae EXAMPLES OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE  Main Building  Tepidarium – warm room 1. FORUM  Calidarium – a hot room o similar to the Greek Agora, used for  Sudatorium – also called meeting place, market faconcium, hottest bath o In the town center was an open space  Frigidarium – the cold called the forum section o Surrounded by a hall, offices, law courts  Other Parts and shops  Apodyteria – dressing  The Roman Forum- is a room rectangular forum (plaza)  Unctuaria – perfume room  Imperial forums - consist of a  Sphaeristerium – ball series of monumental public games squares  Library  The first Imperial forum was  Small Theater built by Julius Caesar. 2. RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE - TEMPLES AND  Xystus –fountains and statues BASILICAS  Outer Ring of Apartments – contains o TEMPLE the following: Lecture Room, Exedrae  Popular Examples of Temple , and Collonade  Temple of Venus Rome  The largest and most splendid of 5. THEATERS AND AMPITHEATERS Ancient Rome's temples o Theaters  Best preserved Roman Temple in  Built upon their own existence. foundations  Popular Examples of Roman Pavillion  The Theater of Marcellus,  Temple of Minerva Medica, Rome Rome  A building devoted to the nymphs  Built completely of concrete  Popular Examples of Roman Secular and masonry Temples o Amphitheaters  The Pantheon, Rome  A place for gladiatorial contests  A CORINTHIAN temple or combats  Architect: Marcus Agrippa (27-  The Colosseum, Rome- Flavian 25 BC); rebuilt by Hadrian Amphitheater 6. CIRCUS o Roman Circus  A roofless enclosure for chariot race 7. TOMBS AND DWELLINGS o Tombs – burial ground  5 Classifications of a Roman burial ground  Coemetra – also called as “subterranean tomb” and later called “catacombs” with the following parts:  Columbaria – where ashes are stored  Loculi – a receptacle for the whole corpse  Monumental Tombs –large cylindrical block  Pyramidal Tombs – pyramids but smaller in shape  Temple shaped tombs – patterned after the Greeks  Sculptured tombs – minor tomb  Cenotaph – memorial tomb for soldiers and heroes o Dwelling Houses  DOMUS – a private house planned in the following manner:  Prothyrium – porch entrance  Atrium – entrance court open to the sky  Salon– a room for family records  Peristyle –court containing a garden  Cubicula –rooms surrounding the Peristyle  Triclinia– a dining room  Occus – a reception hall  Alae –small room opening  VILLA – a luxurious country house  INSULA- A tenement house 8. AQUEDUCTS AND WATER FOUNTAIN  Aqueducts- are used for distribution of water 2 Types Roman Fountain 1. Locus – basin type 2. Salientes –spouting jets  Triumphal Arches o monuments to honor victorious generals