History of Architecture (FEU Handout) PDF

FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Definitions 1.1.1. History of Architecture 2.3.2. DOLMENS It is a record of man’s effort to build Sever...

FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Definitions 1.1.1. History of Architecture 2.3.2. DOLMENS It is a record of man’s effort to build Several large stones capped with a beautifully. It traces the origin, growth covering slab and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed lands and ages. 1.1.2. Historic Styles of Architecture The particular method, characteristics, manner of design which prevailed at a certain place and time. 1.2. Factors affecting the Styles of Architecture 1.2.1. History 1.2.2. Society 1.2.3. Religion 1.2.4. Geography 1.2.5. Geology 1.2.6. Climate 2. PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE 2.1. Influences 2.3.3. TRILITHON 2.1.1. History Organized groups of three stones, two Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000 to vertical and a horizontal one at their top 3000 B.C.) Hunting and food gathering 2.1.2. Religion No organized religion Burial rituals and monuments 2.2. Architectural Character 2.2.1. Construction System Megalithic structures – large stones 2.2.2. Materials Animal skins, wooden frames and bones 2.2.3. Orientation 2.3.4. CROMLECH Faces toward cardinal points A circle of monoliths / trilithons; 2.3. Examples enclosure formed by huge stones 2.3.1. MENHIR (monoliths) planted on the ground in circular form Single, large upright monolith, (Most imposing example: Stonehenge, sometimes arranged in parallel rows England – 2000 B.C.) reaching several miles FEU – ALE Review 1 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Tomb architecture 2.3.5. TUMULUS (Passage grave) Temple architecture An artificially constructed mound of Obelisks earth raised over a tomb or sepulchral Dwellings chamber 2.3.6. PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS Tomb architecture Natural and artificial caves The Mastaba Beehive hut - dry walled rough stone w/ corbelled roof The Royal Pyramid Trullo - also known as beehive hut The Rockhewn Tombs Wingwam or tepee - conical tent w/ wooden poles/supports Two types of Temples Hogan - primitive indian structure of joined logs Mortuary Temples Igloo - "innuit" (eskimo) large packed snow blocks built up spirally Cult Temples 3. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPT (LAND OF THE PHARAOHS) Known Architects 3.1. Influences Imhotep – under king Zoser 3.1.1. History Semnut – worked for Queen 3200 B.C. to 1 A.D. Hatshepsut Centralized omnipotent authority of the 3.2.2. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM pharaoh (king), seen as a god dwelling Columnar and trabeated on earth, sole master of its country and 3.2.3. COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS people Subdivision of ancient Egypt: The Ancient or Old Kingdom–Dynasties I-X The Middle Kingdom–Dynasties XI-XVII The New Empire–Dynasties XVIII-XXX 3.1.2. Religion Cult of many gods representing nature Deep concern for immortality amounted to near obsession; First requirement of immortality- Mummification Egyptians wished for fine burial embalmment and funeral rites, a permanent tomb or “eternal dwelling” 3.1.3. Geography and Geology Nile River – travel and trade route It consists of narrow strip of fertile, alluvial soil along both banks of the River Nile. Natural products like timber, clay, brick and stone. Lotus, papyrus and palm capitals Includes limestone, granite and Square pillar alabaster. Polygonal column For constructive/decorative Palm-type column architectural work and vases and Bud-and-bell column personal ornaments Foliated capital column 3.1.4. Climate Hathor-headed column Spring and summer; brilliant sunshine Osiris pillars (simplicity in design) 3.2.4. ROOF AND CEILINGS Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude 3.2. Architectural Character heat 3.2.1. DESCRIPTION 3.2.5. WALL Monumental, immortal, permanent; Classify them as: FEU – ALE Review 2 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Massive walls to protect from fierce A sepulchral monument in the form of heat of the sun and space for huge stone structures with a square Hieroglyphics base and four sloping sides meeting at Batter wall – diminishing in width an apex towards the top Types : step, slope and bend 3.2.6. OPENING No windows; skylights; roof slits; clerestories 3.2.7. DECORATION “Gorge” or “hollow and roll” mouldings Hieroglyphics Sphinxes Solar disc and vulture with spread wings Scarab – symbol of resurrection Papyrus, lotus and palm symbolizing fertility Grapes symbolizes eternity 3.2.8. ORIENTATION Towards the cardinal points 3.3. Examples 3.3.1. MASTABAS Arabic for “bench” A rectangular brick or stone structure with sloping flat or recessed sides, erected over a subterranean tomb chamber that was connected with the outside by a vertical shaft Length is between 20 – 50 meters Width is 15 – 37 meters Chapel with a false door for offerings to the “Ka” and the “serdab” – chamber for the statue of the deceased. The Stepped Pyramid of Zoser,Saqqara (near Cairo c. 2750 B.C.) Mastaba at Zoser Funerary Complex, Saqqara The Pyramids at Gizeh Mastaba of Aha-Sakkara (finest rue pyramids) Mastaba of Thi-Sakkara (near Cairo) c. 2700 B.C Mastaba at Giza These pyramids belong to three pharaohs of the IV Mastaba at Beit Khallaf dynasty: Khufu (Greek - Cheops) 3.3.2. PYRAMIDS Khafre (Greek.- Chepren) FEU – ALE Review 3 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Menkure (Greek.- Mykerinus) 3.3.3. ROCK-CUT or ROCK HEWN TOMBS Built along hillside the nobility, not royalty 3.3.6. TEMPLES Mortuary temples – In honor of pharaohs Cult temples – In honor of god 3.3.4. PYLONS Monumental gateway to temples, usually composed of two masses of masonry with sloping sides flanking the entrance portal Temple of Hatshepsut Designed by the royal architect Senemut for Queen Hatshepsut 3.3.5. OBELISKS Tall tapering shaft of stone, usually granite, monolithic, square in plan with an electrum-capped pyramidion on top symbolizing the sun-god Heliopolis Came in pairs fronting temple entrances Height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base with four sides featuring Hieroglyphics Great Temple of Abu Simbel FEU – ALE Review 4 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE The gigantic temple at Abu Simbel in Nubia, lower Egypt, was built on the orders of Ramses II, pharaoh of Egypt from 1279 to 1212 B.C. Example of rock-cut temple 4 rock-cut colossal statues of Ramses 4. NEAR EAST ARCHITECTURE 4.1. Influence 4.1.1. History 5000 B.C. to 641 A.D. Ziggurat at Bulsippa 3 Periods: Mesopotamian (Babylonian or Chaldean) Assyrian Persian 4.1.2. Geography and Geology 3 zones: Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula Grasslands, steppes, river plains of the Fertile Crescent Mountains and plateaus from west to east 4.1.3. Religion Ziggurats built by Ur-Nammu Worshipped nature gods Made of sun-dried , faced with baked brick laid in bitumen 15 meters high on a massive base with two successive smaller 4.1.4. Society stages, upper stage serves as pedestal of the shrine Religion determined society Three ramp-like stairways 100 steps each City-state was under the protection of the god of the city 4.3. Assyrian Architecture The king is the representative and 4.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER steward Materials: some stone and timber are Socio-political system – “Theocratic available Socialism” DECORATION: Winged-bulls guarding 4.2. Early Mesopotamian Architecture chief portals “Land between the Rivers” glazed bricks in blue, white, Mesopotamia was located between the yellow and green Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Low relief sculpture in stone present-day Middle Eastern country of Murals Iraq. 4.3.2. EXAMPLES 4.2.1. Architectural Character Temples: With or without ziggurat CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Arcuated Palaces: Came with or without zigurrat MATERIALS: No stone, only clay and soil 4.4. Persian and Median Architecture ORIENTATION: Four corners towards 4.4.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER cardinal points MATERIALS: Due to scarcity, stone was 4.2.2. EXAMPLES: used mostly for fire-temples and palace ZIGGURATS platforms Rough pyramidal structures consisting COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Persians of stages, each succeeding stage introduced the use of columns stepped back from the one beneath. It 4.4.2. EXAMPLES supports an altar or temple. DWELLINGS: Megaron, Anatolian house “artificial mountains” of tiered with entrance at end rather than on the rectangular stages with temple at long sides. summit FEU – ALE Review 5 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Columned portico as entrance or Polygonal wall – advanced vestibule technique, Hellenic Palaces: Palace Platform at Persepolis period, no pith or tar Palace of Darius Rectangular – no dowels Palace of Xerses Hypostyle Hall of Xerses Hall of Hundred Columns (by Darius) 5. GREEK ARCHITECTURE 5.1. Influences 5.1.1. History Aegean Period Cyclopean wall 2 major cultures 5.2.2. EXAMPLES Minoan (flourished in Crete) Minoan Architecture: Mycenaean (mainland and others) Houses Minoan architecture Megaron – single-storeyed house of Mycenean architecture deep plan, columned entrance porch, Ancient Greek architecture anteroom with central doorway, living Archaic Greek architecture apartment or megaron proper, central Classical Greek architecture hearth, columns supporting roof , Late Classical Greek thalamus, or sleeping room behind architecture Hellenistic Architecture 5.1.2. Religion Nature worship, religious rites, sacred games, ritual dances, sacrifices. Their gods live in nature, mountains, assumed human form and was not free from human weakness 5.1.3. Geography and Geology Mainland: mountainous hinterlands separated inhabitants into groups, clans, and states Archipelago and islands: sea was the inevitable means of trade and communication 5.1.4. Climate Between rigorous cold and relaxing heat Clear atmosphere and intense light The Megaron 5.2. AGEAN PERIOD 5.2.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Palaces: Palace of King Minos, DESCRIPTION: Rough and massive Knossos, Crete 1600-1400 structures B.C. COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Two-part capital: square abacus above and circular bulbous echinus below Wall: Cyclopean wall – large stones, no mortar, clay bedding FEU – ALE Review 6 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Mycenean Architecture: “carpentry in marble” – timber forms imitated in stone with remarkable exactness CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Columnar and trabeated COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: first columns and entablature were made of timber and terra cotta decorations stone columns in 600 B.C. THE GREEK ORDER: Capital, base, column shaft, horizontal entablature (architrave, frieze, cornice) DORIC, IONIC AND CORINTHIAN DECORATION: Refinements used to Palace at Tyrins correct optical illusions; sculpture, Lion Gate, Mycenea colors, mural painting ENTASIS: slight bulge given to a column Tombs: Bee-hive tomb – a bee-hive to correct the optical illusion shaped type of subterranean that it is thinner in the middle tomb constructed as a 5.4. Classical Greek Architecture (Hellenistic) corbelled vault and found on 5.4.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER pre-historic Greek sites DESCRIPTION: Provided inspiration for Roman building types not religious in character, but civic Dignified and gracious structures Symmetrical, orderly CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Columnar and trabeated COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Greek orders Treasury of Atreus The best preserved “beehive tomb” Built into a hill and approached by a long passage, the dromos, leading to the beehive shape round tomb chamber, tholos 5.3. Ancient Greek Architecture (Hellenic) 5.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: mostly religious architecture OPENINGS: Clerestory – between roof and upper wall FEU – ALE Review 7 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Skylight – made of thin translucent marble Temple door – on the east DECORATION: Mouldings - In architecture, a continuous narrow surface either projecting or recessed, plain or ornamented, whose purpose is to break up a surface, to accent, or to decorate by means of the light and shade it produces Cyma Recta Cyma Reversa (Ogee) Ovolo (egg-like) Reconstructed drawing of the Athenian acropolis in the 5th century B.C. Fillet Cavetto Scotia Foremost among world –famous building sites 10 structures: Propylaea – the entrance gateway to an enclosure (usually temple precincts) as on the Acropolis, Athens Astragal (bead) Torus Bird’s Beak Pinacotheca - building containing gallery of painted pictures ORIENTATION: entire groups of buildings Statue of Athena Promachos laid out symmetrically and orderly Erectheion (group of buildings) Doors oriented towards east Parthenon 5.4.2. EXAMPLES: Temple of Nike Apteros TEMENOS – a sacred enclosure, Old Temple of Athena sanctuary, or sacred precinct at an Stoa of Eumeses established cult centre, sometimes it Theater of Dionysos incorporates many buildings Odeon of Herodes Atticus Acropolis at Athens (Best example of Temenos) Reconstructed view of Acropolis at Pergamon FEU – ALE Review 8 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE hexastyle - 6 columns, term used TEMPLES – not intended for internal by Vitruvius worship; altar was outside, on the east octastyle - 8 columns front decastyle - 10 columns Parts: COLONNADE (OR PERISTYLE) - Refers to Temples: Planned by column the rows of columns arrangement PORCH (OR PRONAOS) - a three walled room opening into the cella. CELLA (OR NAOS) - where the statue of the god or goddess was placed REAR PORCH (OR OPISTHODOMOS OR EPINAOS) - is a false porch behind the cella, often added for reasons of symmetry. Its place might alternatively be occupied by an enclosed adytum (treasure room, sometimes interpreted as a "holy of holies” STEREOBATE -the lower two steps of the stepped foundation of a Greek temple (known as the crepidoma) CREPIDOMA - the platform of, usually, three levels upon which the superstructure of the building is erected STYLOBATE - The upper step of the base of a Greek temple, which forms a platform for the columns PTEROMA - the enclosed space of a portico, peristyle, or stoa, generally behind a screen of columns. In-antis – between anta and the front Amphi-antis – at front and rear Prostyle – portico at front Amphi-prostyle – porticoes at front and rear Peripteral – on all sides Pseudo-peripteral – flanking columns attached to naos Dipteral – double line of columns surrounding naos Typical Greek temple plan Pseudo-dipteral – like dipteral, but inner columns Temples: Column number terminology: omitted on flanks on Technical term number of columns naos. at front distyle - 2 columns tetrastyle - 4 columns, term used by Vitruvius FEU – ALE Review 9 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE DORIC TEMPLES Temple of Hera, Paestum IONIC TEMPLES DORIC COLUMN: stands without base directly on stylobate; simplest Had a timber origin H=4 – 6 X base diameter ENTABLATURE: H = 1 & ¾ the height of Order IONIC COLUMN: remarkable for its volute and scroll capital; derived from Egyptian lotus and Aegean art; most elegant; slender than Doric The Parthenon, Acropolis 448-432 B.C. H = 9 X base diameter Sculptor and general director: Phidias 24 flutes separated by fillets Architects: Ictinos and Callicrates FEU – ALE Review 10 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE ENTABLATURE: H = 1/5 the height of Order Parts: Architrave, frieze (omitted in asianic examples), cornice Temple of Athena Nike by Callicrates 427-424 B.C. Temple of Artemis, Ephesus By Demetrius and Paenius Denocrates Sculpted by Scopas CORINTHIAN TEMPLES The Erechtheion, Acropolis by Mnesicles, 421-405 B.C. Ionic building named after a mythic Athenian hero Erechtheus; with Caryatid porch CARYATID – A female figure that functions as a supporting column FEU – ALE Review 11 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE CORINTHIAN COLUMN: Base and shaft PARODOS: (Greek; A passageway ;pl. resembling the Ionic; more slender parodoi) Side entrance into the H = 10 X base diameter orchestra of a Greek theater (one on CAPITAL – much deeper than Ionic; 1 & each side); the space between the 1/6 diameter high; designed by audience seating and the skene Callimachus, inspired by basket building; primary entrance/exit for the surrounded by acanthus leaves over chorus and used by audience for the grave of a Corinthian maiden entrance and exit from theatre; also the ENTABLATURE: same as Ionic song sung by chorus as it first enters 3 parts: architrave, frieze, cornice the orchestra. FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS: PARACENIA: projecting wall/wing at end of skene PROCENIUM: in front of skene, used as speaking place or locelon EPISCENIUM: Raised background to the 2-storey skene building DIAZOMA: (Greek; pl. diazomata) Horizontal walkway separating upper and lower sections of theatron (Latin cavea ) seating; passages or aisles in Greek theatres concentric with the outer wall; corresponds to Roman praecinctio Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens THEATERS: An open-air structure in the form of a segment of a circle, frequently excavated from a hillside, with the seats arranged in tiers behind and above one another Parts: ORCHESTRA: the circular space in front of the stage in a theater, where the chorus stood THEATRON: (Greek: viewing-place) Alternate name koilon. Originally referred to the audience space of the Greek theatre, but later became synonymous with the entire auditorium consisting of the spaces for both the Greek theater plan audience as well as the performance; corresponds to Roman cavea. SKENE: (Greek: tent) Building behind the orchestra originally used for storage but provided a convenient backing for performances; corresponds to the Roman scaena or scaenae FEU – ALE Review 12 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE PRYTANEION: Senate house, used for entertaining distinguished visitors and citizens BOULEUTERION: Council house with banked seats facing inwards ODEION: building similar to theater used for musical performance in Sparta, built in the 7th or 6th century B.C. STADIUM: foot race course HIPPODROME: course provided by the Greeks for horse racing and chariot racing PALAESTRA: Wrestling school GYMNASIUM: functioned as a training Theater of Epidaurus facility for competitors in public games Designed by Polycleitos and all types of physical exercises Most beautiful Greek theater TOMBS: DOMESTIC/PUBLIC BUILDINGS The Mausoleum of Hallicarnassos PROPYLAEA: (meaning on page 8) Most famous of all tombs one of seven wonders of ancient world; for king Mausolos from his widow Propylaea, Athens Artemisia AGORA: An open square space used for The Mausoleum of Hallicarnassos public meetings or business/social life STOA: covered walkways or porticos, 6. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE commonly for public usage 6.1. INFLUENCES 6.1.1. History Centrally-located on the Mediterranean, was able to serve as intermediary in spreading art and civilization in Europe, West Asia and North Africa ETRUSCAN (750 – 146 B.C.) ROMAN (146 – 365 A.D.) 6.1.2. Religion The restored Stoa of Attalos in Athens. Roman mythology slowly derived attributes from Greek gods 6.1.3. Geography and Geology FEU – ALE Review 13 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Italian peninsula; central and commanding position on Mediterranean Sea voussoirs 6.1.4. Climate Temperate climate in the North Sunny in Central Italy Almost tropical in south 6.2. ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE: 6.2.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: great builders and large scale undertakings CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: earliest use of true and radiating arch MATERIALS: stone; tufa, peperino, travertine, lava stone, sand and gravel Earth for making terra cotta and bricks; first use of concrete (300-400 A.D.) – stone or brick rubble and mortar or KEYSTONE – the central stone of an pozzolana – a thick volcanic earth arch or rib vault; sometimes carved material IMPOST – a member in the wall, usually COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: New Tuscan formed of a projecting bracket-like Order moulding, on which the end of an arch CITY PLANNING: two main streets—the rests cardo (north-south) and the VOUSSOIRS - wedge-shaped element, decumanus (east-west)—a grid of typically a stone, used in building an smaller streets dividing the town into arch blocks, and a wall circuit with gates. EXTRADOS – the outside curve of an 6.2.2. EXAMPLES: arch TOMBS: existed in great numbers INTRADOS – the interior curve of an outside city walls in special necropolis arch taken from the inside of the sites voussoirs DRAINAGE: Cloaca Maxima, Rome SPRINGER – the lowest voussoir on ARCHES: Arch of Augustus, Perugia each side of an arch, where the vertical TEMPLE: Temple of Juno Sospita, support for the arch terminates and the Lanuvium curve of the arch begins. 6.3. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE: MATERIALS: Marble, mostly white 6.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Concrete – to build vaults of a DESCRIPTION: Utilitarian, practical, magnitude equaled until 19th century economic use of materials steel construction CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Greek orders COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: 4th & 5th of architecture used as decorative Orders: Tuscan and Composite features which could be omitted TUSCAN ORDER: simplified version of Adopted columnar and trabeated style Doric Order of Greeks H = 7 X diameter Developed arch and vault system Base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital, started by Etruscans plain entablature Combined use of columns, beam and COMPOSITE ORDER: combines arch prominent volutes of Ionic with acanthus of Corinthian FEU – ALE Review 14 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Composite Order ROOF AND CEILING: wagon/ barrel/ tunnel vault, wagon vault with intersecting vault, cross vault, hemispherical dome/ cupola WALL: The Maisson, Carree, Nimes; Best preserved; Corinthian Order CIRCULAR TEMPLE Opus Quadratum Opus Incertum Opus Reticulatum Opus Quasi-Reticulatum Opus Testaceum Opus Mixtum OPUS QUADRATUM – rectangular blocks, with or without mortar joints OPUS INCERTUM – small stones, loose pattern resembling polygonal walling The Pantheon, Rome; (most perfect OPUS RETICULATUM – net-like effect preservation of roman buildings) with fine joints running diagonally Temple of Vesta, Rome OPUS TESTACEUM – brick facing OPUS MIXTUM – alternation of brickwork FORUMS: Corresponds to the Greek and small squared stone blocks Agora; central open space usually surrounded by public building and 6.3.2. EXAMPLES: colonnades Rectangular temples FEU – ALE Review 15 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Trajan’s Forum Thermae of Caracalla BASILICAS: large public hall where law- THEATERS: Greek-type adapted to suit suits were heard; hall of justice; Roman drama; Semicircular in plan commercial exchange and consisted of a tall stage building abutting a semicircular orchestra and tiered seating area (cavea) The Theater, Orange Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii Usuall plan: length twice the width AMPHITHEATERS: (literally double- theaters) elliptical or circular space THERMAE: Roman public baths, surrounded by rising tiers of seats used containing large halls, with water at for gladiatorial and animal contests various temperatures and many other amenities such as libraries, and sports arenas 3 parts: Main building, open space outer ring of apartments Main building: Dominant central hall, symmetrically arranged rooms Tepidarium – warm room Frigidarium – cold water swimming The Colosseum, Rome bath Laconicum (sudatorium) – dry aweating room Apodyteria – dressing room Unctuaria – Oils room FEU – ALE Review 16 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE CIRCUS: for horse and chariot racing small garden (hortus) (from hippodrome) The Circus Maximus, Rome TOMBS: classes of Roman Tombs Caemetaria Monumental tombs Pyramidal Tombs Temple-shaped tombs Eastern Tombs TRIUMPHAL ARCHES: monumental arch built to celebrate victorious campaigns; erected to emperors and generals AQUEDUCTS: artificial channel for carrying water, usually an elevated masonry or brick structure Arch of Titus, Rome DWELLINGS: Domus – private house Villa – country house Insula – apartment block Republican house, consisted of an entrance corridor (fauces) Pont du Gard, Nimes, France main room (atrium) open to the sky with a central basin for the collection of TOWN GATEWAYS AND ARCHWAYS rainwater BRIDGES Series of small bedrooms (cubicula) MEMORIAL COLUMN Office area (tablinum) PALACES Dining room (triclinium) FOUNTAINS kitchen (culina), and perhaps a FEU – ALE Review 17 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 7. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE NARTHEX – a porch or vestibule of a 7.1. INFLUENCES church, generally colonnaded or 7.1.1. History arcaded and preceding the nave 313-800 A.D. Christianity moved from NAVE – part of the church between the Judea to Rome; became the official chief entrance and the choir, religion of the Roman Empire demarcated from aisles, by piers and Two Historic Events columns The Edict of Milan c. 313 (state AMBULATORY – a passageway around religion) the apse of a church, or for Transfer of power from Rome to circumambulating a shrine Constantinople c. 330 APSE – a vaulted semi-circular or 7.1.2. Religion polygonal termination, usually to a Christianity chancel or chapel 7.1.3. Geography and Geology BEMA – raised stage for the clergy at Roman ruins served as quarries from the east end which materials were obtained AISLE – part of the church, parallel to, 7.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER and divided by piers or columns from, 7.2.1. DESCRIPTION: Construction was highly the nave, choir or transept influenced by Roman art and CHOIR – part of the church where the architecture; purpose of the Christian choir sits; normally the west part of the church was to serve worshippers chancel (loosely applied to mean as 2 building types chancel) Early Christian Basilica – Rectangular CHANCEL - that part of the east end of a building with an apse for the altar at church in which the main altar is one end. placed; reserved for clergy and choir Martyrium – Circular building AMBO – where the Gospel and epistle (Baptistery or mausoleum) was read 7.2.2. MATERIALS: made use as much as TRANSEPT - part of a cruciform church possible the materials from old Roman whose axis crosses at right angles the temples which had become useless axis running from the chief entrance 7.2.3. ROOF AND CEILING: simple timber roof through the nave to the apse of king and queen post trusses; vaulted or domed 7.2.4. DECORATION: did not use bulky Roman construction methods; an architectural abstraction of the ideal Christian, simple and plain on the outside, but with a soul glowing and beautiful within. (richly decorated interior space and neglecting the exterior) 7.2.5. ORIENTATION: Façade faced West Priest stood behind altar facing East 7.3. EXAMPLES 7.3.1. BASILICAN CHURCHES: based on ancient Roman basilicas; erected over the burial place of the saint to whom it was dedicated Parts: ATRIUM – open colonnaded court in front of and attached to a Christian basilica FEU – ALE Review 18 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 7.3.2. CHURCH COMPLEX BELFRY/CAMPANILE – a bell tower, either attached to a church or standing alone BAPTISTERY 7.3.3. BAPTISTERIES: a separate building or part of a church in which the Sacrament of Baptism is administered during Easter, Pentecost and Epiphany; with the advent of infant baptism, it was replaced by the Font Plan S. Clemente, Rome S. Maria Maggiore, Rome S. Apollinare, Ravenna S. Agnese Fuori Le Mura, Rome Baptistery of Constantine, Rome 7.3.4. TOMBS: burial up to the end of the 4th century took place in the Catacombs outside Rome; Christians objected to cremation and insisted burial on consecrated ground Old St. Peter’s, Rome (erected by Constantine near the site of St. Peter’s martyrdom) Tomb of Galla Placidia, Ravenna Earliest tomb in cruciform plan; sarcophagi still remain in the arms of the cross S. Costanza, Rome FEU – ALE Review 19 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 8. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE 8.1. INFLUENCES 8.1.1. History 330-1453 A.D. Byzantium – Greek colony since 660 B.C.; Constantine, a converted Christian transferred the empire from Rome to Byzantium in 330 A.D. Empire was divided: Rome as western capital and Byzantium (which later became Constantinople) as eastern capital (“new Rome”) 8.1.2. Religion 330 A.D. Constantinople became capital to first official Christian empire 8.1.3. Geography and Geology Where Asia and Europe meet, separated by small body of water; most commanding position and most valuable part of eastern Roman Empire 8.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 8.2.1. DESCRIPTION: mostly church construction; discarded early Christian style for new domical Byzantine style (still the official style for Orthodox churches) S. Sophia, Constantinople (Hagia Basilican plan: early Christian Sophia or “divine wisdom”) Domed, centralized plan – Byzantine Designed by Anthemius of Tralles and 8.2.2. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: domical Isidorus of Miletus; construction with classical columnar One of the supreme achievements in style the history of world architecture; 8.2.3. COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: used Roman Structurally the dome rests on Ionic, Corinthian, Composite style, pendentives between the four Cubiform capital, shaped to form a supporting arches resting on four main transition from square abacus to piers circular shaft; dosseret block used as deep abacus invented to enlarge surface for receiving wide voussoirs of arches or thick walls 8.2.4. ROOF AND CEILING: 3 types of domes Simple, Compound and special designs 8.2.5. DECORATION: stone bands instead of mouldings; decorative arches, internal marble, mosaic and fresco decorations 8.2.6. ORIENTATION: Façade at west 8.3. EXAMPLES 8.3.1. CHURCHES Centralized type of plan S. Vitale, Ravenna FEU – ALE Review 20 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 9. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Close alliance with Constantinople, 9.1. INFLUENCES influence of Byzantine culture, because 9.1.1. History of Venice and Ravenna 900-1200 A.D. Geography and Geology Decline of the Roman Empire led to the Low-lying plains of Lombardy – clay for rise of independent states and notions bricks and marble from hills of Europe – Gaul, Central Europe, etc. Climate King Charlemagne crowned emperor Extremes of heat and cold by Pope in 800 A.D. established the 9.3.2. EXAMPLES: Holy Roman Empire a title which lasted CATHEDRALS until 1806; Basilican-type churches; flat, severed Religious enthusiasm found physical facades across whole church, masking expression in magnificent cathedrals division on nave and aisles and monastic buildings Wheel window 9.1.2. Religion Central projecting porch on façade, Growth of different religious orders often 2-storey with columns on Monasticism became the most crouching beasts important institution within the Church Roughly-carved grotesque figures of (provided seclusion, assurance of men and beasts salvation, only means of receiving Less refined in character due to use of education) stone and brick instead of marble The monasteries were the bearers of Ornament shows a departure from culture and art classic precedent, instead its shows 9.1.3. Society rough northern European grotesque Two major social institutions added styles coherence: the Christian church and Feudalism 9.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 9.2.1. DESCRIPTION: architecture governed by classical traditions; concentrated on beauty and delicacy of ornamental detail; sober and dignified Transition from flat wooden ceiling of the nave to masonry vault construction Application of cross-groin vault, consisting of four curved surfaces (quadripartite vault) Use of bay system S. Ambrogio, Milan Semicircular arches for openings in walls S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona Massive enclosing walls and S. Fedele Como incorporation of towers into the S. Michele, Pavia church building proper 9.3. NORTH ITALY CAMPANILEs – Product of Romanesque 9.3.1. INFLUENCES: period; straight tower shafts, generally History standing alone as civic monuments or Milan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia, symbols of power rather than integral Verona, Genoa parts of church Invasions and trade with northern Europe through alpine passes; FEU – ALE Review 21 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 9.4. SOUTH ITALY 9.4.1. INFLUENCES: History Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Muslim and Norman rule Geography and Geology Mountainous with limestone Climate Almost sub-tropical 9.4.2. EXAMPLES: CATHEDRALS: Byzantine influence in mosaic decorations; Muslim influence on use of striped marbles Pisa Cathedral Monreale Cathedral, Palermo Forms one of most famous building groups in the world – campanile and S. Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo Campo Santo La Zisa, Palermo Baptistery – designed by Dioti Salvi Campanile – aka the “Leaning Tower of 9.5. CENTRAL ITALY Pisa” 9.5.1. INFLUENCES: The wall is covered with white and pink HISTORY marble. Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa The dome at the Crossing is additional Rich in pagan influence at later period. Geography and Geology The Bell Tower was designed by Great stone and mineral wealth at Bonanno Tuscany – bricks, tufa, peperino, travertine, marble 9.6. NORTH FRANCE Ruins of classical buildings 9.6.1. INFLUENCES 9.5.2. EXAMPLES: Geography and Geology CATHEDRALS Fine Caen stone Concentrated on beauty and delicacy Pumice and tufa of ornamental details, instead of new Climate construction systems Wintery in north Resembles early basilican churches in 9.6.2. EXAMPLES plan CATHEDRALS Remains of old buildings were less abundant, greater freedom of developing new style FEU – ALE Review 22 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Semi-circular east end, as an ambulatory with radiating chapels, is common Use of old Roman architecture features St. Sernin, Toulouse Vienne cathedrakNotre dame du Port Angouleme Cathedral 9.8. CENTRAL EUROPE 9.8.1. INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Stone from mountains along Rhine The Abbey S. Denis Timber from Baltic shores Brick from Elber in the north The Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen Climate S. Nicholas, Caen Summer and winter 9.7. SOUTH FRANCE 9.8.2. EXAMPLES 9.7.1. INFLUENCES CATHEDRALS: Geography and Geology Exhibits a Carolingian and Lombard Abundant good stone, easily quarried influence and freely used Climate Sub-tropical in south 9.7.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) Cathedral Worms Cathedral, Germany Cruciform plan Church of the Apostles, Cologne Speyer Cathedral FEU – ALE Review 23 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 9.9. SPAIN Complex of circular towers, curtain 9.9.1. INFLUENCES walls History City Walls of Avila, Castile Moors in southwest Europe, until 732 9.10. ENGLAND A.D.; continuous warfare against moors 9.10.1. INFLUENCES gave a certain unity to the peninsula History Christian influence Subject to roman conquest, preceded Royal ties with France and England by the landing of Julius Caesar in 55 Geography and Geology A.D. Iberian Peninsula is a great rock Ruled by Roman legions massif – granite, limestone, red Geography and Geology sandstone, semi-marble, no timber Remote from rest of Europe, 9.9.2. EXAMPLES dependent on sea routes RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS Hardwood forest and stone Used both Basilica and Greek-cross Climate forms Low lighting, severe cold Sta. Maria, Ripoll 9.10.2. EXAMPLES St. Tirso, Sahagun CATHEDRALS La Lugareja, Arevalo 3 foundations: St. Martin de Fromista Old foundation – served by secular Monastery of Poblet, Catalonia clergy Monastic foundation – served by regular clergy or monks, later by secular canons New foundation – to which bishops had been appointed Norwich Cathedral St. Albans Cathedral Winchester Cathedral Bristol Cathedral Carlisle Cathedral Chichester Cathedral Exeter Rochester Oxford Worcester Canterbury Cathedral Santiago de Compostela Finest achievement of Romanesque architecture in Spain CASTLES AND TOWN WALLS City Walls of Andalusia Loarre in Aragon Finest Romanesque Castle in Spain Durham Cathedral FEU – ALE Review 24 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MONASTIC BUILDINGS middle ages-works of the barbarian Goths. Considered as one of Europe’s outstanding artistic eras. This age saw the rise of new cities or built on the foundations of old Roman cities Religion Strongly influenced by religious men and saints; extreme power and wealth led to serious abuses in the church Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire 10.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: CASTLES The Cathedral – a rare synthesis of 1500 castles in England, in 1100 to architecture, sculpture and painting 1200 A.D. The pointed arch, flying buttress and Began as motte and bailey earthworks, rib vault later citadels with stone and curtain Colored glass and tracery, rhythm walls columns and bundled piers Towers and spires-transcendental character CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Windsor Castle The largest inhabited castle in the world and, dating back to the time of William the Conqueror, is the oldest in continuous occupation Tower of London Castle Hedingman, Essex Orford, Suffolk Conisborough, Yorkshire 10. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 10.1. INFLUENCES Transverse section HISTORY Gothic age originated in France around 1150 Originally- Gothic- first used by Renaissance critics as a derogatory term for all art and architecture of the FEU – ALE Review 25 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Erected out of funds provided by the laity – not as part of monastic establishments Served as a library for illiterate townspeople; biblical stories told, with stained-glass and statuary Sexpartite Vault Point of departure from classic 10.3. FRANCE Vaulting framework of intersecting 10.3.1. INFLUENCES pointed arch ribs, which supports thin History stone panels 1200 – 1600 A.D. with 1337 to 1453 A.D., the “Hundred Years War” began Difficulty of vaulting oblong with England; restlessness compartments – overcome by using Feudal system, tyranny of lords over pointed arches over shorter span and common people sometimes retaining semi-circular Religious zeal – Christianity was united arches for diagonal or longer spans against Muslims; Crusades 10.3.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Downward and outward pressures from DESCRIPTION: the term “Gothic” in vault were collected by meeting of ribs reproach to this style – a departure at angles; oblique pressure was from classic lines counter-acted by buttresses or flying General use of “Pointed Arch” “L buttresses weighted by pinnacles ‘architecture Ogivale” 3 periods: Walls – less needed supports, released PRIMARIE(1200 AD) from load-bearing function; invention of “A lancettes” colored, stained glass window to adorn Pointed arch and geometric traceried window-walls. windows SECONDAIRE (1300 AD) “Rayonnant” Circular windows, wheel tracery TERTIARE (1400 – 1600 AD) “Flamboyant” Flame-like window tracery 10.3.3. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS FEU – ALE Review 26 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Palais de Justice, Rouen CASTLES Built on mounds above rivers with thick walls and small windows to resist attack Later adapted to make convenient residences Chateau de Pierrefonds Notre Dame de Paris Chateau de Ambrose One of the oldest French cathedrals; begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully COUNTRY HOUSES With the development of gunpowder and new social order, country houses took the place of fortified citadels Still called “chateaux” “flying buttress” Reims Cathedral Chateau de Josselin Chartres Cathedral Beauvais Cathdral Chateau de Justice, Rouen Laon Cathedral Chateau d’O, Mortree Soissons Cathedral HOTEL DE VILLE TOWNHOUSES Few examples because little municipal “Maisons noble” – French nobles life under the Feudal system ceased to be feudal lords in castles Hotel de Ville, Arras and erected, known as “hotels” House of Jacques Couer, Bourges PALAIS DE JUSTICE Hotel de Cluny, Paris Great halls in which kings and nobles dispensed justice to their vassals 10.4. ENGLAND 10.4.1. INFLUENCES History FEU – ALE Review 27 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE High Gothic Style gained acceptance in England under Henry II (1154-1189 A.D.) EARLY ENGLISH (13th Century) 10.4.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Periods: Norman (1066 – 1154 A.D.) Transitional (1154 – 1189 A.D.) pointed arches in Romanesque structures Early English (1189 – 1307 A.D.) equivalent to high Gothic in France – also called “Lancet” or “First Pointed” style Decorated (1307 – 1377 A.D.) also Early English groined called “Second Pointed” equivalent Early English groined vaulting vaulting with to French “Flamboyant” style intermediate ribs Perpendicular (1377 – 1485 A.D.) also called “Rectilinear” or “Third Pointed” DECORATED (14th Century) Tudor (1495 – 1558 A.D.) increasing application of Renaissance detail Elizabethan (1558 – 1603 A.D.) Renaissance ideas take its mark THE EVOLUTION OF GOTHIC VAULTING NORMAN Ceiling Plan Lierne vault Lierne stellar vaulting PERPENDICULAR (15th Century) Diagonal segmental rib Fan vaulting REFERENCES FOR VAULTING: Scanned image and text by George P. Landow (2007) Fletcher, Bannister, and Bannister F. Fletcher. A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur. 16th ed. New Sexpartite vaulting Waggon vaulting York: Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1958. FEU – ALE Review 28 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF TIMBER ROOFS GOTHIC WINDOWS Tie-Beam Roof Trussed – Rafter Roof Hammer – Beam Roof Collar –Braced Roof Aisle Roof EVOLUTION OF GOTHIC BUTTRESSES GOTHIC DOORWAYS Early English Gothic doorway Gothic doorway; Decorated style Gothic doorway; Perpendicular style REFERENCE: Scanned image and text by George P. Landow (2007) Fletcher, Bannister, and Bannister F. Fletcher. A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur. 16th ed. New York: Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1958. FEU – ALE Review 29 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 10.4.3. EXAMPLES CASTLES AND FORTIFICATIONS CATHEDRALS Stronghold, also for administering (Lat. cathedra, "seat") is a Christian justice and dispensing hospitality church that contains the seat of a bishop. It is a religious building for SMALLER HOUSES: simple one-room worship, specifically of a denomination shelters of wood and thatch with an Episcopal hierarchy, such as townhouses on burgages or narrow the Roman Catholic, Anglican, strips of land, limited frontage on main Orthodox and some Lutheran street churches, which serves as a bishop's seat, and thus as the central church of COLLEGES: with chapel; communal a diocese dining hall, library, small rooms, staircases, storage. Brew houses, gatehouse MANOR HOUSES; erected by new and wealthy trading families Parts: Great Hall, (sometimes aisled) Chapel Latrine chamber Service rooms Kitchens Westminster Abbey; most important Central hearth medieval building in England; largest area and width (32 m. inside) TUDOR MANOR HOUSES; increased number and variety of rooms; Yorkminster Quadrangular court from which many Wells Cathedral rooms entered directly. Battlement parapets and fortified gateways used for ornamentation Penhurst Place, Kent Little Wenham Hall, Suffolk Chamey Basset Manor house, Berkshire Athelhampton Hall, Dorset Hampton Court Palace 10.5. CENTRAL EUROPE Salisbury Cathedral 10.5.1. INFLUENCES History: Germany was a composition of MONASTERIES: Building complex of many states monastic order – self – contained 10.5.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER community used by monks Style came from France and not from German Romanesque PARISH CHURCHES: All Saints Church, 10.5.3. EXAMPLES Stock Essex CATHEDRALS: Hall Churches in the Breamore Church, Hants north – totally different external Tity church, Essex appearance FEU – ALE Review 30 acdv  FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Town hall, Louvain Town hall, Brussels Cloth hall and Belfry, Bruges Maison des Francs Bateliers, Ghent 10.7. SPAIN 10.7.1. INFLUENCES History; Spanish inquisition in 1477 A.D. – brought national and religious unity against the Jews and Muslims Ulm Cathedral Muslim capital of Toledo fell in 1085 A.D.; Moors were expelled from in CASTLES: seen everywhere with old 1492 A.D. with fall of Granada fortified towns 10.7.2. EXAMPLES Klingentor, Rothenburg CATHEDRALS: strong Moorish influence, TOWN HALLS: Rathaus, Regensberg horseshoe arch, pierced stone tracery, CUSTOMS HOUSE: the Customs House, rich surface decoration of intricate Nuremburg geometrical and flowing patterns HOUSES: Old Houses, Nuremburg Gerona Cathedral The Kaiserworth, Goslar, Old house, Burgos Cathedral Brunswick Most poetic of all Spanish 10.6. BELGIUM & NETHERLANDS cathedrals 10.6.1. INFLUENCES Toledo Cathedral History: Basins and delta of Rhine and Salamanca Cathedral other rivers, number of medieval states Avila Cathedral and cities; sea power, culturally Segovia Cathedral dependent on Germany and France Granada Cathedral Towns competed with each other in Barcelona Cathedral power and the arts – architecture as products of civic rivalry in wealth and splendor 10.6.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER French Gothic influence – Brabantine style; German influence – hall churches 10.6.3. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS St. Gudule, Brussels: earliest example of Gothic in Netherlands; Antwerp Cathedral Seville Cathedral SECULAR ARCHITECTURE The Cathedral of Seville, formally Catedral de Santa María de la Sede (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See) was begun in 1402, with construction continuing into the 16th century. It is the largest of all Roman Catholic cathedrals (Saint Peter's Basilica not being a cathedral) and also the largest Medieval Gothic religious building, in