History of Architecture: Prehistoric to Egyptian PDF

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE reviewer EMBODO, JE 2 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 1 PREHISTORIC TO EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE History of Architecture “It is a record of man's effort to build beautifully. It traces the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed lands and ag...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE reviewer EMBODO, JE 2 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MODULE 1 PREHISTORIC TO EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE History of Architecture “It is a record of man's effort to build beautifully. It traces the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed lands and ages.” Historic Styles of Architecture “The particular method, the characteristics, manner of design which prevails at a certain place and time.” Building  A basic need  A social act Arki-tekton (Greek)  master builder WHAT IS THE PRIMARY AIM OF ARCHITECTURE? Shelter ARCHITECTURE had a simple origin in the primitive efforts of mankind to provide protection against inclement weather, wild beasts, and human enemies. Influences of the Development of Architecture a) Geographical: the study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena b) Geological: the science and study of physical matter that constitutes the earth c) Climatic: encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elements in each region over long periods of time d) Religious e) Socio-political f) Historical EMBODO, JE 3 PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Megalithic Sites in Europe MATERIALS (describes structures made of large stones, utilizing an  Animal skins & interlocking system without the use of mortar or cement) bones, trees & plants, stones &  Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of hunting & food gathering rocks  The success of the human race was largely due to the development of tools – made of stone, wood, bone CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM  By 9000 BC, farming and agriculture was practiced - fertile  Existing or soil and plentiful food excavated caves  No organized religion  Megalithic, most  Respect for the Dead: burial rites & monuments evident in France, England and 3 CULTURAL STAGES Ireland I. STONE AGE a) Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) DECORATION b) Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)  Cave’s paintings c) Neolithic (New Stone Age)  Sculpture II. BRONZE AGE III. IRON AGE 3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF EARLY I. STONE AGE KNOWN TYPES OF a) Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) ARCHITECTURE  concerned with the origins and development of early human culture between the first appearance of man 1. Primitive Dwellings as a tool-using mammal 2. Religious Monuments  man was a food gatherer, depending for his 3. Burial Grounds subsistence on hunting wild animals and birds, fishing, and collecting wild fruits, nuts, and berries 1. PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS b) Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)  Hunters and  gradual domestication of plants and animals and the fishermen - rock formation of settled communities at various times caves, (manifestly and places the earliest form of c) Neolithic (New Stone Age) human dwellings)  domestication of plants and animals  Tillers of the soil -  development of pottery, polished stone tools and arbours of trees, more complex, larger settlements such as Çatal Hüyük and from them and Jericho fashioned huts of wattle and daub II. BRONZE AGE  Innovation of the technique of smelting ore III. IRON AGE  prevalent use of iron  introduction of alphabetic characters, and the consequent development of written language which enabled literature and historic record EMBODO, JE 4  WIGWAM - Domed structure  Shepherds - coverings of skins which only had to be raised on posts to form tents. TEEPEE - Conical tent traditionally made of animal skins or birch barks 2. RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS MENHIR  single, large upright monolith  arranged in parallel rows, sometimes reaching several miles, and consisting of thousands of stones  memorial of victory over one tribe DOLMEN  tomb of standing stone usually consisting of three or more upright stones capped with a large flat horizontal capstone EMBODO, JE 5  CROMLECH  enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground in circular form Stonehenge, England RECONSTRUCTED PLAN OF STONEHENGE, ENGLAND  made up of concentric rings with the following: a) Outer ring – 106 ft. in diameter b) Isolated blue stone c) Innermost circle d) Smaller blue stone  Known in the 12th century as “Dance of the Giants”  Known today as the “Sarcen Circle”  Druids celebrating summer solstice 3. BURIAL MONUMENTS TUMULUS (PASSAGE GRAVE)  mound of earth & stones raised over a grave or graves of ordinary persons  dominant tomb type  has corridor lined with large stone slabs leading to a circular chamber with corbelled vault  prototype of Egyptian pyramids Treasury of Atreus, Greece NEAR EAST (4000 BC to 4th century) GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE  Near East/ West Asiatic Architecture flourished & developed in the Twin Rivers “Tigris & Euphrates”  also known as “Mesopotamia” (refers to Persia, Assyria & Babylon)  GREEK: mesos = middle; potamos = river  One of the earliest seats of civilization, great fertility  cradle and tomb of nations and empires  The plain of Mesopotamia, once the seat of a high civilization, was irrigated by numerous canals between the above-mentioned rivers, and was highly cultivated, supporting an immense population round Nineveh and Babylon. EMBODO, JE 6 GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Chaldea or Lower Mesopotamia  alluvial - thick mud or clay  usual building material - soil made into bricks  ordinary sundried bricks - general body of the walls  "kiln-burnt" and sometimes glazed or vitrified bricks of different colors - used as a facing Assyria  followed Babylonians in the use of brick  faced the walls internally and externally with alabaster or limestone slabs carved with low bas-reliefs and inscriptions Persia  Hard, colored limestones (building of Susa and Persepolis)  Roof-timbers (obtained from Elam)  Persian tiles - world-famous for their beauty of texture and colors  Due to floods & heavy rains, it resulted in the conversion of its earthen into clay to produce “bricks” in Assyria and Babylon  Due to rare experience of rain in Persia, they used timber and colored limestone CLIMATIC INFLUENCE Chaldea and Assyria  floods and heavy rains = “Ziggurats” Persia  dry & hot climate = open columned type temples  country of sunshine, gardens and deserts RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Babylonia and Assyria  polytheism - worship of heavenly bodies, divisions of the universe, and local deities  chief gods: a) Anu - sky god b) Baal - earth god c) Ea – water god Persia  Monotheism  system of ethical forces, believers of good and evil EMBODO, JE 7 SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE Assyrians  sturdy, warlike, but cruel people  conquering monarchs took thousands of prisoners Babylonian  among the three were considered extraordinary because achieved highest degree of civilization (e.g. irrigation, trade, cuneiform, Law of Hammurabi) Assyrian and Persian  believed in military superiority thus manifested in their buildings HISTORICAL INFLUENCE  Chaldean Period (4000 to 1250 B.C.)  Assyrian Period (1250 to 606 B.C.)  Babylonian Period (606 to 538 B.C.)  Persian Period  Eannadu - earliest Babylonian king mentioned in the cuneiform inscriptions who reigned B.C. 4500  Sargon (B.C. 722-705) - the most celebrated Assyrian king; erected the great palace at Khorsabad  Reigns of Darius (B.C. 521-485); and Xerxes (B.C. 485- 465) - most interesting palaces were erected at Susa and Persepolis.  The country remained under the rule of the Persians until the time of Alexander the Great, B.C. 333, when it became a possession of the Greeks. The conquest of Egypt by Cambyses, B.C. 525, and the dazzling impression left by the marvelous buildings of Memphis and Thebes, caused the development of the use of the column amongst the Persians.  In the seventh century A. D., the Arabs overran the country and settled there Bagdad becoming a new capital of great magnificence. Towards the close of the tenth century, the Turks, a barbarous people pouring in from the east, settled in the country, which is at the present moment in a desolate state owing to Turkish misrule. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER  Massiveness  Monumentality  Grandeur EMBODO, JE 8 ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES ASSYRIAN & BABYLONIAN  Arcuated type of construction; Arch, vault and flat strips, buttresses with glazed tile adornment  colossal winged bulls, carved alabaster slabs, sculptured bas- reliefs PERSIAN  Columnar and trabeated with flat timber roof sometimes domed EXAMPLES BABYLON ZIGGURATS or “Holy Mountains”  chief building structure,  square or rectangle in plan w/ steeply battered sides  an open platform on top containing the “Fire Altar”  The angles of these temples were made to face the cardinal points  surmounted by a richly decorated temple chamber, which served as a shrine and observatory from which astrological studies could be made Development  Archaic ziggurat - usually have one flat top rectangular mound carrying the upper temple  Two or Three-staged ziggurat - rectangular in plan, design w/ several tiers or stages  Seven-staged ziggurat during the Assyrian period ASSYRIA Palace Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad  entrance portals flanked with statues of headed winged bulls & lions  contains 700 rooms  with its various courts, chambers, and corridors is supposed to have occupied an area of 25 acres Palace Parts a) SERAGLIO – palace proper which includes the king’s residence, men’s apartment & reception courts for visitors b) HAREM - private apartments of the prince and his family, women’s apartment c) KHAN - service chambers, a Moslem “inn” for travelers EMBODO, JE 9 PERSIA Palace PALACE PLATFORM, PERSEPOLIS  occupies 1500 & 1000 ft. & is elevated 40 ft.  one of the important capitals of Persia  contains the following: a) Palace of Darius b) Palace of Xerxes c) Hypostyle Hall of Xerxes  probably used as a throne room  originally had seventy-two black marble columns, 67 feet in height, arranged in a somewhat novel manner supporting a flat roof. d) Hall of Hundred columns by Darius  225 feet square  probably used as an audience and throne-hall e) Propylaea – entrance to hall designed by Xerxes  Steps leading to the eastern portico of the Apadana (Audience Hall) of Persepolis COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS PLAN  A special character was given to the temples of the early, and the palaces of the later period, by raising them on terraces or platforms some 30 feet to 50 feet in height  Angles of the Assyrian ziggurats face the cardinal points of the compass  Assyrian palaces were designed so as to be effective internally and externally, being raised on the platforms EMBODO, JE 10 WALL  Assyrians - used stone only as  In Persia - the walls which a facing to their brick walls - were thin have the massive walls, which were disappeared, leaving the of cased brickwork, only massive stone or marble remain, the columns being of blocks forming the door wood having perished. and window openings, immense columns, and broad stairways which alone have survived the ravages of time.  The slabs of alabaster with which the walls of the palaces were faced reveal much of the social history of the people. OPENINGS  Lighting to the temples is conjectural, but it appears to have been effected by means of a “clerestory”  Use of the arch, both circular and pointed  Doorways - of great size, give buildings a sufficient supply of light and air, and openings may also have been formed in the upper parts of the walls ROOFS  The roofing appears to have been effected by means of timber beams reaching from one column to the next, and resting on the backs of the "double-bull" capitals  Halls of the palaces were covered with brick tunnel vaults, but in many cases the roof of considerable thickness was flat, formed of very tough but plastic clay and debris, and kept in condition by being occasionally rolled EMBODO, JE 11 COLUMNS  Primarily of wood, but in the later period at Persepolis, built them of the natural stone  Capitals were double-bull, double-unicorn, double-horse, double-griffin type and the Ionic scroll occurs in some examples. MOULDINGS  Assyrian palaces sculptured  Persepolis - bead, hollow and slabs and colored surfaces ogee mouldings in the bases, while the volutes of the capital were treated with plain sinkings. ORNAMENT  Assyrian sculptures in alabaster exhibit considerable technical skill and refinement  Notable repousse pattern work on bronze bowls, shields, and gate fittings EGYPTIAN (From 5000 BC to 1st century AD) GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE  Egypt known as “The Land of Pharaohs”  Nile River: means of communication, trade route & lifeline  Egypt’s greatest wealth was its fertile soil GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE  STONE: abundant building material  SAND DRIED BRICKS: made up of clay & chopped stone for pyramids & temples  DATE PALM: for roofing  PALM LEAVES: for roofing materials  ACACIA: boats  SYCAMORE: mummy cases CLIMATIC INFLUENCE  Flat roofs without drainage (no downspout or gutters) due to absence of rain  No windows to cut heat penetration and sandstorm  Unbroken massive walls protected the interior from the fierce heat of the sun EMBODO, JE 12 RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE  Pyramids were built because they believed in “Life after Death” & for the preservation of the dead body  Pharaoh is not only king but also “god” both political & religious ruler, when he dies, he becomes “Osiris”, god of dead  “monotheistic” in theory & “polytheistic” in practice DIFFERENT EGYPTIAN GODS  AMUN-RA: chief god  RAH: symbol of the sun, hope for eternal life  ATUM: world creator  OSIRIS: god of the dead  ISIS: wife of Osiris  HORUS: sky god, son of Osiris, also reincarnation of “Ra” himself  SET: dead god of evil, brother of pleasure  THOT: ibis headed god of wisdom  ANUBIS: jackal headed god of death  PTAH: god of craftsmen  SERAPIS: bull god SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE  MONARCHY - form of government  PHARAOH - King of Egypt, ruler, highest priest in Egypt  VIZIER - King’s most powerful official  CHANCELOR - controls the royal treasuries, granaries & supervises the census  CHIEF STEWARD - in charge of the King’s personal estate & household SOCIAL RANKS a) NOBLE FAMILIES b) SOLDIERS, VIZIERS, CHANCELLORS, CHIEF STEWARDS c) FISHERMEN, FARMERS, CRAFTMENS, MERCHANTS – ordinary Egyptians d) SLAVES - lowest form HISTORICAL INFLUENCE  30 DYNASTIES (started from 3rd Millennium BC to Roman Period. Egypt was part of Persian)  Empire for 2 Centuries, before the invasion of ALEXANDER the Great I. ANCIENT KINGDOM (1ST – 10TH Dynasty)  Development of two types of tombs a) Mastaba b) Pyramid EMBODO, JE 13  I. MIDDLE KINGDOM (11th – 17th Dynasty)  Important Personalities a) MENTUHETEP II – developed the 3rd type of tomb: Rock–cut Tomb b) SENUSRET – erected the earliest known Obelisk, Heliopolis c) AMENEMHAT I – founded Great Temple of Ammon Kharnak (grandest of all temples) II. NEW EMPIRE (18th – 30th Dynasty)  Important Personalities a) THOTMES 1 - began the additions to the Temple of Ammon, Karnak b) HATSHEPSUT - queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple at Mt. Deir el Bahari c) AMENOPHIS III - erected the Colossi of Memnon, one of the wonders of the ancient world d) RAMESES I - began the construction of the Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak e) RAMESES II - finished the construction of the Hypostyle Hall & erection of the Rock Temple, Abu Simbel III. THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD  Important Personalities a) PTOLEMY II – built the Pharaohs or the “Light House” b) PTOLEMY III – founded the “Greatest Serapeum” at Alexandria IV. The Roman Period (BC 30 - AD 395) V. Later Periods (AD 395 to the present day) ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER  Simplicity  Monumentality  Solidity or massiveness ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES  BATTERED WALL - inclination from base to top of the facade.  HIEROGLYPHICS - used as ornaments, pictures & writings from the walls  DECORATIONS - mouldings such as “gorge” or “hollow and roll” was inspired by reeds, Torus moulding  SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION a) POST & LINTEL b) COLUMNAR OR TRABEATED EXAMPLES 1. TOMBS The Tombs were of three main types: EMBODO, JE 14  a) Mastabas b) Royal pyramids c) Rock-hewn tombs A. MASTABA  first type of Egyptian tomb  Tomb-houses that were made to take the body at full length  rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with battered side (angled at 75 degrees), covering a burial chamber below ground  Parts: a) outer chamber b) SERDAB: inner chamber with STELAE (stone with name of deceased inscribed); contains statue of deceased and offering table c) chamber containing the sarcophagus, reached by an underground shaft Mastaba at Saqqara B. PYRAMID  massive funerary structure of stone or brick  square plan and four sloping triangular sides meeting at the apex  evolved from MASTABA  with four sides facing the cardinal points  made by 100,000 men for 100 years STEPPED PYRAMID PYRAMID OF KING ZOSER or ISER – built by IMHOTEP, oldest surviving masonry building structure in the world BENT OR BLUNT PYRAMID PYRAMID OF SENEFERU SLOPE OR TRUE PYRAMID PYRAMIDS OF GIZA  The four sides, which, as in all the pyramids, face the cardinal points, are nearly equilateral triangles  The Great Sphinx shows King Chepren as a man-lion protecting his country  EMBODO, JE 15  PARTS OF A PYRAMID COMPLEX  Elevated Causeway  Offering Chapel  Mortuary  Valley Building Pyramid of Cheops, Grand Gallery C. ROCK-HEWN OR ROCK-CUT  cut deep into the mountain rock or hillsides  For nobility, not royalty Tombs at Beni-Hassan  Four out of the 39 tombs are accessible to the public: Amenemhet, Khnumhotep II, Baqet III, Khety Tomb of Amenemhet, Beni-Hassan Tomb of Baqet, Beni-Hassan Tomb of Kheti, Beni-Hassan 2. OBELISK  upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-capped pyramidion on top  sacred symbol of sun-god Heliopolis  usually came in pairs fronting temple entrances  height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base  four sides feature hieroglyphics Great Temple of Ammon Karnak, Luxor Piazza of S. Giovanni, Rome  Originally from the Temple of Ammon, Karnak  oldest of its kind in Rome  brought to Rome by command of emperor Constantine II Obelisk of Thutmoses I, Temple of Amun-Ra  21.2 m high and weighs nearly 150 tons 3. PYLON  monumental gateway to the temple consisting of slanting walls flanking the entrance portal  often decorated with scenes emphasizing a king's authority since it was the public face of a cult building EMBODO, JE 16  Pylon of Rameses II, Luxor Temple  Hatshepsut's chancellor, Temple of Isis, Philae royal architect  150 ft. broad Senunmut  6o ft. high oversaw construction 4. TEMPLES  sanctuaries that only Kings and Priests can penetrate  only a high priest can enter in both types of temple  for mysterious rites and priestly processions which took place within guarded precincts a) CULT: built for the worship of the gods b) MORTUARY: built in honour of the Pharaohs PARTS OF AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE a) Entrance Pylon - massive sloping towers fronted by an obelisk known as gateways in Egypt b) Hypaethral Court - large outer court open to the sky c) Hypostyle Hall - a pillared hall in which the roofs rest on column. d) Sanctuary - usually surrounded by passages & chambers used in connection with the temple service e) Avenue of Sphinx - where mystical monster were placed Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak  grandest temple & work of many kings  Originally commenced by Amenemhat about B.C. 2466  occupying an area of 1,200 ft. x 360 ft Great Temple of Abu Simbel  Example of rock-cut temple  Constructed by Rameses II  Entrance forecourt leads to imposing pylon with 4 rock-cut colossal statues of Rameses sitting over 20 m high Inner sanctum  The Abu Simbel Temple is aligned so that the sun's rays penetrate an inner sanctuary twice each year. They then illuminate the figures of Ptah, Amun, the deified Ramesses II and Re. Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir El-Bahari  quite different from all others in Egypt, and consists of three terraced courts stepped out of the rock and connected by inclined planes  Hatshepsut was the first female pharaoh of Egypt. She reigned between 1473 and 1458 B.C. Her name means “foremost of noblewomen” EMBODO, JE 17 5. SPHINX a) Androsphinx - a mystical monster with a body of a lion and head of a man b) Hieracosphinx - body of a lion & head of a hawk c) Criosphinx - body lion & head of a ram Great Sphinx, Giza  The greatest monumental sculpture in the ancient world, it is carved out of a single ridge of limestone 240 feet (73 meters) long and 66 feet (20 meters) high 6. CAPITALS & COLUMNS a) Bud & Bell Capital b) Volute Capital c) Hathor – Headed Capital d) Polygonal Columns e) Palm type Capital f) Osiris Pillars g) Papyrus Capital h) Square Pillars 7. MOULDINGS  Gorge and Hollow Moulding  Torus Moulding 8. ORNAMENTS a) Lotus Papyrus & Palm – for “fertility” b) Solar Discs & Vultures w/ wings – for “protection” c) Spiral & feather ornament – for “eternity” d) Scarab or sacred beetle – for “resurrection” COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS PLAN  Externally the massive pylons ornamented with incised decorations formed the chief facade, a contrast being obtained by the /slender obelisks which usually stood in front of them, while the approach was through an impressive avenue of innumerable sphinxes.  The walls, the pylons, and other features are placed on different axes, free from any pretence of regularity. EMBODO, JE 18 WALLS  Immensely thick, and in important buildings were of granite, while in the less important they were of brick faced with granite.  The faces of the temple walls slope inwards or batter towards the top, giving them a massive appearance  For the purposes of decoration, the walls, even when of granite, were generally covered with a fine plaster, in which were executed low reliefs, treated with bright color.  Simplicity, solidity, and grandeur, qualities obtained by broad masses of unbroken walling, are the chief characteristics of the style. OPENINGS  These were all square-headed and covered with massive lintels, for the style being essentially trabeated.  Window openings are seldom found in temples, light being admitted by the clerestories. ROOFS  These were composed of massive blocks of stone supported by the enclosing walls and the closely spaced columns.  Being flat, they could be used in dwelling-houses as a pleasant rendezvous for the family in the evening for the enjoyment of the view and the fresh breezes which spring up at sunset, and at certain seasons may have been used for repose. They may also have been used in the daytime, if protected from the sun by temporary awnings.  The flat roofs of the temples seem to have been used in the priestly processions. MOULDINGS  hollow and bead ORNAMENTS  This was symbolical, and was an important element in the style, including such features as the solar disc or globe and the vulture with outspread wings, as a symbol of protection, while diaper patterns, spirals, and the feather ornament were largely used. The scarab, or sacred beetle, was considered by the Egyptians as the sign of their religion EMBODO, JE 19 MODULE 2 HISTORICAL INFLUENCE GREEK TO ROMAN ARCHITECTURE PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT  Early Period: Aegeans, Minoans & Myceneans GREEK ARCHITECTURE (3000 BC – 700 BC) GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE  Hellenic Period: Greek  surrounded on three sides by the sea, possessed of many cultural influence and natural harbours, and convenient for the development of power was at its peak trade in Europe, Africa, and  mountainous nature of the country separated the inhabitants Asia, experiencing into groups or clans = rivalry Prosperity and  rugged nature of the Greek Peninsula & its widespread progress in the arts, exploration, literature, islands = made communication difficult theater, architecture, GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE music, mathematics,  MARBLE - chief mineral wealth of Greece, the most philosophy, and monumental building material in existence, and one which science favours purity of line and refinement in detail  The country was also rich in silver, copper, and iron. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER AEGEAN CLIMATIC INFLUENCE ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY  intermediate between rigorous cold and relaxing heat: PERIOD favoured an outdoor life, most of public ceremonies took  roughness and place in an open air, even in religious rites, due to limited massiveness of public buildings other than temples structure  hot sun and sudden showers = porticoes and colonnades GREEK ARCHITECTURE which were such important features or HELLENIC PERIOD  Simplicity & RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Harmony  AEGEANS: worship “nature”, priestesses conducted the  Purity of Lines religious rites  Perfection of  GREEKS: Represents their deities by large statues. They Proportions worship natural phenomena, ancestors, and deified heroes  Refinement of Details SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE  "carpentry in  Chief diversion were music, dancing, wrestling, boxing, marble” - timber gymnastic, and bullfighting often with religious connection. forms imitated in Women took part in hunting and more strenuous games, as stone with well as in craftwork remarkable  National games and religious festivals united them in exactness reverence for their religion, and gave them that love for music, the drama, and the fine arts, and that emulation in ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES manly sports and contests for which they were distinguished. AEGEAN  people led an open-air life, for the public ceremonies and in ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY many cases the administration of justice were carried on in PERIOD the open air  Forms of government: tyrannic, aristocratic, & democratic  Low pitch or flat roof on multi- storey structure EMBODO, JE 20  Stairway was developed for vertical circulation  principal building types: Houses termed as “Megaron” & palaces  4 Methods of walling surface finishes: a) Cyclopean – a masonry made-up of huge stone blocks laid mortar b) Polygonal – a masonry w/c is constructed w/ stones having polygonal faces c) Rectangular – block of stone cut into rectangular shapes. d) Inclined blocks – stones with inclined blocks GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD  Rectangular plan  Propylaea - Temples gateways  Colonnade surrounds the temple.  Lacunaria - timber paneled coffers, no ceiling  Walls were made up of stones.  Marble sculptures  Mural paintings on the walls of temples  Entasis - optical illusions were corrected from horizontal lines not to appear dropping or sagging from the center EMBODO, JE 21 EXAMPLES AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE OR EARLY PERIOD 1.) Megaron Areas:  Enclosed porch  Living apartment or megaron proper  “Thalamus” or sleeping room The Megaron complex at Mycenae, view from the main hall (circular hearth visible in foreground) through the anteroom and porch. 2.) Gate of Lions, Mycenae  most ancient stone sculpture in Europe 3.) Palaces  used by kings or local chieftain King Minos Palace, Crete 4.) Tombs 2 Types of Aegean Tomb:  Tholos – a stone-vaulted construction, shaped like an old fashion beehive. It consists of a long passage known as “Dromos” leading to domed chamber.  Rock–cut or chamber tomb – rectangular chamber, cut w/ in the slope hill -side approach by Dromos Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae  sometimes known as the Tomb of Agamemnon,  largest and best preserved  consists of a long passage or “dromos” (20 ft. broad by 115 ft. long) 5.) Temenos  A sacred enclosure surrounding a temple or other holy spot Acropolis at Pergamon Acropolis at Athens EMBODO, JE 22 GREEK ARCHITECTURE or HELLENIC PERIOD Structures at Acropolis, Athens  Propylaea  Pinacotheca & Glypthotheca  Statue of Athena Promachos  Erectheion o Architect – Mnesicles o Sculptor – Phidias o Caryatids – porch was built to conceal the giant 15-ft beam needed to support the southwest corner over the metropolis  Parthenon o dedicated to the goddess Athena o largest Greek Temple o Architect: Ictinus & Callicrates o Master Sculptor: Phidias o a peripteral octostyle Doric temple with Ionic architectural features stands on a platform or stylobate of three steps o Stylobate o Stereobate o Crepidoma o Euthynteria  Temple of Nike Apteros o Architect – Callicrates o Most exquisite small Ionic temple dedicated to “Wingless Victory”  Old Temple of Athena  Stoa of Eumeses  Theater of Dionysus  Odeion of Herodes Atticus 6.) Agora  square city or marketplace, the Greek’s political business & economic life 7.) Temples  chief buildings PARTS OF A GREEK TEMPLE a) Pronaos – the inner portico in front of naos or cella b) Naos – principal chamber containing the statue of the god or goddess, w/ porticoes & colonnades c) Epinaos or Opisthodomus – posticum which serves as the treasury chamber EMBODO, JE 23 TWO WAYS OF DESCRIBING TEMPLES: (rectangular)  According to the number of columns on the entrance front. a) Henostyle - one column b) Distyle - two columns c) Tristyle - three columns d) TetraStyle - four columns e) Pentastyle - five columns f) Hexastyle - six columns g) Heptastyle - seven columns h) Octastyle - eight columns i) Enneastyle - nine columns j) Decastyle - ten columns k) Dodecastyle - twelve columns  By the arrangement of the exterior columns of the temple in relation to naos o IN ANTIS – temples that have one to four columns between antae at the front. o AMPHI-ANTIS – temples that have one to four columns between antae at the front and rear. o PROSTYLE – temples that have a portico of columns at front. o AMPHI-PROSTYLE – temples that have a portico of columns at the front & rear. o PERIPTERAL – temples that have single line of columns surrounding the naos. o PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL – temples that have flanked of cols. Attached to the naos wall. o DIPTERAL – temples that have a double line of columns surrounding the naos. o PSEUDO-DIPTERAL – temples are like the last, but the inner range of columns is omitted on the flanks of the naos. Intercolumniation: spacing between the columns o Pycnostyle – 1.5 dia o Systyle – 2 dia o Eustyle – 2.25 dia o Diastyle – 3 dia o Areaostyle – 4 dia 8.) STOA  covered walkways or porticos, commonly for public usage  early stoas were open at the entrance with columns, usually of the Doric order, lining the side of the building; they created a safe, enveloping, protective atmosphere EMBODO, JE 24 9.) PRYTANEION  a senate house for the chief dignitaries of the city 10.) BOULEUTERION  council house  covered meeting place of the democratically elected councils 11.) THEATER  for plays  an open air structure, which consisted of orchestra, auditorium or carved out of the slope of hillside, in or near city Theater of Epidaurus  most beautiful example & well-preserved building  Architect: Polycleitus 11.) ODEION  for music  carved or hollowed out of the hillside  acoustically-efficient Odeion of Herodes 12.) STADIUM  sports arena 13.) HIPPODROME  chariot race arena 14.) PALAESTRA  wrestling school 15.) GYMNASIA  exercise court CLASSICAL ORDERS A.) DORIC ORDER  simpliest & the earliest among the 5 orders  Without base, directly on crepidoma  Height (including capital): 4 to 6 times the diameter at the base  Divided into 20 shallow flutes separated by arrises  Doric capitals had two parts - the square abacus above and circular bulbous echinus below EMBODO, JE 25 3 main divisions:  Architrave: principal beam of 2 or 3 slabs in depth  Frieze  Cornice, mouldings B.) IONIC ORDER  volute or scroll capital (derived from Egyptian lotus and Aegean art)  More slender than Doric  Needed a base to spread load  Height: 9 times the base diameter  Has 24 flutes separated by fillets  Upper and lower torus Two parts:  Architrave, with fascia  Cornice  No frieze C.) CORINTHIAN ORDER  Decorative variant of Ionic Order  Base and shaft resembled Ionic  More slender  Height of 10 diameters  Capital invented by Callimachus, inspired by basket over root of acanthus plant 3 parts:  Architrave  Frieze  Cornice, developed type with dentils CLASSICAL MOULDINGS EMBODO, JE 26 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE  In the Roman social system, there were GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE only patricians,  The central and commanding position of Italy in the plebeians and slaves Mediterranean Sea enabled Rome to act as an intermediary and no middle class in spreading art and civilisation over Europe, Western Asia,  Roman women were and North Africa, they conquered first by war, dominated by held in high respect force of character, and then ruled by laws and civilised by family life was arts and letters. protected  The Romans were not a seafaring people like the Greeks and did not send out colonists in the same way to all parts of the ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER then-known world: they depended for the extension of their  VASTNESS & power, not on colonisation, but on conquest. MAGNIFICENCE  OSTENTATION & GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE ORNATENESS Concrete  Chief building material was which rendered finest example of ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES Roman Architecture TYPES OF VAULTS  made up of stone or brick rubble & a mortar of which the DEVELOPMENT important ingredient was “pozzolana” 1) Semi-circular/ Wagon-  ample supply of marbles, terra-cotta, stone, bricks, sand, headed/ Barrel vault gravel & timber  borne on two parallel walls CLIMATIC INFLUENCE throughout its  North Italy - climate of the temperate region of Europe length  Central Italy - genial and sunny 2) Cross vault  South Italy - almost tropical  formed by  Diversity of architectural features & treatment in the intersection of two peninsula itself semi-circular vaults of equal span RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE  used over square  religion of ancient Rome was part of the constitution of the apartment or on State square bays in long  worship of the gods, adopted from the Greeks under Latin hallways names 3) Hemispherical Dome/  venerated more their emperors than their gods and because Cupola of this attitude, there were less temples for worship  used over circular structures Important Emperors who patronize architecture in Rome:  semi-domes for  NERO semi-circular  HADRIAN recesses  DIOCLETIAN  VESPASIAN 5 ROMAN CONCRETE WALLS  SEPTIMUS SEVERUS a) Opus  TRAJAN Quadratum –  CARACALLA made up of rectangular blocks of stone EMBODO, JE 27  with or w/ out mortar joints but frequently secured with dowels and cramps b) Opus Incertum – made up of small stones laid in a loose pattern roughly assembling the polygonal work c) Opus Recticulatum – fine joints were in diagonal lines like the meshes of a net d) d) Opus Testaceum – triangular bricks (plan) specially made for facing the walls e) Opus Mixtum – consisted of bands of “tufa” introduced at intervals in the ordinary brick facing or alteration of rectangular blocks with small squared stone blocks CLASSICAL ORDERS COLUMN/ CAPITALS a) TUSCAN  counterpart of Doric capital  About 7 diameters high  With a base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital, plain entablature b) COMPOSITE  combination of Ionic & Corinthian  Most decorative EMBODO, JE 28 EXAMPLES 1.) FORUM  open space used as a meeting place, market or rendesvouz for political demonstrations Forum Romanum  oldest & most important Forum of Trajan  largest forum  Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus 2.) RECTANGULAR TEMPLES  used Pseudo–Peripteral, raised in a “podium”, oriented towards the south Maison Caree, Nimes 3.) CIRCULAR & POLYGONAL TEMPLES  derived from the temples of the Greeks & the Etruscans which became the prototype of the Christian baptistery The Pantheon  most famous & perfect preservation of all ancient buildings in Rome.  converted into a Christian church named Sta. Maria Rotonda 4.) BASILICAS  halls of justice or assembly hall Basilica in the Forum Pompeii Basilica of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna 5.) THERMAE  palatial public bath  Romans liked to keep clean and fit  Built elaborate public baths throughout the empire  For as many as 30 men and women in the open Parts of the thermae:  Apodyteria – dressing room  Laconicum (Sudatorium) - sweat room, rubbing with oil  Tepidarium – warm bath  Frigidarium – cold bath  Unctuaria (Alipterion) – oils and perfumes room (unguents)  Calidarium – hot room, or with hot water bath 6. BALNEUM  private bath in Roman palaces & houses containing the following: a) Tepidarium b) Calidarium c) Frigidarium 7.) THEATERS OR ODEION  Roman theaters were built up by means of concrete vaulting, supporting tiers of seats, it was restricted to a semi-circle EMBODO, JE 29 8.) AMPHITHEATERS OR COLOSSEUM  use for gladiatorial combats, elliptical in plan The Colosseum  Also known as “Flavian Amphitheater”  commenced by Vespasian & completed by Domitian 9.) TRIUMPHAL ARCHES  erected to commemorate victorious campaign of emperors and Generals Arch of Septimius Severus, The Forum, Rome 10.) PALACES  used to house the Emperors Palace of Diocletian  Spalato largest palace & often called “a city in a house” covered a total of 8 acres, almost the size of Escorial, Spain. 11.) ROMAN HOUSES a) Domus  domestic dwelling  private house b) Villa  Country House  a luxurious country house with surrounding terraces and gardens, colonnades, theaters & thermae c) Insula  Apartment Block  3 to 4-storey tenement also called “Werkmen’s Dwelling” 12.) AQUEDUCTS  use for water supply, w/ smooth channels or “specus” lined w/ hard cement & carried on arches, in several tiers Pont du Gard, Nimes, France 13.) BRIDGES OR “PONS”  simple, solid & practical construction designed to resist the rush of water 14.) FOUNTAINS  striking features of ancient & modern Rome Types: a) “Lacus” or Locus – designed similar to a large basin of water. b) “Salientes” – similar to a large basin of water with spouting jets. EMBODO, JE 30 EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE  Christianity had its birth in Judea, Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.  Early Christian Architecture was influenced by the existing Roman art GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE  Ruins of the Roman buildings provided quarry where materials were obtained  Influenced the style for construction, decoration for columns & other architectural features as well as fine sculpture and mosaic from older building which were turned into Basilican churches of the new faith CLIMATIC INFLUENCE  The climatic conditions of Roman provinces as Egypt, Syria, and North Africa where Christianity was established were more or less varied, and naturally modified the style in those countries where the fiercer sun and hotter climate necessitated small windows and other Eastern features. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE  Christianity spread out rapidly and was an important factor in the development of early Christian architecture & inspired the building of some of the greatest architectural monuments  Constantine & Licinus issued their celebrated edict of Milan giving Christianity equal rights with other religions & Constantine made it the official religion SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE  Constantine was the prime character but was not proclaimed Emperor; he removed his empire from Rome to Byzantium and developed a new style of Architecture HISTORICAL INFLUENCE  The final phase of Roman Architecture from 4th to 6th Century, primarily in church building ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER  Early Christian Architecture is basically Roman in character but executed it through: a) SIMPLICITY IN DESIGN b) COARSENESS IN EXECUTION  impressive and dignified EMBODO, JE 31 ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES  contributed to the development of “ribbed vaulting & arcades & timber trussed roof”  used bell tower or “campanile” in their exterior  usually with 3-5 aisles covered by a simple trussed roof.  either closely spaced columns carrying the entablature (trabeated) or more widely spaced columns carrying semi- circular arches known as “archivolt”.  Uses long rows of “off-repeated” columns from entry to sanctuary for a long Church appearance.  An “arch of triumph” (transaction thru death to life eternal) gave entrance to Sanctuary with the high altar at the corner EXAMPLES 1.) BASILICAN CHURCHES  Roman basilicas as models  Usually erected over the burial place of the saint to whom it was dedicated  Unlike Greek and Roman temples which sheltered gods, the purpose of the Christian church was to shelter worshippers  Came in a complex, with cathedral, belfry or campanile, and baptistery  Fine sculptures and mosaics worked into new basilicas  Paid little regard to external architectural effect  Entrance at west  Priest stood behind altar, facing east PARTS  ATRIUM or open forecourt surrounded by arcades  NARTHEX covered area for penitents  NAVE lighted by a clerestory of small windows  3 or 5 AISLES side aisles half-width of nave  separate galleries for women on opposite sides of the nave  “arch of triumph” symbolizing transition through death into eternal life  altar under BALDACHINO  APSE (sanctuary) lined with marble slabs  BEMA raised stage for clergy  choir, enclosed by CANCELLI or low screen walls  AMBO, pulpit on either side of choir, from which the gospel and epistle was read Old St. Peter’s Basilica  erected by Constantine near the site of the marytrdom of St. Peter in the circus of Nero EMBODO, JE 32 Basilica of Constantine, Germany  “Aula Palatina”  contains the largest extant hall from antiquity  World Heritage Site St. Paolo Fouri Le Mura, Rome  largest & most impressive among all basilican churches Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome  Built by Pope Sixtus III  Only church where there is evidence that it was originally a pagan basilica  One of the most typical basilican churches 2.) BAPTISTERY  Used only for sacrament of baptism, on festivals of Easter, Pentecost, and Epiphany  Large separate building from church, sometimes adjoined atrium The Baptistery of Constantine, Rome  by Sixtus III, dedicated to Constantine oldest among the Italian Baptisteries 3.) TOMBS & CATACOMBS  Christians objected to cremation, insisted on burial on consecrated ground  Land for burials had become scarce and expensive  Monumental tombs became expressions of faith in immortality  Cemeteries or catacombs were excavated below ground  Several stories extending downwards  Usually domed and enriched with lavish mosaic decorations  Walls and ceilings were lavishly decorated with paintings mixing pagan symbolism with scenes from the bible Catacomb of Domitilla  oldest  one of the two largest of Rome’s 40 or so secret underground Christian burial networks. The Crypt of the Popes (Catacombs of St. Callixtus, Rome)  most important and venerated crypt of the cemetery, called "the little Vatican" as it was the official burial place of nine popes and, probably, of eight dignitaries of Rome's 3rd century Church EMBODO, JE 33 TERMINOLOGY  AMBULATORY – a passageway around the apse of church  ANTEPODIUM – a seat behind the choir reserved for the clergy  BEMA – a stage reserved for the clergy  CHEVET – the apse, ambulatory, & radiating terminal of a church  CLERESTOREY – an upper stage in the church w/ windows above the adjacent roof  CLERGY – priest with the religious elders  DAIS – a raised platform reserved for the seating of speakers or dignitaries  ORATORY – a small private chapel furnished w/ an altar and a crucifix  REREDOS – an ornamental screen or wall at the back of an altar  TRANSEPT –the portion of a church crossing the main axis at the right angle & forming a cruciform plan  TRIBUNE – a slightly elevated platform or dais for the speaker  TRIFORIUM – roof over the aisles below the clerestory  SEPULCHER – a tomb or a receptacles for relics especially in a Christian altar BYZANTINE GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE  Byzantium, renamed Constantinople after its Imperial founder, and also called “New Rome”, now as “Istanbul”  Has a commanding and central position for the government of the expanding Roman Empire.  at the intersection of two great highways of commerce: the water highway between the Black Sea and Mediterranean, and the trade route between Europe and Asia GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE  no good building stone  local materials such as clay for bricks and rubble for concrete were employed  Other materials more monumental in character had to be imported CLIMATIC INFLUENCE  Semi– tropical climate: flat roofs used & combined w/ oriental domes, with small windows often high up in unbroken walls, sheltering arcades surrounded the open courts  Adapted old methods of building to the climate of new capital EMBODO, JE 34 RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE  Christianity was established as the state religion of the Roman Empire - chief buildings erected in Byzantium, were churches: basilican Early Christian type of church was merged in the domical Byzantine type  Political Division between East and West, followed by the division of Churches, due to “ICONOCLASTIC MOVEMENT” (decree to ban the use of statues as means of representations either of human or animal forms) & this made painting figures in decoration a substitute. SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE  Ways of life and corrupt conditions contributed greatly to the fall of Roman Empire. Prominent Figures considered movers of this Architecture:  THEODOSIUS II - built several military gates and towers (defense against the Goths & Huns)  JUSTINIAN - responsible for rebuilding of St. Sophia “Divine Wisdom” which now turned to a Moslem Mosque. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER  Simplicity in external design w/c resulted in the use of clay & rubble.  Richness in internal treatment importing “marble” ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES  Fusion of domical construction with classical columnar style  Domes of various types placed over square compartments using pendentives 3 types of dome:  SIMPLE DOME – dome & pendentives were part of the same sphere.  COMPOUND DOME – dome is not a part but rises independently above them.  MELON-SHAPED DOME/ONION OR BULBOUS – consist of curved flutings which avoided the necessity of pendentives  Semi-circular arches rest directly on columns, with capitals able to support springing of arches  Plans for churches & baptisteries; rounded arches, elaborated columns & colours  Features the grouping of small domes or semi-domes around a large central dome  Extensive use of “mosaic decoration” EMBODO, JE 35 EXAMPLES GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE  The use of local S. Sophia, Constantinople materials, whether  Hagia Sophia "divine wisdom“ stone or brick, marble  built by Emperor Justinian or terra-cotta, as well  designed by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus as of ready-made  Perfection of Byzantine style columns and other  a former Greek Orthodox patriarchal basilica, later an features from old imperial mosque, and now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey Roman buildings S. Mark, Venice CLIMATIC INFLUENCE  An exterior quality all its own: blending of features from  Northern Portion: Dull many foreign lands climate contributed to  Glittering, resplendent façade the use of:  Exterior enriched by fine entrance portals, mosaic and o Large windows marble decorations to admit light  reflects the art of Byzantium which so largely influenced o High pitch roof the architecture of Venice to throw off  lies at the eastern end of the Piazza San Marco, adjacent rain & snow and connected to the Doge's Palace  Southern Portion:  For its opulent design, gold ground mosaics, and its status o Small windows as a symbol of Venetian wealth and power, from the 11th to minimize sun century on the building has been known by the nickname shading Chiesa d'Oro (Church of gold) o Flat roof S. Theodore, Constantinople RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE  a perfect specimen of a miniature  Christianity, the chief Byzantine church, although now a mosque source of education and culture and the The Little Metropole Cathedral, Athens erection of a church  the smallest building in the world dignified by the name often resulted in the of cathedral, (only 38 ft. by about 25 ft.) and the dome, foundation of a city; supported on a high octagonal drum (only 9 ft. in for the Papacy had diameter) been rising to great power and influence  Monastic Orders: ROMANESQUE promoted new GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE methods in agriculture,  On the decline of the Roman Empire, the Romanesque and exercised its style grew up in those countries of Western Europe which influence on had been under the rule of Rome, and geographical architecture; science position determined many of the peculiarities of the style letters, art, and culture in each country. were the monopoly of  combination of Roman & Byzantine Architecture basically the religious Orders. roman in style The schools attached to monasteries trained EMBODO, JE 36  youths for the service of religion; monks and their pupils were often the designers of cathedrals, and architecture was almost regarded as a sacred science CHIEF MONASTIC ORDERS:  The Benedictine Order  The Cluniac Order  The Cistercian Order  The Augustinian Order  The Premonstratensian Order  The Carthusian Order  The Military Orders: Knights Templars and Knights Hospitallers  The Friars  The Jesuits SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE  Establishment of “Feudal System”: Landlord build “castle” to separate them & protect them from the peasants. This castle was made with man – made canals.  Feudalism: a military and political system based on personal loyalty (vassal and lieges) EMBODO, JE 37 HISTORICAL INFLUENCE  Roman Empire in the West had already come to an end in A.D. 475. The election of the first Frankish King Charlemagne (A.D. 799) as Holy Roman Emperor marks the beginning of a new era  next two hundred years little progress was made, and it has been suggested that this was owing to a popular superstition that the millennium would bring the end of the world ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER  SOBER & DIGNIFIED - Opposite of Roman character ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES  Rib & Panel Vaulting - framework of ribs support thin stone panels  Use of Massive wall structures, Round Arches & Powerful Vaults  Latin Cross Plan in churches  Use of Corbelled Arches found underneath the eaves of a church Two Types of Vaulting - supported by tiers 1. Quadripartite (four – part vaulting) 2. Sexpartite (six – vaulting) EXAMPLES 1.) CATHEDRALS Mostly Basilican in plan 2.) BAPTISTERIES Large, separate buildings usually octagonal in plan and connected to the cathedral by the atrium Used 3 times a year: Easter, Pentecost, Epiphany 3.) CAMPANILES Straight towers shafts, generally standing alone Served as civic monuments, symbols of power, watch towers 4.) CASTLES 5.) FORTIFICATIONS & TOWNWALLS 6.) MONASTIC BUILDINGS PISA CATHEDRAL  The building depends for its artistic effect upon the beauty and interest of its ornamental features rather than the promise of logical into a new style which a northern example possesses EMBODO, JE 38 BAPTISTERY  designed by Dioti Salvi  39.3 m circular plan in diameter  Built of marble  largest Baptistery in Italy  The lower part is 12th century Romanesque (with round arches) and the upper parts are predominantly 13th century Gothic (with pointed arches)  dome is covered in red tiles on the west side and in lead slabs on the east side  Inside it is rather somber and plain  attractive stained glass and a magnificent pulpit carved by Nicola Pisano  renowned for its perfect acoustics CAMPANILE  a circular structure 52 feet in diameter  ornamented with eight stories of arcades  During its erection the foundations gave way, thus causing the tower to lean about 11 feet from the vertical  Architect: Bonanno Pisano Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire  Britain's largest monastic ruin and most complete Cistercian abbey is a World Heritage site  The oldest part is everything west of the transept, including the long nave with large cylindrical pillars and round Romanesque arches. Fortifications & Townhalls  All over Europe - 1500 castles in England in 11th and 12th centuries  Began as motte and bailey earthworks  Later became citadels with stone curtain walls SPAIN  Use of both Basilican and Greek-cross forms  Use of horseshoe arch Santiago de Compostela  Finest achievement of Romanesque in Spain EMBODO, JE 39 CENTRAL EUROPE Worms Cathedral  Eastern and western apses and octagons  2 circular towers flank each  Octagon at crossing, with pointed roof ENGLAND Durham Cathedral  Rib and panel vaulting with pointed arches FRANCE  Remains of old buildings were less abundant – they had greater freedom of developing new style  Rib-vaults and semi-circular or pointed arches over the nave and aisles  Timber-framed roofs of slate finish and steep slope to throw off snow S. Madeleine, Vezelay  Earliest pointed cross-vault in France Abbey of St. Denis, near Paris  Among the first instances of using the pointed arch  Ribbed vault, pointed arch and flying buttresses successfully combined TERMINOLOGY  Motte – a steep mound of earth surrounded by a ditch and surmounted by a timber stockade and tower  Motte and Bailey – a Norman castle of the 10th to 12th centuries, consisting of a motte placed within a bailey  Bailey – the outer wall of a castle or the courtyard enclosed by it  Palisade – a fence of pales set firmly in the ground for enclosure or defense  Pale – a pointed stick of stake  Fortification – a defensive military work constructed for the purpose of strengthening a position  Bastion – a projecting part of a rampart or other fortification, typically forming an irregular pentagon attached at the base to the main work EMBODO, JE 40  Sally port – a gateway in a fortification permitting a large  Wheel window – a rose number of troops to move rapidly from the besieged position window having and attack the besieges distinctly radiating  Parapet – a defensive wall or elevation of earth or stone mullions or bars protecting soldiers from enemy fire  Tympanum – the space  Castle – a fortified group of buildings usually dominating the between an arch and surrounding country and held by a prince or noble in feudal the horizontal head of times a door or window  Citadel – a fortress in a commanding position in or near a below, often decorated city, used in the control of the inhabitants and in defense with sculpture during attack or siege  Chevet – the rounded  Keep – the innermost and strongest structure or tower of a east end of a Gothic medieval castle, used as a place of residence, especially in cathedral, including times of siege. Also called donjon the apse and  Battlement - a parapet having a regular alternation of ambulatory merlons and crenels, originally for defense but later used as a  Apse – a semi-circular decorative motif. Also called embattlement of polygonal projection  Merlon – one of the solid parts between the crenels of a of a building, usually battlement vaulted and used  Crenel – any of the open spaces alternating with the merlons especially at the of a battlement sanctuary or east end  Embrasure – an opening, loophole or crenel, through which of a church missiles may be discharged  Cathedral – the  Drawbridge - a bridge that can be raised, let down, or drawn principal church of a aside to prevent access or to permit passage beneath it diocese, containing the  Moat – a broad deep ditch, usually filled with water, bishop’s throne called surrounding the rampart of a fortified town, fortress or castle the cathedral as protection against assault  Turret – a small tower forming part of a larger structure, GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE frequently beginning some distance above the ground. Also  The style of called tourelle architecture  Church - a building for public Christian worship originating in France in  Bema – a transverse open space separating the nave and the the 12th century apse of an early Christian church, later developing into the existing in the western transept of later cruciform churches half of Europe through  Nave – the principal or central part of a church, extending the middle of the 16th from the narthex to the choir or chancel and usually flanked characterized by the by aisles building of great  Narthex – the portico before the nave of an early Christian or cathedrals, a Byzantine church, appropriated for penitents progressive lightening  Baptistery – a part of a church or a separate building in which and heightening of baptism is administered structure, and the use  Font – a basin, usually of stone, holding the water used in of pointed arch, ribbed baptism vault and a system of  Campanile – a bell tower, usually one near but not attached richly decorated to the body of a church fenestration EMBODO, JE 41   a term used in reproach to this style a departure from classic lines  Can be identified by the general use of pointed arch  Also called “Medieval Architecture” GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE  Western Europe formed into separate nations, by the end of the twelfth century  The Latin races of France, Italy, and Spain developed into independent kingdoms  Germany was the centre of the Holy Roman Empire  England, under her Norman kings, possessed large domains in France and was thus linked up with Western GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Differentiating styles according to countries  Italy: white and coloured marbles  France and England: coarse-grained stone of  northern Germany and Lombardy : the brick CLIMATIC INFLUENCE Northern Gothic  slanting rays of the northern sun the most effective shadows are cast by vertical features, such as the buttresses and pinnacles EMBODO, JE 42   use of arcades and the size of door and window openings; 5) HOSPITAL – also  steep Gothic roofs due to heavy snow-falls known as “MAISONS – DIEU “, usually to Italian Gothic monasteries.  The southern sun moves higher in the firmament and thus 6) HOUSES – first known the deepest shadows are cast from horizontal cornices as “castle”, earlier called “chateaux”, later RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE called “private house”,  adoration of the Virgin Mary was responsible for the townhouse & now introduction of Lady chapels, either as a prolongation of the called “hotels” eastern end, or as a lateral addition  The extension of the sanctuary to provide for the increase in the numbers of the clergy, chapels dedicated to special saints, processional ambulatories, chantry chapels for masses for the dead, all in turn modified and extended the original plan in the different countries SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE  rivalry between neighbouring cities which was expressed in the erection of magnificent buildings both municipal and ecclesiastical ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER  “LOFTY AND ASPIRING QUALITY” (refers to Vertical Features)  STRUCTURAL HONESTY  ECONOMY IN THE USE OF MATERIALS ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES  POINTED ARCH with VOUSSOIRS and KEYSTONES  FLYING BUTTRESSES and PINNACLES  TRACERIED windows  ROSE WINDOWS  TRIFORIUM and CLERESTORY TYPES OF RIBS  RIDGE RIB  CROSS RIB  TRANSVERSE RIB  DIAGONAL RIB  TIERSERON  LIERNE RIB  BOSS EXAMPLES 1) CATHEDRALS 2) FORTIFIED TOWNS 3) HOTELS DE VILLE – Town halls or Municipal Halls 4) PALAIS DE JUSTICE – function same as the Roman Basilica EMBODO, JE 43 FRANCE  In French, “L'architecture Ogivale” Primaire  Also called “a lancettes”  Distinguished by pointed arches and geometric traceried windows Secondaire  Also called “Rayonnant”  Characterized by circular windows with wheel tracery Tertiare  Also called “Flamboyant”  Flame-like window tracery or free-flowing tracery AMIENS CATHEDRAL  famous for its carved woodwork in the choir stalls  Designed by Robert de Luzarches REIMS CATHEDRAL  coronation church of France  west façade is famous for its 500 statues CHARTRES CATHEDRAL  dominated by two contrasting spires – a 105- metre plain pyramid completed around 1160 and a 113-metre early 16th-century Flamboyant spire on top of an older tower  famous for its 176 stained glass windows NOTRE DAME, PARIS  One of the oldest French cathedrals  Begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully  Façade features successive tiers of niches with statues: Christ and French kings  Central wheel window  Two western towers with high pointed louvered openings CASTLES  Built on mounds above rivers  Thick walls and small windows to resist attack  Many were adapted to make convenient residences in later periods EMBODO, JE 44 FRANCE Carcassone  built in 13th Century AD  double wall, inner one made in 600 AD  50 towers and moat  two gateways guarded by machicolations, drawbridge, and portcullis  One of these towers housed the Catholic Inquisition in the 13th Century and is still known as "The Inquisition Tower". Today there is a museum "Musée de la Torture", which shows some of the original torture employed by the Catholic Church. ENGLAND EARLY ENGLISH  Equivalent to High Gothic in France  Also called "Lancet" or "First Pointed" style, from long narrow pointed windows DECORATED  Window tracery is "Geometrical" in form, and later, flowing tracery patterns and curvilinear surface pattern  Also called "Second Pointed", equivalent to French "Flamboyant" style PERPENDICULAR  Also called "Rectilinear” or "Third Pointed”  fan, palm or conoidal vault TUDOR  application of Renaissance detail  four-centered arch SALISBURY CATHEDRAL Westminster Abbey  Complex of church, royal palace and burial grounds  Most important medieval building in Britain  widest (32 m) and highest vault in England (102 ft) MANOR HOUSES  Erected by new and wealthy trading families Parts:  great hall, room with solar room, chapel, latrine chamber, service rooms, kitchens, central hearth EMBODO, JE 45   Later, in Tudor Manor Houses: increased rooms, quadrangular court, battlement parapets, and gateways, chimneys, buttery (butler’s pantry), oven, pantry, serving area and storage, larder (food storage), wardrobe, oratory- study, private chapel with altar and crucifix, scullery, brew house Penhurst Place, Kent GERMANY COLOGNE CATHEDRAL  largest Gothic church of Northern Europe  approximately an area of 91,000 sq. m. SPAIN  Strong Moorish influences: the use of horseshoe arches and rich surface decoration  of intricate geometrical and flowing patterns  Churches had flat exterior appearance, due to chapels inserted between buttresses  Excessive ornament, without regard to constructive character Burgos Cathedral  Irregular in plan  Most beautiful and poetic of all Spanish cathedrals Seville Cathedral  Largest Medieval church in Europe  Second largest church in the world ITALY  Verticality of Gothic is generally neutralized by horizontal cornices and string courses  Absence of pinnacles and flying buttresses  Small windows without tracery  Projecting entrance porches with columns on lion-like beasts Siena Cathedral  One of most stupendous undertakings since the building of the Pisa cathedral  Outcome of civic pride - all artists in Siena contributed their works to its building and adornment  Cruciform plan  Zebra marble striping on wall and pier EMBODO, JE 46  Florence Cathedral or S. Maria del Fiore  Designed by Arnolfo di Cambio  Essentially Italian in character, without the vertical features of Gothic  Peculiar latin cross plan with campanile and baptistery  pointed dome added by Brunelleschi  lantern in 1462 by Giuliano Majano  The Florence Cathedral is composed of three buildings: the "Duomo," which is famous for its huge dome roof and is the fourth-biggest cathedral in the world; the "Baptistery of San Giovanni," an octagonal building famous for the "Gates of Paradise;" and "Giotto's Bell Tower," which stands to the side of the Duomo. The white, green, and red marble exterior of the Cathedral is decorated with beautiful sculptures and mosaic works from many different artists. Milan Cathedral  Largest Medieval cathedral in Italy  3rd largest cathedral in Europe TERMINOLOGY  GARGOYLE – a waterspout projecting from the roof gutter of a bldg., often carved grotesquely.  MACHICOLATION – an overhanging defensive structure at the top of a medieval fortification, w/ floor openings thru boiling oil, missile, etc. w/c could be dropped on attackers.  TRACERY – the ornamental intersecting work in the upper part of a window, screen or panel, use decoratively in blank arches and vaults.  FINIAL – a formal ornament at the top of a canopy, gable & pinnacle.  SPIRE – the tapering termination of a tower.  STEEPLE – a tower crowned by a spire.  CLOISTERS – a secluded place of covered passages around an open space, connecting the monastic church w/ the domestic part of the monastery. EMBODO, JE 47 RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE  RENAISSANCE known as “Rebirth” or “Revival” of the Roman Classical Arts GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE  The Eastern Empire, with its capital at Byzantium, was gradually falling before the Turk, and therefore these districts did not come under the influence of the new movement. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE  Geological formation varies so widely in different parts of Europe that its influence cannot here be taken into account with regard to the whole of Western Europe, but must be considered under each country. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE  The countries of Italy, France, Germany, Belgium and Holland, Spain, and England were subject to special climatic influences which affected the character of the architecture RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE  The whole trend of religious activities in Europe was affected by the invention of printing, and the consequent spread of knowledge engendered a spirit of inquiry and freedom of thought  This renewed vigour in intellectual life led to Reformation in religion, and Renaissance in literature and architecture, with a consequent outbreak of building activity SOCIAL-POLITCAL INFLUENCE  The new intellectual movement manifested itself earlier in literature than in architecture, and thus had influenced public taste. Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio, by their writings, aided the spread of the newly discovered Classic literature which prepared the ground for a revolt against Mediaeval art, in favour of a revival of ancient Roman architecture, while the capture of the old Classic city of Constantinople by the Turks (A.D. 1453) caused an influx of Greek scholars into Italy, and their learning further influenced an age already ripe for change. EMBODO, JE 48 HISTORICAL INFLUENCE  Proto-Baroque, where Three great inventions there was more  Gunpowder changed the method of warfare. confidence in using the  Mariner's compass acquired vocabulary o 1450, series of voyages and explorations by sea led by freely (represented by Spain and Portugal Michelangelo) o For trade mostly but also for the discovery of more lands  Printing o mass production of books o contributed to the circulation of ideas and knowledge  Several Christian thinkers challenged and attacked the beliefs, customs, power and wealth of the Catholic Church  Protestants in Germany, Scandinavia and England  Martin Luther and John Calvin  Religious and intellectual unity of Christendom had begun to crumble  Increased understanding of Science and the Arts  Medicine and Astronomy  Human Anatomy by Andreas Vesalius  Attempt to understand the ancient world, its values, literary, artistic forms and architectural forms  "Treatise on Architecture" by Vitruvius in 1486  Renaissance had its birth in Florence ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER  DIGNITY & FORMALITY shown through “symmetry” PERIODS  Early Renaissance  High Renaissance or Proto-Baroque  Baroque  Rococo EARLY RENAISSANCE  Period of learning  Designers were intent on the accurate transcription of Roman elements HIGH RENAISSANCE OR PROTO-BAROQUE  Renaissance became an individual style in its own right  Purist or Palladian, where Roman tradition was held in high respect (represented by Andrea Palladio) EMBODO, JE 49   Mannerist, where practices which had no Roman precedent were interspersed with the usual buildings, or entire buildings were conceived in a non-Roman way  Mannerists used architectural elements in a free, decorative and illogical way, unsanctioned by antique precedent BAROQUE  Architects worked with freedom and firmly-acquired knowledge  The true nature of Renaissance as a distinctive style began to emerge  Baroque saw architecture, painting, sculpture and the minor arts being used in harmony to produce the unified whole ROCOCO  Style which is primarily French in origin  Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells  Profuse, often semi-abstract ornamentation  Light in color and weight ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES  Reintroduction of the (5) Classical Roman Orders of Architecture - Standardized by Renaissance Architects; Palladio, Vignola, Scamozzi & Chambers  Use of the rusticated masonry.  Parapets are usually with balusters.  Dome on a drum ARCHITECTS  FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI  LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI - De Re Aedificatoria  ANDREA PALLADIO  GUILIANO DA SANGALLO  DONATO BRAMANTE  RAPHAEL SANTI  ANTONIO DA SANGALLO  MICHELANGELO BUONAROTTI  GIACOMO DA VIGNOLA  LEONARDO DA VINCI EMBODO, JE 50 EXAMPLES FLORENCE, ITALY 1.) PALAZZI  With the development of gunpowder, palace-type building evolved, taking the place of fortified castles  Built around a cortile or interior court, like medieval cloister  Ground floor and piano nobile  Façade of massive, rugged, fortress-like character due to use of rusticated masonry and wall angles called quoins  Large windows unnecessary and unsuitable  Low pitched roof covered by a balustrade, parapet or boldly protruding roof cornices Palazzo Strozzi  By Benedetto da Majano  Open cortile and piano nobile  Astylar exterior of uniform rustication  Cornice of 1/13 the height, 2.1 m projection ROME, ITALY 2.) TEMPLE Tempietto in S. Pietro, Montorio  Resembling small Roman circular temple with Doric columns  4.5 m internal diameter  Site where S. Peter was martyred  Designed by Donato Bramante  Dome on drum pierced with alternating windows and shell-headed niches 3.) CHURCH COMPLEX S. Peter, Rome  Most important Renaissance building in Italy  With cathedral, piazza and the Vatican, forms a world- famous group  120 years, outcome of the works of many architects under the direction of the pope  Largest in the world EMBODO, JE 51 S. Peter: 12 Architects a) Donato Bramante  His design was selected from several entries in a competition  He proposed a Greek cross plan and a dome similar to the Pantheon in Rome b) Giuliano da Sangallo  a student of Bramante, designed the Pauline Chapel c) Fra Giocondo d) Raphael Santi  Proposed a Latin cross plan e) Baldassare Peruzzi  Reverted to Greek cross f) Antonio da Sangallo  Slightly altered plan - extended vestibule and campanile, and elaborated the central dome g) Michelangelo Bounarotti  Undertook the project at 72 years old - present building owes most of its outstanding features to him  Greek-cross plan, designed & strengthened dome, redesigned surrounding chapels, crossing, and exterior excluding the nave and facade h) Giacomo della Porta  Designed the cupola i) Domenico Fontana  Completed dome in 1590 j) Vignola  Added sided cupolas or side domes k) Carlo Maderna  Lengthened nave to form Latin cross and built the gigantic façade l) Gian Lorenzo Bernini  Erected noble entrance piazza 198 m wide with Tuscan colonnade  Completed plan is a Latin cross with an internal length of 183 m, width of 137 m  At crossing, majestic dome of 41.9 m internal diameter  Added the Cathedra Petri, and the Baldacchino  The dome was brought to completion by Giacomo della Porta and Domenico Fontana 4.) CHATEAU OR CHATEAUX  Country houses took the place of fortified castles  Residence for noble families Chateau de Chambord  Designed by an Italian, Domenico da Cortona  Semi-fortified palace, most famous in Loire district EMBODO, JE 52  Chateau de Maisons  One of the most harmonious of all chateaux  Designed by Francois Mansart on a symmetrical E-plan 5.) PALACES Palaise du Louvre, Paris  Built from Francis I to Napoleon III  Together with Tuilleries, 45 acres constituting one of the most imposing palaces in Europe ENGLAND ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD)  During the reign of Queen Elizabeth  Establishment of Renaissance style in England, followed Tudor architecture  Transition style with Gothic features and Renaissance detail JACOBEAN (1603 to 1625 AD) STUART (1625 to 1702 AD)  1st Phase: Inigo Jones was influenced by Italian Renaissance  2nd Phase: Christopher Wren was influenced by French Renaissance GEORGIAN (1702 to 1830 AD) 6.) ELIZABETHAN MANSIONS  Statesmen, merchants and gentry-built mansions in the countryside to suit their positions  E-shaped plan or H-shaped plan Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire  Great hall, kitchen and office, living rooms, grand staircase, long gallery, withdrawing room or solar, towers, gables, parapets, balustrades, chimney stacks, oriel and bay windows 7.) STUART BUILDINGS Banqueting House, London  Designed by Inigo Jones EMBODO, JE 53 St. Paul's Cathedral, London  Designed by Christopher Wren  Area of 6000 sq. m and a large central space under dome for big congregations  dome painted by Sir James Thornhill 8.) GEORGIAN HOUSES Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire  Most monumental mansion in England  Example of central block with wings SPAIN EARLY PERIOD (1492 to 1556 AD)  Grafting Renaissance details unto Gothic forms  In Spain:  Plateresque, rich and poetic style, so named for its similarity to silversmiths' work – plateria  Influenced by Moorish art - extremely florid and decorative, from the minuteness of detail  In Portugal:  Manueline Style (from King Manuel I, 1495 to 1521 AD)  Decorativ