History of Psychology 1-2567.pdf

History of Psychology Thitaporn Kaewboonchoo An Overview TODAY'S TOPICS What is Psychology? (recap last week and all) The Development of Psychology Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology Psychologists: Who they are and What they do?...

History of Psychology Thitaporn Kaewboonchoo An Overview TODAY'S TOPICS What is Psychology? (recap last week and all) The Development of Psychology Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology Psychologists: Who they are and What they do? How can we apply Psychology in daily life? What is Psychology? Psychology is the scientific study of __________________ and ____________________. What is Psychology? Psyche - mind logos - study, knowledge 'Philosophy' Scientific foundations of Psychology John Stuart Mill declared that psychology should leave the realms of philosophy. Defined psychology as “the science of the elementary laws of the mind” Scientific foundations of Psychology SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS After the discipline of psychology spread around the world, different ways of thinking about psychology emerged Development of Psychology ORIGIN OF PSYCHOLOGY Study of Mind School of Structuralism Start 1879 Psychology's First School of thought Wilhelm Wundt & Edward Titchner establish __________________________________ in Leipzig, Germany Reaction time assess how quickly people can respond to events School of Structuralism _____________________ method ‘looking into oneself’ doing the self-reflection School of Structuralism Titchener use introspection method to study consciousness trying to define the structure of the mind Then it became widely known as ‘School of Structuralism’ Over time, introspection method were abandoned because it was not a reliable method for understanding psychological processes. Wundt, Titchener, and other structuralists paved the way for developing a pure science of psychology. School of Structuralism Gestalt psychology Max Wertheimer believe in mental processes reject structuralist believe in meaningful______________________ gestalt: 'unitary form' or 'pattern' "Whole is greater than the sum of the parts" Gestalt psychology Gestalt Psychology reflects important ideas of the perception of objects is subjective and depend on context Different people can have different experiences and perception Psychoanalysis Sigmund Frued, Austrian physician and therapist ‘talk therapy: ______________________’ other different model 'psychoanalysis' focuses on region of mind ______________________ early childhood experiences shaped behaviors and personalities American Psychologists G. Stanley Hall, the first American Psychologist who work in Wundt's laboratory brought the idea back to USA (research Lab idea in 1883) formed __________________________________ Functionalism William James, the founder of functionalism Father of American Psychology concern with the ___________________________________ ‘stream of consciousness’ describe each person’s continuous series of ever-changing thoughts. consciousness existed as a more continuous and changing process. Study of Behavior Behaviorism John B. Watson, the founder of behaviorism American Psychologist we cannot observe others' mental process thus, reject the introspection method and free association emphasized _______________, observeable event only! become the main school in USA by 1920s - 1960s Behaviorism Ivan Pavlov and his classical conditioning work behaviors can be learned from condition association B.F. Skinner and his operant conditioning work rewards and punishments (product of environmental consequences) Though lost the dominant grip in psychology, many principle still be used in many situation ranging from education to parenting Recap a bit Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology APPROACHES OF PSYCHOLOGY The Behavioral Perspective believe that _____________________________ determine __________________________ psychology should resrtict itself to the observable behavior only mental process lies outside the range of scientific study need to study the environmental stimuli, or triggers, in particular situations Behavior therapy help people acquire more adaptive behavior to overcome psychological problems The Psychodynamic Perspective Rooted in Freud's theory of psychoanalysis our behavior is influenced by the struggle between ________________ sexual or aggressive impulses and opposing forces psychological disorders as the outward evidence of inner conflict focuses on the role of ____________________________ and _________________________ in shaping personality The Humanistic Perspective 3rd Force in Psychology reject the first two theory as they were too ____________________ Behaviorism - rely on environment Psychoanalysis - rely on unconscious focuses on human's _________________ and _________________ free will to make choices and create one's life with meaning and purpose Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers The Physiological Perspective help us understand about the ______________________ of behavior and mental processes hormones, heredity and nervous system Evolutionary psychology our behavior reflects inherited predispositions or tendencies that increase the likelihood of survival of our early ancestors -- natural selection agressiveness -- territory protection focuses on the role of evolutionary processes in shaping behavior -- based on__________________________ The Cognitive Perspective study mental processes and mental experiences thinking, learning, memory, use of language, problem-solving. focuses on how we _______________________ about themselves and world around them The Sociocultural Perspective how behavior and attitudes are shaped by ________ and ____________ influences age, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, lifestyle, income level, disability, exposure to discrimination, prejudice Much of early reserach in psychology focusesd on White male, middle-class samples Summary no right or wrong each focus on a diffrent aspect of behavior and psychological functions many psychologists are _____________________ Positive Psychology: study positive aspect of human experience like love, hope or happiness Psychologists WHO THEY ARE? & WHAT THEY DO? Experimental Psychologists conduct research on learning, cognition, sesation and perception, biological bases of behavior, and animal behavior Clinical Psychologists Evaluate and treat people with psychological problems and disorders Counseling Psychologists help people with adjustment problems School Psychologists work in school systems to help children with academic problems or special needs Educational Psychologists construct tests and improve course planning and instructional methods Developmental Psychologists Study physical, cognitive, social and personality development across the life span Industrial/ Organizational Psychologists Study the relationships between people and their work environments Consumer Psychologists Study the relationships between psychological factors and consumer's preferences and purchasing behavior Forensic Psychologists work with legal system. develop psychological profiles of criminal perform psychological evaluations Sport Psychologists apply psychological principles and techniques to sports and atheletic competition How to apply Psychology in Daily Life? Communication Motivation Productivity Decision-making