History Of CWA 2.pdf

CWA -HISTORY, CLASSIFICATION, Characteristics, Sign & Symptoms & PHT 1  Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to  History of CWA  Classify the chemical warfare  Know about properties  Know the symptoms  Know about PHT INTRODUCTION  The use of chemical to produce phys...

CWA -HISTORY, CLASSIFICATION, Characteristics, Sign & Symptoms & PHT 1  Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to  History of CWA  Classify the chemical warfare  Know about properties  Know the symptoms  Know about PHT INTRODUCTION  The use of chemical to produce physiological immobilization in war ca n be termed as chemical warfare agents. The effects of CWA are due to toxicity to men, animals and plants. Pre-requisites for CWA :- i. High toxicity. ii. Imperceptibility to senses. iii. Rapidity of action after dissemination iv. Persistency 4  Ancient History 428 - 424 B.C. - Choking smoke and 960-1279 A.D. - Spartans ignited caustic ash were Smoke containing pitch and sulfur to used by Roman Arsenic was used create toxic fumes in cavalry at the siege during battles in the Peloponnesian of Ambracia. China during the Wars. Sung Dynasty. 424 B.C. 187 B.C. 1279 A.D. 5 Middle Ages 1456 - City of Belgrade defeated invading Turks by igniting rags dipped in poison to create a toxic cloud. 6  In 2009, British There, 20 Roman soldiers died archaeologists uncovered the in a battle in 256 C.E. after oldest known evidence of a inhaling poison gas from a chemical attack at Dura- stove that pumped fumes from Europos, an ancient Roman city burning sulfur crystals and whose ruins are in the eastern bitumen into tunnels where they part of modern-day Syria. were barricaded.  19th Century Various plans to use chemical weapons were not carried out because such weapons were felt to be dishonorable in the field of battle. 1863 - The development of shells filled with chlorine against the Southern forces during the USA War of Secession, 1861-1865 was rejected. 8 Fritz Haber 9  Professor Fritz Haber (Germany) 1868 – 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for inventing the Haber-Bosch process – a method for large-scale synthesis of fertilizers and explosives. The food production for half the world's current population depends on this method for producing nitrogen fertilizers. Also considered the "father of chemical warfare" for his years of pioneering work developing and weaponizing chlorine and other poisonous gasses during WWI, especially during the Battle of Ieper. 10 10  History of chemical warfare World War I 1914 Small scale attacks with tear gas First large scale CW attack with chlorine on 22 April 1915 at Ieper (Belgium) – 5000 dead, 15000 casualties. Choking agents chlorine and phosgene gases initially released from cylinders on the battlefield and dispersed by the wind – many friendly fire casualties. Later in the war chemical shells and World War I, 1915 Gas attack, Western Front (World War I) mortars introduced. 12 13  History of chemical warfare World War I  July 1917 blister agent Mustard gas first used  By end of war 90000 fatalities and 1.3 million casualties due to CW mustard gas burns on a WWI soldier  Over 120, 000 tones of CW used 15 History of chemical warfare: After WWI WWII: Unfought Chemical warfare! Production of more lethal CW agents: Tabun: 1936 - Sarin: 1939 – Soma1944 – VX: 1955 Russian Civil War (1919-1921) Italo-Abyssinia War ( 1936-1940) Sino-Japan War ( 1937-1947) Yemeni Civil War (1963-1967) Viet Nam War ( 1965-1975) 16  Between the World Wars Chemical weapons were used during the Russian Italy used mustard gas against Ethiopians during its Civil War. invasion of Abyssinia. 1920 1936 1922–1927 The Spanish used chemical weapons against the rebels in Spanish Morocco. 17  The Nazis SS used chemical agents to kill millions of Jews and other prisoners World War II in concentration camps. 18  The US developed Chemicals designed to harm crops and would World War II harm those dependent upon it. However, they were never used. 19  Cold War – arms race The United States and the Soviet Union both maintained enormous stockpiles of chemical weapons, primarily nerve agents, amounting to tens of thousands of tonnes The amount of chemical weapons held by these two countries was enough to destroy much of the human and animal life on Earth 20  History of Chemical warfare: Post WWII Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988:  Frequent use of NA and SM against soldiers and civilians  First battlefield use of NA: March 1984 by Iraq against Iran Sardasht: June 1987 Halabja: March 1988 100,000 still suffering 21  History of chemical warfare : non-state actors  CW terrorist attacks in Japan  Nerve agent sarin (GB) used by the Aum Shinrikyu doomsday cult Matsumoto : 27 June 1994 released sarin in this central Japanese city killed 8 and injured >200 Tokyo : 20 March 1995  Sarin released in the subway  12 dead ~5000 injured 22  Recent allegations / reports of the use of CW History of chemical warfare or toxic chemicals in the Middle East 23 Current Status Iran - Research & Possible Production Iraq – None found Libya - Research & Possible Production N. Korea - Research & Possible Production Syria – Research/Possible Production and use Russia - Defensive Research Program United States - Defensive Research Program 24 Iran Chemical - Possible possession of: Mustard Gas Sarin 25 Iraq Chemical Known possession of: Mustard Gas Sarin Tabun VX 26 Libya Chemical Possible possession of: Mustard Gas Sarin Tabun Lewsite Phosgene 27 North Korea Chemical Possible possession of: Mustard Gas Hydrogen Cyanide Sarin Soman Tabun VX 28 Syria Chemical Possible Possession of: Mustard Gas Sarin VX 29 Summary Precise information on a country’s chemical weapons capabilities are difficult to assessed, due to the very nature and secrecy of the programs. 30  During World War I, with the first large-scale attack using chemical weapons taking place at Ieper, Belgium, on 22 April 1915. By the war’s end, some 124,200 tonnes of chlorine, mustard and other chemical agents had been released. More than 90,000 soldiers had suffered painful deaths due to exposure to them. Close to a million more people left the battlefields blind, disfigured or with debilitating injuries. 31  Classification and Properties  CLASSIFICATION (As per effects on body) NERVE AGENTS BLISTER AGENTS BLOOD AGENTS CHOKING AGENTS TEAR AGENTS  PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Freezing/Melting Point Boiling Point Vapor Density Vapor Pressure Volatility Persistency  CLASSES OF CHEMICAL AGENTS Chemical Warfare Agents Lethal Incapacitating and Riot Control Industrial Chemicals Warfare Agents Choking Blood Blister Nerve Agents Agents Agents Agents  INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS Common name/ Chlorine Phosgene Hydrogen Cyanogen Symbol (CL) (CG) Cyanide (AC) Chloride (CK) Military class Choking agent Blood agent Industrial Use Sanitation Plastics Electroplating, Dyes Odor Bleach Mown hay Bitter almonds Symptoms Coughing Choking Gasping for air Tightness in chest Red eyes, lips, skin Protection Respiratory (Skin) First Aid Aeration Aeration, Cyanide Kit CWA CLASSIFICATIONS (Body effect) Chemical Warfare Agent Type:- 1. Nerve Agents 2. Blood Agents 3. Vesicants/Blistering Agents 4. Choking Agent 5. Irritants  NERVE AGENTS Common Name/ Tabun, Sarin, Soman V- Agents Symbol (GA) (GB) (GD) (VX) (Vx) G- series V- series Odor Fruity Sulfur Symptoms Pinpointing of Pupils Salivation Vomiting/Diarrhea Twitching Difficulty in Breathing Convulsions Protection Respiratory and Skin First Aid Atropine + 2-PAM Chloride PHYSIO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CWA Nerve agents: The group of organophosphorus compounds Hazard in their liquid and vapour state Normally in liquid state on temperate condition.  G AGENTS Non-persistent Colorless and odorless, Highly volatile and they vapourise rapidly to a highly toxic cloud.  Properties GA GB GD GF VX (Tabun) (Sarin) (Soman) Molecular 162 140 182 180 267 Weight g/mole Vapour 5.63 4.86 6.33 6.2 9.2 Density Liquid density 1.07 at 25 1.09 at 25 1.02 at 25 1.17 at 1.01 at 25 C C C 25 C C Melting -5 -56 -42 -30 -51 points ( C) Boiling point 240 158 198 239 298 ( C) Volatility 610 22000 3900 438 10.5  NERVE AGENT COMPARISON Property Significance Treatment GD more resistant to treatment than GB Persistency VX > > GA > GD > GB Dissemination VX more difficult to aerosolize Difficulty of production GD > VX > other G agents Toxicity VX > GD > GB > GA  HOW MUCH SARIN (GB) DOES IT TAKE? STRUCTURE VOLUME LETHAL RESPIRATORY LETHAL AMOUNT DOSE Domed Stadium 1.07 x 106m3 100 mg-min/m3 107 kg, about 26 gals Movie Theater 12,000 m3 100 mg-min/m3 1.2 kg, about 5 cups Conference Room 400 m3 100 mg-min/m3 33 g, about 1 shot glass (50-100 seating)  NERVE AGENTS Sign and Symptoms:-  Examples:- 1. Difficulty breathing 1. G AGENT: SARIN, SOMAN & 2. Sweating/ Perspiration TABUN,Cyclosarin 3. Drooling/ Increased salivation 4. Nausea/Vomiting 2. V AGENT: VX 5. Convulsions 6. Eyes: Constriction of pupils/Dimming of Vision 7. Headache Sign and Symptoms:- 8. Running nose 9. Urination 10.Defecation (loose motions) 11. Decreased heart rate & BP 12. Muscular twitches Effects :- Incapacitates at low Concentrations Death at high concentrations  NERVE AGENTS What Do once Detected/ Confirmed:- Combined dosage of Atropine + PAM Chloride(Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) has been found very effective. This antidote has to be injected thrice at the interval of 15 minutes. DIAZEPAM-SOS (Save Our Soul)  BLOOD AGENTS Colourless Disseminated as vapours or gases and are taken into the body by breathing.  BLOOD AGENTS  Examples:- 1. HYDROGEN CYNAIDE 2. CYNOGEN CHLORIDE 3. Hydrogen Phosphide or Phosphine Gas Sign and Symptoms:- At low concentration  Dizziness, Headache, Weakness & Chest tightness, Drowsiness Properties HCN CNCI Physical state Gas Gas Molicular Weight 27.02 61.48 Vapour Density 5.63 4.86 Volatility Non persistent Non Persistent Sign and Symptoms:- At high concentration:- Fast & Painful respiration Lack of coordination of movement Cardiac irregularities Hypoxia (Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching tissues)convulsion & coma  BLOOD AGENTS What Do once Detected/ Confirmed:- 1. Highly Volatile 2. Put wet handkerchief over face 3. Crush 2 Ampules of Amyl Nitrate, Sodium Thiosulphate & Sodium Nitrate and hold close to the nose up to 4 to 5 minutes or until 8 Ampules are used. 4. Oxygen is supportive. 5. Wash exposed area with water abundantly.  BLISTER AGENTS Blister agents are also known as Vesicants. Blister agents are chemical compounds that causes injury to the skin. These substances also attack the eyes or any other tissue which they contact. a) Sulfur mustard, b)Nitrogen mustard , c)Lewisite Sulfur mustard is also known as the “King of CWA”.  BLISTER AGENTS Colourless to dark brown, oily liquid droplets Normally invisible in the vapour form. Persistent liquid known as mustard, which gives off a vapour with slight but characteristic odour of garlic  BLISTER AGENTS Colourless to dark brown, oily liquid droplets Normally invisible in the vapour form. Persistent liquid known as mustard, which gives off a vapour with slight but characteristic odour of garlic Properties HD L Nitrogen (Distilled (Lewisite) Mustard-III mustard) Odor Garlic Geranium Faint odor of amines Volatility 610mg.m-3 44480mg. 121mg.m-3 m-3 Physical Liquid Liquid Liquid state  BLISTER AGENT POINTS OF EMPHASIS Sulfur Mustard Agent Freezes at 57° F Mustard Agent Symptoms Delayed - NOT Onset Time of Effects Lewisite/phosgene Oxime Cause Immediate, Severe Pain Persistency of Hours (Desert) to Days or Even Weeks (Temperate) Suspected Carcinogens Vapor Is Skin Hazard Blisters on Over 50% of Body Can Prove Fatal  VESICANTS/BLISTERING AGENTS Examples:- 1. Sulpher Musturd 2. Nitrogen Mustard 3. Lewisites Sign and Symptoms:- Delay effect i.e. after lapse of 4-6 hrs from exposure symptoms appear – Blisters. Itching & Swelling in eyes, lachrymation  What Do once Detected/ Confirmed:- 1. No specific antidotes available presently. 2. Eyes: wash with sterile water and use Ciprofloxacin eye drops. 3. Apply petroleum jelly. COUNTER MEASURES FOR BLISTER AGENTS Immediate clean the effected area of the body by water. Decontamination can be done by fuller’s earth. Clean the eyes by water and use petroleum jelly and ciprofloxin eye drop. Povidone -iodine and framycetin ointment can be used on the blisters. Analgesic (pain killer) and Antihistamine (anti allergic) can be used. Use codeine for cough. Use British anti-lewisite against lewisite poison.  CHOKING AGENTS Colourless Disseminated as gases and are taken into the body by inhalation. Properties COCl 2 CCl3 o COCL (Phosgene (Diphosgene) Physical state Gas Gas Molicular Weight 98.92 197.85 Liquid Density at 1.37 1.65 25 C Properties CN CS CR Physical state Solid Solid Pale yellow solid Melting point C 54 93-95 72 Boiling point C 248 310-315 315 Density G 1.187 1.04 - Volatility mg.m— 34.3 0.71- 3  CHOKING AGENTS  Examples:- 1. Phosgene 2. Diphosgene 3. Chlorine Sign and Symptoms:- Rapid & shallow breathing Decreased heart rate & low BP Skin lesions Exposure at higher concentration may lead to pulmonary odema & death  What Do once Detected/ Confirmed:- 1. Allow victim to breath fresh air & keep him warm 2. Put on artificial respiration 3. To suppress cough: Codeine may be used 4. To prevent secondary infection of lungs: antibiotics 5. Beclomethasone Inhaler should be used 2 dose at the interval of 4 hours 6. Ampicillin Antibiotic Capsules.  COUNTER MEASURES FOR CHOKING AGENTS Move the victim to a higher area. Remove the clothes. Wash the entire body 0r take shower with soap. Try not to vomit. Don’t drink more liquid. Don’t run anywhere.  IRRITANTS (TEAR GAS) Cs ( 2-chlorobenzal malanonitrile) would be considered an example of a physical incapacitates. White crystalline solid Disseminated as an aerosol in a non-persistent cloud A truly non-lethal agent  CN- chloroacetophenone): solid agent is disseminated at an aerosol; volatility is low and has lachrymatory effects.  IRRITANTS AGENTS  Examples:- 1. Chloro-Acetophenone(CN) 2. Malononitrile (CS)  Sign and Symptoms:- Mainly teary eyes Irritation of respiratory tract  What Do once Detected/ Confirmed:- 1. Exit the contaminated area. 2. Breathe fresh air 3. Rinse the eyes with fresh water Any questions THANK S  CLASSIFICATION OF CWA The CWA pose different characteristics and belong to various classes of compounds with pronounced physiochemical, physiological and chemical properties. T hey can be classified in the following manner:- I. TACTICAL CLASSIFICATION II. CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION III. PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION  CLASSIFICATION OF CWA I. TACTICAL CLASSIFICATION:- Based on persistency t wo different classes of CWAs are as – 1. Persistent Agents: - Substances, which are non- volatil e and persist for a period used to contaminate ground surface. Eg. Vx, Thickened Soman, Mustard gas, thickened m ustard gas. 2. Non-Persistent Agents: - Substances which are highly vo latile and which contaminate the air. Eg. Hydrogen cyanide, Sarin (GB), Soman (GD), Tabun (GA), Tear gases and H agents.  CLASSIFICATION OF CWA II) CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION:- Based on structure related behaviors of CW agents such as. I. Organophosphorus compounds - All Nerve Agents II. Organo-sulphur compounds- Sulfur Mustard III. Organo-fluorine compounds- Phosgene IV. Arsenicals – HCN,CNCl.  CLASSIFICATION OF CWA III) PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION:- Based on physiological effects produced by the CWAs. Their action is due to ingestion, through skin, mucous, membranes or blood. The class includes the following:- I. Lung injurant /Choking agents II. Blood Poisons (Blood Agents) III. Irritants IV. Vesicants (Blister agents)  CLASSIFICATION OF CWA III)PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION:- V. Nerve Agents VI. Psychochemicals (Psychotomimetic agents) VII. Lethal Toxins VIII. Defoliants (Herbicides):