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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is classified as a nerve agent?
Which of the following is classified as a nerve agent?
What is a common symptom associated with nerve agents?
What is a common symptom associated with nerve agents?
Which treatment is recommended for nerve agent exposure?
Which treatment is recommended for nerve agent exposure?
What class of chemical agents does Sarin belong to?
What class of chemical agents does Sarin belong to?
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What type of chemical agent is Phosgene classified as?
What type of chemical agent is Phosgene classified as?
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Which odor is associated with Hydrogen Cyanide?
Which odor is associated with Hydrogen Cyanide?
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What symptom is NOT typically associated with exposure to blister agents?
What symptom is NOT typically associated with exposure to blister agents?
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What is a protective measure against nerve agents?
What is a protective measure against nerve agents?
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What is the molecular weight of Sarin (GB)?
What is the molecular weight of Sarin (GB)?
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Which nerve agent is considered the most toxic?
Which nerve agent is considered the most toxic?
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Which option represents the correct order of persistency for nerve agents from highest to lowest?
Which option represents the correct order of persistency for nerve agents from highest to lowest?
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What is a common symptom associated with exposure to nerve agents?
What is a common symptom associated with exposure to nerve agents?
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What treatment is commonly used for nerve agent exposure?
What treatment is commonly used for nerve agent exposure?
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Which nerve agent is the most difficult to aerosolize?
Which nerve agent is the most difficult to aerosolize?
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In terms of volatility, which nerve agent has the highest volatility?
In terms of volatility, which nerve agent has the highest volatility?
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What is the lethal amount of Sarin (GB) for a movie theater with a volume of 12,000 m3?
What is the lethal amount of Sarin (GB) for a movie theater with a volume of 12,000 m3?
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What is the primary treatment protocol for exposure to blood agents?
What is the primary treatment protocol for exposure to blood agents?
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Which of the following is classified as a blood agent?
Which of the following is classified as a blood agent?
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What symptom is NOT associated with low concentrations of blood agents?
What symptom is NOT associated with low concentrations of blood agents?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of blister agents?
Which of the following is a characteristic of blister agents?
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What is one of the first actions to take once blood agent exposure is detected?
What is one of the first actions to take once blood agent exposure is detected?
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What is the correct molecular weight of Cyanogen chloride?
What is the correct molecular weight of Cyanogen chloride?
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Which symptom is associated with high concentration exposure to blood agents?
Which symptom is associated with high concentration exposure to blood agents?
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What is the common odor associated with sulfur mustard?
What is the common odor associated with sulfur mustard?
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Study Notes
Blood Agents
- Can be colorless
- Disseminated as vapors or gases
- Inhaled
- Examples:
- Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
- Cyanogen Chloride (CNCI)
- Hydrogen Phosphide or Phosphine Gas
### HCN and CNCI Properties
- HCN Physical State: Gas
- CNCI Physical State: Gas
- HCN Molecular Weight: 27.02
- CNCI Molecular Weight: 61.48
- HCN Vapour Density: 5.63
- CNCI Vapour Density: 4.86
- HCN Volatility: Non-persistent
- CNCI Volatility: Non-persistent
Blood Agent Signs and Symptoms
- Low Concentrations:
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Weakness
- Chest Tightness
- Drowsiness
- High Concentrations:
- Fast and Painful Respiration
- Lack of Coordination of Movement
- Cardiac Irregularities
- Hypoxia (oxygen deficiency)
- Convulsions
- Coma
Blood Agent Response
- Put a wet handkerchief over your face
- Crush 2 ampules of Amyl Nitrate, Sodium Thiosulphate and Sodium Nitrate and hold close to the nose for 4-5 minutes or until 8 ampules are used.
- Oxygen is supportive
- Wash exposed area with water abundantly
### Blister Agents
- Also known as Vesicants
- Cause skin injury, as well as eye and tissue damage upon contact
- Examples:
- Sulfur mustard (also known as the "King of CWA)
- Nitrogen mustard
- Lewisite
Blister Agent Properties
- Sulfur Mustard:
- Colorless to dark brown, oily liquid
- Normally invisible in vapor form
- Persistent liquid with a garlic-like odor
Blister Agent Properties
- HD (Distilled Mustard):
- Odor: Garlic
- L (Lewisite):
- Odor: Geranium
- Nitrogen Mustard-III:
- Faint odor of amines
Chemical Warfare Agents
- Classified by bodily effects:
- Nerve Agents
- Blister Agents
- Blood Agents
- Choking Agents
- Tear Agents
Physical Properties of Chemical Warfare Agents
- Freezing/Melting Point
- Boiling Point
- Vapor Density
- Vapor Pressure
- Volatility
- Persistency
Chemical Warfare Agent Classifications
- Lethal
- Incapacitating
- Riot Control
Industrial Chemicals
- Common Name/Symbol:
- Chlorine (CL)
- Phosgene (CG)
- Hydrogen Cyanide (AC)
- Cyanogen Chloride (CK)
- Military Class:
- Choking Agent
- Blood Agent
- Industrial Use:
- Sanitation (CL)
- Plastics (CG)
- Electroplating, Dyes (AC)
- Odor:
- Bleach (CL)
- Mown hay (CG)
- Bitter almonds (AC)
- Symptoms:
- Coughing, tightness in the chest (CL)
- Choking (CG)
- Gasping for air, red eyes, lips, skin (AC)
- Protection:
- Respiratory, skin (CL)
- First Aid:
- Aeration (CL, CG, AC)
- Cyanide Kit (AC)
CWA Classifications
- Nerve Agents
- Blood Agents
- Vesicants/Blistering Agents
- Choking Agents
- Irritants
Nerve Agents
- Common Name/Symbol:
- Tabun (GA)
- Sarin (GB)
- Soman (GD)
- Cyclosarin
- V-Agents (VX, Vx)
- G-Series (GA, GB, GD)
- V-Series (VX, Vx)
- Odor:
- Fruity (G-Series)
- Sulfur (V-Series)
- Symptoms:
- Pinpointing of pupils (G-Series)
- Salivation (V-Series)
- Vomiting/Diarrhea (V-Series)
- Twitching (V-Series)
- Difficulty in breathing (G-Series)
- Convulsions (V-Series)
- Eye Constriction/Dimming of vision (G-Series)
- Headache (G-Series)
- Running Nose (G-Series)
- Urination (G-Series)
- Defecation (G-Series)
- Decreased Heart Rate and Blood Pressure (G-Series)
- Muscular Twitches (G-Series)
- Protection: Respiratory and Skin
- First Aid: Atropine + 2-PAM Chloride
Nerve Agent Effects
- Incapacitating at low concentrations
- Death at high concentrations
Nerve Agent Response
- Atropine + PAM chloride (Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride)) are effective treatments
Physio-Chemical Properties of CWA
- Nerve Agents:
- Organophosphorus compounds hazard exists in liquid and vapor states
- Normally in liquid state in temperate conditions
- G-Agents are non-persistent, colorless, odorless, highly volatile and rapidly vaporize into a highly toxic cloud.
### G-Agent Properties
-
GA (Tabun):
- Molecular Weight: 162 g/mole
- Vapor Density: 5.63
- Liquid Density: 1.07 at 25 C
- Melting Point: -5 C
- Boiling Point: 240 C
- Volatility: 610
-
GB (Sarin):
- Molecular Weight: 140 g/mole
- Vapor Density: 4.86
- Liquid Density: 1.09 at 25 C
- Melting Point: -56 C
- Boiling Point: 158 C
- Volatility: 22000
-
GD (Soman):
- Molecular Weight: 182 g/mole
- Vapor Density: 6.33
- Liquid Density: 1.02 at 25 C
- Melting Point: -42 C
- Boiling Point: 198 C
- Volatility: 3900
-
GF:
- Molecular Weight: 180 g/mole
- Boiling Point: 239
-
VX:
- Molecular Weight: 267 g/mole
- Vapor Density: 9.2
- Liquid Density: 1.01 at 25 C
- Melting Point: -51 C
- Boiling Point: 298 C
- Volatility: 10.5
Nerve Agent Comparison
- Treatment: GD is more resistant to treatment than GB
- Persistency: VX >> GA > GD > GB
- Dissemination: VX is more difficult to aerosolize
- Difficulty of Production: GD > VX > other G Agents
- Toxicity: VX > GD > GB > GA
Sarin (GB) Dosage
- Domed Stadium:
- Volume: 1.07 x 10^6 m^3
- Lethal respiratory dose: 100 mg-min/m^3
- Lethal Amount: 107 kg, about 26 gallons
- Movie Theater:
- Volume: 12,000 m^3
- Lethal respiratory dose: : 100 mg-min/m^3
- Lethal Amount: 1.2 kg, about 5 cups
- Conference Room (50-100 seating):
- Volume: 400 m^3
- Lethal respiratory dose: 100 mg-min/m^3
- Lethal Amount: 33 g, about 1 shot glass
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Description
This quiz covers the properties and effects of blood agents, such as Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanogen Chloride. You will learn about their physical states, symptoms caused by exposure, and recommended responses for safety. Test your knowledge on these hazardous substances and their impact on health.
