History Notes Unit 1 PDF

Obvious on this map what’s the significance of the fact that it sticks out into the Mediterranean Mr vinegar cities to influence trade over the Mediterranean italy?? Tunisia Tunisia and Tunisia is on which continent Africa Africa which means if you’re going to sail from the Western Mediterranean to...

Obvious on this map what’s the significance of the fact that it sticks out into the Mediterranean Mr vinegar cities to influence trade over the Mediterranean italy?? Tunisia Tunisia and Tunisia is on which continent Africa Africa which means if you’re going to sail from the Western Mediterranean to the Eastern Mediterranean at one point you’ve got to make a choice are you going to sell here through this tiny little passage or here through this relatively tiny little Passage but Italy and Sicily and Carthage squeeze the Mediterranean at the middle and they create a choke point so if you control that choke point you control all the trade going from Western Mediterranean to Eastern Mediterranean right that’s an incredibly important feature of that that little chunk of land right you can see it it just cuts it out right here all right Rome is very centrally located within Italy is right here it is not right on the water some people think that Rome is a port there was a port called caesarea that the Romans use that was just a small a short trip down the timer but Rome was never a port city per se right but Rome is if you look it’s pretty much right in the middle of Italy right no obviously the heel extends off this picture this is still all Italy up here up and up all the way into the mountains up here this is still literally so Rome is kind of dead center in the middle of Italy which gives it a very good location to control the rest of the Italian peninsula this also means it’s in a great area from a climactic standpoint climactic climatic standpoint right we may climatic standpoint has a very good climate it’s that that entire principal was formed by volcanic action so the soil tends to be very rich black volcanic soil so there’s a lot of things that you need to leave favor let’s think about this for a second right because the Nile once a year flows out of Eastern Africa down into your up up down however you know it’s the downstream is north right so it’s flowing North into Egypt and once a year and overflows its banks deposits all that rich still makes great farming soil okay but this River coming out of East out of East Africa the Nile Rivers do a couple things they provide water they also provide highways right you put votes on them and you can sell up or down them Down’s a little easier than up right but you can settle down and so these would tend to indicate that they’re that they could be used as an invasion wrap as well why can’t you invade Egypt via the Nile yeah but you can still invade right you can still come out of eastern African and Bay they didn’t remember the delta where specifically the Rapids right that isolate Egypt from the headwaters of the Nile right so the new beans couldn’t just flow into Egypt because they couldn’t get their boats through right so this isolates Egypt they get the good stuff the water and the silt but they don’t get the bad guys coming in from the south okay what’s to the west of Egypt that’s it right now to get through that desert to get into the fertile areas of the knot right so Egypt is a essentially Iceland what’s the north of Egypt the Mediterranean so Egypt until people really develop boats Egypt is isolated which allows it to grow right and we’re going to see the same thing with Italy right because water and by mountains okay so we’ll talk about the mountains to the north of Italy there are the Alps the Alps of the greatest mountains in Europe and they completely cut off Italy to the South running down the center of the Italian Peninsula is a mountain range called the ammonites okay know what this does it limits moving it’s very easy for Italians to go north and south or Northwest and Southeast on the peninsula it’s not as easy to go the other way because you got this mountain range which means that if the Greeks and the people on the other side of the Adriatic invade they can get across the Adriatic ocean relative or the Android secret relatively quickly but they’ve got to bring enough gear to get up over the app and I mountains to descend on Rome which is not as easy right so Italy like Egypt is relatively isolated which allows their societies to grow well in the early parts of their their existence right so the land is really rugged it tends to be either mountainous or hilly okay mountainous in the appetized mountains to the north and very very hilly elsewhere okay again it’s volcanic right Mount Vesuvius being the most famous of these this is the this is the volcano that erupted and destroyed two major Italian towns Pompeii and Herculaneum but a lot of that soil is at Rich black volcanic soil thing Rome itself is built on Seven Hills that surround a swamp Okay now you said well how do you build a city in a swamp right when we’re going to talk about that okay but there’s basically these seven different Hills that surround the swampy area and on those Hills are living early tribes and. they don’t always get along a lot of times they’re fighting with each other they’re stealing each other’s women things like that okay but it’s a relatively small area where these early settlements occur now yeah the Avalon mountains via the river called the timer has the Nile is to Egypt the Tiber is to roam virtually all the fresh water there is it Italy isn’t a very dry place the Somers tend to be dry but it’s not an extremely dry place the winters are a little bit better but generally speaking the freshwater supplies all depend on water coming out of the apanine mountains and Rome is founded directly on the river what happens is the River Flows Down against this area of the Seven Hills of Rome and it starts to back up yeah because the terrain changes me gets much flatter and there’s this depressed area between these Seven Hills so the water tends to back up when it forms a swamp there okay swamps not good for building that’s a good for a lot of other stuff like animals like sources of water right you can do a lot of farming around swamps cuz there’s a lot of moisture to feed crops but again it doesn’t really get super cold and then it gets a little bit wetter up towards the north they get a lot of snow up and then foothills of the Alps but down south they really don’t get a whole lot of snow The Climb is very very similar to like Southern California okay and it looks very similar so in California too kind of valleys and then mountains your Healy valleys and then mountains boring us right this climate is really good for agriculture to an extent okay what kind of crops grow in hilly mountainous Terrain grapes Citrus citrus fruit yeah more on the flat areas down closer to the water you can cultivate Greens in Italy but your grain production is limited it isn’t like the steps of Russia or the the American Midwest where you just got acres and Acres of flat fertile land and you can cultivate thousands of Acres of grains food will become a limiting factor for the Romans as they start to grow and they will have to look elsewhere to bring in their grain unlike our modern conceptions of Italy right where we think that the staple grains are all ground up and made into pasta the ancient Romans lived mostly on bread hey which requires a lot of wheat right so that’s going to become a limiting factor for the Romans and it’s going to force them to look elsewhere for food you know I don’t believe the Romans ever really got into terracing it’s not quite that Steep and the type of terrain it is with that volcanic soil you can still produce things like olives and grapes right so when your produce grapes you get great juice grape juice is going to spoil and go bad so you fermented and turn it into wine and then it really doesn’t go bad at like for a much longer period of time right olives you can eat those as olives or you can press it into olive oil okay for storage and transportation so what we’re going to see is at the Roman diet is very very similar to the Greek guy that little less fish right because the Greek Islands are so you know smaller islands all spread out throughout the the engine right but we’re going to see a very similar type die right but it’s going to be mostly bread based okay Romans it’s very very important to be able to talk about their history and their founding they view these as important factors because it gives them Prestige right so they’re going to want to be able to tell a good stories about their founding and I mean that both as a society and as individual families as well right all right so what we have here is a bunch of reenactors if you look at their helmets they all kind of look like mine without the transverse Crest on them okay this is very common type of helmet that we see in the Romans it’s a it’s a first or second century ad helmet you’ll notice that the Coliseum behind them you look at it and you go well that doesn’t look like a room in building what color Roman building supposed to be white right everyone thinks that they look like you know like this shiny glowing marble right it’s these giant white structures we sell these little holes on that building all these little holes that’s where the marble was mounted to the outside most Roman buildings were made of brick okay and they just put marble facing on the outside as Rome fell and people needed building materials they went and pride off the marble and used them to make their heart in their house right or to line their fireplace and stuff like that right so most of Rome doesn’t look at all like what I’m used to look likebelieving White City cuz of all the marvelous used all right room has very few written records if any okay the writing that we see about Rome is from much. later in Rome’s history writing about the Early Times there’s almost no archaeological evidence there is some I was the only about I guess 18 years ago or so and you can go up and go in Rome and up on some of the hills they’ve got some archaeological excavations of some of the earliest settlements in Rome which are kind of interesting but they were very very primitive people again they didn’t write they didn’t leave anything written those those real estate back to the 800 BC okay but again they rely on these Legends they rely on these stories so that they can celebrate their past and this is very important for Romans not just the past of the history of the of their other City itself but the past history of each family also is very important to them because it can First Status so you guys yesterday we saw the video with is who noaround a lot about the Statue of Augustus with the baby attached to his leg right remember that he kept joking around about how there’s a baby attached to Augustus line anybody know who that baby was famous statue of Justice. For the first or the first gate there is right there there’s the baby attached to his like the giant rain kept joking about thanks anybody notice that the baby’s sitting on something a pot right so that baby what is this behind the baby a wing so what baby has wings big February cupid that’s Cupid cupid and the dolphin are both signs of the Goddess Venus the July family like Julius Caesar and the family that Augustus was part of as well they said that they were descended from the goddess Venus so this statue the reason there’s a baby all right attached to augustus’s leg is to remind everybody that they were descendants of a goddess right to a room and that would have been obvious to you guys not so much right the more you know but she has all feel better for knowing that now. okay the first one of these Legends originates with the Trojan War so the Greek poet Homer wrote two books The Iliad and the Odyssey The Iliad these are these are probably the most famous two books in the western Canon The Iliad is the story of the Trojan War when the Greeks invade Troy because a Trojan Prince stole away a Spartan King’s wife Helen okay I’m Helen of Troy’s you’re so beautiful that they sent you had me faced and launched a thousand ships right because the entire Greek Nation set off in war against Troy and they fought for years and years and years and eventually they do the Trojan Horse thing they get inside and when they attacked Roy they completely sack the city okay they destroy they burn they murder they raped they kill they take people captives they completely trash the city okay some Trojans Escapehurry up this guy I miss anius is a Trojan who escapes the sack of Troy and he does so carrying his father upon his back because his father is old and can’t walk out on his own okay which right there is an illusion to the importance of the family in the Roman mythology right so he is carries his father and he leaves the Trojan they gather up the survivors and he leads them and they leave Troy which is here in Turkey and they sail through the Mediterranean and around race and around Italy and they come and they land on the Southwest coast of Italy and there they encounter a group of people called the latins okay and the Latins are a tribe that lives kind of in the ankle of the boot of Italy right and Aeneas forms an alliance with them and this is the beginning of Rome okay at least legendarily this Trojan and Latin Alliance starts to fight in battles against their neighbors and to dominate their neighbors Aeneas eventually marries a princess from the Latin the daughter of the king so now Aeneas and his son and all their descendants become one of the leading families in Rome all the way throughout the history of Rome if you could trace your lineage back to Aeneas you were important person you could say our family is descended from Aeneas just like the Julie eyes like Julius Caesar said our family is is descendants from Venus right this was a big deal for Romans to be able to talk about their glorious family past right all right which brings us to. okay now at a certain point you’re going to go wait I’ve heard the story before right okay and then a little bit later you’re going to go wait I’ve heard that story too okay so just think about that all right so the legend says that there were two twin brothers who founded Rome Romulus and Remus now Romulus and Remus were descendants of Aeneas their mother was a descendant of Aeneas so right there she’s an important person but not only that but she becomes pregnant with these twins because the god Mars the war god Mars descends to Earth and they have a little Affair and he gets her pregnant okay and you got to remember that in polytheistic religions usually the gods interact significantly with humans okay this means that Romulus and Remus are demigods what other mythologies do we have where people are demigods Hercules is a demigod right his father is Zeus right the king of the Gods okay who else did Daddy got anybody ready for Percy Jackson and demigod right who’s the demigod of the Wind and Sea hero to men you’re welcome Maui Maui is a demigod right okay so we see demigods throwing up throughout or showing up throwing up showing up throughout history a lot right A lot of people have these kind of tails in their history right all right so the king of the Latins has a problem right because he finds out that this woman who’s a descendant of Aeneas so she’s obviously one of his relatives right because if he’s the king he’s probably a descendant of Aeneas as well she just had these two twins who are demigods so demigods are good to have in your kingdom because they’re going to take over someday so the king because he’s threatened by the birth of these two boys orders that they become killed they become kill orders that they are slain right so the mother fearing for her baby’s lives puts them into a basket and sets them loose into the Tiber River Sam have you figured out where we’ve heard the story before yeah this is the Moses story right it’s the same story as the Nile is to Egypt the Tiber is to Rome right so you’re a baby you’re in a basket you’re sailing down the Tiber River where’s that basket likely to run ashore Rome Seven Hills there’s a swamp right so the basket comes to rest in the swamp between these Seven Hills the difference is for Moses who finds it a princess daughter if she will now if the She Wolf is lactating that indicates that she’s either just had a litter of puppies or possibly she had a litter of puppies that all died for some reason so maternally is it completely unreasonable to think that she might adopt these two little infants that are crying and stuff yes she might do that right hermistorical instincts she drags him out of the water and she can see it here but she suckles the two infants right but she’s feeding them right and so they are raised by wolves right now eventually there’s a Shepherd in the area and wolves are always dealing with Shepherds and shepherds are all always dealing with Wolves right because Shepherds Shepherd’s sheep and and wolves love a good lamb dinner right you know so there’s always so that the shepherd realizes that there’s these two boys running wild with the Wolves so he captures them and brings them home and civilizes them and raises them up as his own kidsleadership among the local people right they take their place in society now they decide why everyone would have done the story that these dummy guys have been born and that the king had ordered them killed right I’m not sure if it gets in the dream or or somebody tells them or or I don’t know Mars goes I’m having kids and you’re not invited to the party I don’t know right all right so they decide they’re going to honor the She Wolf by building a city where she will found them what’s wrong with that story where can you not build a city so we’ll talk about the reality behind that in a second because Romeo says they decide they’re going to start building the city so they start to build the city and they’re working together and Romulus comes up with an idea that Remus things is stupid so Rena starts making fun of him right I don’t know if he was like you know let’s let’s you know put in a skate park right or left I don’t know what he wants to do if he wants to do something Romulus make Remus makes fun of him so Romulus kills Remus where we heard that story before Cain and Abel right Romulus kills Remus and he names the city after himselfso if it worked out the other way it wouldn’t be called Rome it would be called ream right but because Romulus kills Remus the city gets named Rome okay I think we’re on time 1st king of Rome he sets himself up as the first king of Rome now we’re not really sure if there. was exactly seven of them or if there was you know were there really seven and there might have been more there might have been less right it’s their semi mythological day we do know that as in the stories that are told as we get to the last group of these Kings they all came from this area which is kind of to the northwest of Rome right so they were ethnically etruscates and this kind of explains why the Roman culture is so is so much based on this Etruscan culture okay no this map I should point out so the red area will be in Terraria right where the Etruscans are from I should point out that this map is by no means complete yes sir yeah cuz you want to copy that all the words that are on it so that it’ll look exactly like the slides that you already have you can call it whenever you want them guys okay all right so I should point out that I’m a map like this it is by no means complete there were tons and tons of little tribes kind of all moving around and having specific areas in Rome it wasn’t just three:ies in the South Latins in the middle of a truscans in the North okay there were all sorts of other tribes in the area okay this is just there to highlight the Etruscans and this area here which was largely subject to Greek:ization because the Etruscans really took their they took their culture from the Greeks right so the Romans are kind of like grandson of the Greeks right by way of the Etruscans again they’re their culture kind of becomes the Roman culture we see this with things like for instance Roman temples so Greek temples look like this right this is the part that on and if you want to see what a great Temple looks like go to Nashville and going to park they’ve got the Parthenon exact copy of it right including a giant statue of Athena inside it but you’ll notice that these are rectangular these long:ated buildings like this when we look at Roman temples they tend to not be rectangular they tend to be square right more or less square and that’s because the Etruscans made their temples Square so the Romans originally when they build temples their temples are square not rectangle they also build rooms first sewer which is called the cloaca Maxima okay and this is how they turn the swamp that’s between the Seven Hills into firm ground that you can build on the cloaca Maxima is so large you can walk through it that it still exists today all right it’s probably about half the size of this room in terms of how big it is and what it does is it serves to drain all the excess rainwater excess water from the swamps and sewage out to the Tiber River okay it is it is one of the world’s not the only one that were out there were some in there in the Middle East and stuff but it’s one of the world’s engineering Marvels right because what it does it essentially turns a swamp between the Seven Hills into Solid Ground right and right in the middle of that swap is where we see things like the Roman Forum being built Every Which we’ll get to later okay yes sir listen some of the other like engineering Windows was the Great Wall of China and the pyramids in the world now invented a phonetic alphabet right and then the Greeks developed that further the etruscan’s take it and that turns into what we call Latin letters which is what we use now right so the language of the Romans comes from that Latin tribe but most of the cultural stuff comes from the atrocities also use a number system that the Romans use which we now call Roman numerals right so you know one two three four is is depicted as one less than five and five then VI for six VII for seven until you get to 10 and it’s one less than 10 right she has all seen Roman numerals before kind of a neat thing to know would talk when he is a young man he marries the princess the daughter of the king and then he and his wife plot to murder the king right so he marries this gal and then they decide hey let’s kill your father so that I can be kicked okay so jointly they carry out this assassination they murder This Woman’s father and tarquin becomes king now he doesn’t stop there through because he wants total power so there is an advisory Council that is working with the King and he murders all of them also so now he has total power now he’s not all that a lot of early Roman expansion is credited to this guy because he’s a very aggressive kind of guy and so he fights a lot of battles locally around Rome and he spans the borders of rump now he has a couple children and his oldest son tends to be a little bit of a wild child the guy’s kind of a Loose Cannon and he’s always getting into trouble and his dad’s always covering for him one time they are out on campaign they’re fighting a battle somewhere close to Rome and tarkwin’s son and. several of his fellow officers like in the evening around the campfire they get into a debate over who’s got the best wife okay you want to say the best wife what I’m talking about is she models Roman virtue the most she’s the most beautiful she’s the best mother she’s the most loyal etc etc etc so they get into this kind of running argument that they have and they decide well you don’t need to do we need to have like a big dinner party so one night we’re going to ride home from the battlefield because he got these are local battles to Rome and we’re going to one of us is going to host the party and we’re going to have all of our wives there and so what kind of show off our wives to each other right so kind of a social event so they do this they have this party and one of the ladies stands Head and Shoulders Above the Rest and her name is Lucretia Lucretia is is she’s very very beautiful she is a great mom she models all the qualities that Romans think are finest in a woman and tarquin’s Son immediately decides that he needs to possess this woman she needs to be his so when the party breaks up he makes an excuse about why he can’t ride back to Camp he turns back goes back to Rome goes to the house of Lucretia breaks into the house and rapes her okay Lucretia for her part because she’s such a virtuous woman and again this is the story right because she’s such a virtuous upstanding morally pure woman cannot deal with the shame of having been raped by this kid knowing that he’s not going to be held accountable because his dad’s just going to cover for him and she kills herself okay too because she feels that the insult to her honor is so significant she decides to take her own life because she’s no longer this model of virtue as a result for the rest of the history of Rome when people speak of Lucretia they speak of her as the model Roman woman right her virtue her honor was more important than anything else and when the honor was violated she took her own life right and the self-sacrificing ideal becomes the highest ideal so Lucretia has held up as the model woman in Rome right well the other effect of this incident isthey kill the kid they kill Tarpon the brown and they say we’re going to do a new government and we’re never going to have things again. okay so this picture is not really this picture is not really The Early Republic this is much later in the Republic for what we’re looking at here is a depiction of the Roman set it okay so we see all the seats at the Senators would be in apparently some had something better to do with these guys are up like chit-chatting over there this guy’s addressing the Senate this guy looks like he’s probably lost the last Vote or something he doesn’t look real happy but this is a depiction of the Roman set right so the Romans come up with this idea of a republic so let’s talk about what a republic is before we move on let’s see how much time we got left 4242 32 32 okay not much time so let’s just try to get through this what is the Republic slot okay in a republic unlike a democracy to remember from when you studied Greece last year that when the Greeks had a decision to make an Athens which was the model democracy they would go out to the panics that Hill outside of Athens and they would all have debates and arguments and then they would vote as all the free men of Athens they would vote on the outcome the Romans go that’s not really practical so what we’re going to do is the people instead are going to vote for leaders who will then make all the decisions as a group and these leaders are called senators okay now when I say to people I mean the rich Freeman of Rome for Farmers slaves unemployed people didn’t have a vote there’s only the wealthy and The Powerful they also vote for magistrate Senators once they’re elected or elected for life okay they also vote for magistrates magistrates are elected officials that tend to a specific thing right so a a judge is a type of a magistrate the chief of police would be a magistrate okay the head of the tax collectors would be a magistrate those guys all have one year tours or one year terms okay they do their job for a year and then they either have to run for reelection or they go away and somebody else takes the job somebody else gets elected and the Romans figure that by using this system they can ensure that not no one man takes power because they’re very wary of kings and dictators right because of largely talk when the proud of what he did when he was a kid okay so they come up with a system that automatically guards against him kind of thing happening again makes sense all right.  so it’s important to remember this is not a democracy in a democracy it’s all about majority rules if the majority vote something the minority can suffer because the majority could vote all right everybody whose last name starts with a C we’re going to execute him you can make that vote right so calvo sorry we all voted on it right that can happen right Mathis you’ve done these right okay because you’re in the minority if you don’t win the boat the majority is defined is 50% of the vote plus one guy Ben Franklin defined a democracy as two wolves and a sheep voting on what’s for lunch guess what’s for lunch sheep right lamb is for lunch when you have two wolves and a sheep boating on what’s for lunch so the Romans they understand that the democracy pure democracy is a kind of a tyranny it’s the tyranny of the majority so they don’t want to set up a system where just cuz you’ve got 50% plus one of the vote you get to do whatever you want so Republic is instead based on laws there are laws that are in place to protect all people and then the votes will be decided by the majority but they can’t violate those loss is why we do not have a democracy in this country we use Democratic principles we vote but we do not have a democracy Pay off P4 to buy armored repair things we got to decide who’s going to be the general in charge of our response and by that time the enemy is caused all this property damage they’ve killed our people on our borders and stuff we got to come up with a better system so they come up with a an idea and look back at their at the Greeks and remember the Greeks had some Greeks any states had tyrants right and they say well what if we have a tyrant instead and the Romans going we don’t want that we don’t want to go back to the era of Kings right with with talk when the proud and stuff like that we don’t want to do that but what if we elect somebody to be a tyrant or a dictator meaning he can dictate he can sell everyone else what to do but we’re going to limit his power to 6 months okay boom Mathis is now the dictator for the next 6 months 6 months should be long enough to deal with whatever that current threat is if bad this is feeling a little bit for his britches that’s fine we’re going to remove all of his authority six months from now right if he’s acting like he doesn’t he’s not responsible because we’re going to give him total power to respond to this crisis but 6 months later that powers gone right so this is what they come up with me I deal with the 6 months is that’s long enough to take care of a crisis and we can always reauthorize them for another 6 months if we need to right or we can say well math is getting a little crazy so we’re going to hand the power over to bet right we can do that okay but it’s going to keep them from abusing their power now some dictators don’t want to turn over their power but the Senate can override him okay so is the Romans do this they do it several times and then we come to the story of this guy here just chill that is a a farmer he’s an older retired guy and he is out on his field taking care of his stuff and there’s a crisis that arises in 458 BC and the Senate says well we think Cincinnati is the guy to take over and solve this crisis for him so they vote him his dictator she got 6 months of power within about a month he gathers together forces goes out defeats the enemy and so he’s got 5 months left we can do anything he wants right but what Cincinnatus does is he returns to Rome and he gives up his power he says the crisis is over going back to my farm you guys got it I’m done okay Cincinnati right so he becomes the model of how a dictator should behave a Roman dictator somebody that’s been handed power okay now this story was very widely known throughout all of history especially during the:ial days especially during the early days of America so we get things like Cincinnati Ohio named after Cincinnatus that statue that you see right there is in Cincinnati Ohio okay George Washington was known as the American Cincinnatus because after serving two terms he says time for me to go and his supporters go no no President Washington you need to stay on we love you you’re the greatest guy ever right and he says no no it’s more important that I leave and let someone else take over because our new little country we’ve got here we’ve got to teach people that there has to be an orderly transfer of power it isn’t about me it’s about the country okay so Washington serves two terms and leaves later we’ll we’ll make that a law right after World War II we make out a law okay but at the at the time there was nothing requiring George Washington to leave office but on the example of. Cincinnatus he leaves so there’s any Hamilton fans in the audience right this is where that song teach him how to say goodbye comes up right when he says I’m leaving right cuz it’s more important that they know that a peaceful transfer of power is more important than anyone man rightwe talked about symbols is because of this statue and this idea here right what is Cincinnatus have in his hand he is holding an ax but that acts contained within a bundle of sticks so I just happened okay so here’s the thing if there’s one stick if there’s one stick you guys think I could snap that if I wanted to easy right you think Mathis could snap this if you wanted to Matthew probably can but if I give him a bundle of sticks and I bundle them all together grab that right there now grab that right there snap it can’t do it because those sticks together are very very strong I cannot bend that at all right so the sticks represent the people of Rome so when you bundle the sticks together they’re much stronger right what do you think the ax represents the leader but the power of what the tyrantthe power to kill right whether legally the power to enforce laws or to make war so this symbol is the symbol of Roman power okay then that symbol is called the fasces okay the fastest in Rome later in Rome government officials are given sort of bodyguards sort of like an Entourage that are called lifters okay and lifters carry a facies wherever they go if you’re a low level official you might only be authorized to have one or two facies if you’re a very high level official you might have 10 or 15 of these guys that follow you wherever you go and they parade through the streets with you when you’re walking to work there’s these like 10 guys behind you all carrying this bundle of sticks right and they’re a symbol of your power okay now in the 1910s and twenties there’s an Italian guy named Gentile who comes up with a new political Theory and what he’s doing and what he looks at this political theory is he decides he wants to throw back to the Glory Days of Italy back in the Roman Empire and so he names his theory fascism he takes the name fascism from the fashies who’s the most famous fascists of all the Nazis okay but Mussolini was the Italian leader was probably more of a true fascist than Hitler was okay so for the Nazis and for the Italian fascist party they use the fasces as a symbol of power so what country led the effort to defeat the Nazis we didn’t right we did so one would think that you’re not going to see that symbol being used in America very much right but what would be wrong so these are what fashion would look like that liquor is carried these are stylized ones right there’s a picture of a bunch of leading up against the wall there’s a lifter carrying a fat cheese but if we look in America have you ever seen this the Senate Representatives right there we go what do we see on either side of the Speaker of the House this is American flag post what has fasci’s on the sides of it this is a very famous statue of the emancipation okay so we see Abraham Lincoln and we see a slave who is getting up from his knees he’s rising up because Lincoln freed the slaves Lincoln has a podium in front of him on which rest the Emancipation Proclamation and what’s built into the front of the podium is a symbol of democratic power right or of Republican power okay the state wields the power this is the Mercury Dime an early dime see the fascist there’s the blade of the ax right there okay there are statues of famous leaders these are all over the place in Washington DC the symbol of the center here’s the symbol of the US courts see the fact she’s behind it because they are wielding the power of the people right this is the only one by the way that he actually exists anymore the only example of the fact sheets that we actually have existing to the Modern Age and you can see it’s kind of it’s not complete as a double blame an ax sticking out the top okay but this is the symbol right and we see various different kind of takes on the fast easier there they’re built into the architecture these doors right but it’s in symbols again there’s a set of them here’s a set that linkers would have carriedAmerican government was co-opted by the Nazis right and it becomes one of their big symbols the Italian Air Force had fascism painted on the wings of their planes right and World War II the Italian spot on the side of the Germans right okay but the point is these symbols you got to know what they stand for right what’s a very famous symbol in American culture now that stands for something they used to not stand for that at all how about the rainbow it was a rainbow stand for what well originally yes right but what are rainbows used for now in American culture yeah for the whole all right so of guys like. this that’s a liquor during a fast she’s over shoulder right and he would have been accompanying some government officia okay good to know etc etc you know whatever whatever else that they’re amending into that that that that Community they use the rainbow’s assemble when I was a kid rainbows were like rainbows and and butterflies and puppy dogs and they were just like a happy symbol right little kids were drawing rainbows on stuff and everything right that’s all it meant but that’s that’s symbol through has been co-opted to be used to do something else nowadays right but you got to know the symbol what it means behind it and early the earliest use of the rainbow is God’s promise right they never destroy the world again by Blood right after no one gets off there all right so you’re going to see pictures and like any government it’s going to run into various different challenges it’s going to come up with ways to deal with these challenges so you’ve got the dictator so one of the things that they run into is tonight as time goes on we start seeing a division between classes of people there are those people who all Trace their ancestry back to Aeneas the noble people who hold all the power they’re the only ones allowed to serve in the Senate they’re the only ones allowed to go fight in the army because they serve in the Senate they may call the laws because they make all the laws the laws favor the rich and Powerful okay the plebeians are the common people and they don’t even get to vote these are peasants Crafts People Traders workers there’s more of them than patricians and they are they feel disenfranchised they want more power they don’t feel like they have what from unit 1 right what is the ability to influence your history what do we call that term agency right they don’t have agency okay the plebeians have a hegemony overpower in row I’m sorry if attritions having overpower the plebeians feel like they have no agency so in 494 BC a thing happens Rome is at War the plebeians are being taxed very heavily to support this war and they say no we’re not going to do that anymore so in event occurs called the secio plebis okay this is where we get our Awards secession like when the South seceded from the North and the Civil War it means to leave or to absent yourself from something the secio plebis the plebs literally decide they’re not going to pay their taxes anymore and they’re going to go on strike they literally leave the city of Rome and they all go meet on this hill outside the the boundaries of Rome and they have like a demonstration and they say we want more power now this happens a couple times during that year but eventually the patricians come around and they say okay we need to give these guys more power so they rewrite the government okay so after 494 BC we’re going to see new offices come into existence that are reserved for Plex okay this is where we get tribunes and the 494 BC the goal is the rightthe rights and to protect the rights of the plebs okay they do this they rewrite this government and they come up with this thing called the tripartite government or the three-part government we have a three-part government too but it’s not the same as theirs okay over time what we’re going to see is it the differences between plebs and patricians start to go away the first way they go away is by money plebs start amassing more money when the laws are more fair to that those plans the wealthy ones are going to be the ones that run for these offices okay there’s always going to be kind of this snobbery that occurs in Rome among the wealthiest people and the most powerful people there’s Aristocrats okay there’s always going to be a little bit of division class division in Rome but the differences between patricians and plebs start to go away after this point okay all right so this is the tripart system and the three parts of the government don’t don’t leave the diagram on the right that’s not the three parts that’s I’ll just explain that in a second the tripartite system says that the get system the government is going to be composed of three parts magistrates the Senate and then assemblies interviews okay the the picture on the right is to show you kind of the makeup of these things there’s a lot less patricians than there are plebeians right a lot less than half but still One console is always going to be a patrician but the other one is going to eventually become a plebeian okay in the Senate eventually we’re going to wind up with 600 Senators I’m sorry $300 okay plebeians wealthy ones are going to start getting elected into those Senate jobs okay the plebs are going to directly elect tribute okay these guys. are incredibly powerful and they’re elected only by the plebeians and then we’re going to see these things called citizen assemblies this is where average citizens can get together and vote on issues primarily what they’re going to vote on is magistrates okay but no the bank who spends our tax revenues nope the treasury is the executive the executive function that executes the spend but who authorizes us to spend money so obviously these guys have a lot of infants are very very powerful and they represent the people all right now let’s talk about the assembly’s interviews these are kind of the coolest the coolest ones of these cuz this is the stuff that really gets built after 494 okay so the assemblies and there’s two branches right assemblies interviews are different things this hello sure come on in so the assemblies there’s going to be patricians and plebeians in the assemblies okayinitially aren’t really big in the assemblies it’s mostly the plebeians but this is where they’re going to meet together as like neighborhood groups and vote on things primarily what they’re going to vote on is the magistrates okay the tribunes are these representatives of the plants they are strictly pleps and they have the power of the veto which in Latin means I forbid okaytribunes have this thing called The Power of veto veto literally means I forbid who gets the veto stuff in our modern government the president the president so the Congress can pass a law and the president can say nope not going to do that I’m going to veto that law the amount of power vested in these guys is massive because the entire rest of the government can want to do something and the tribunes of the plebs can say no you’re not going to do that so who do you think is going to be a very party guest in Rome tribunes because no matter how much they can get done in the Senate they can’t get anything done if the tribunes forbid it and the tribunes their number one job is to look out for the little guy now do they always do that probably not there’s probably a lot of corruption right okay because of this the Tribune’s only get a one year return right like all magistrates but one year to prevent anybody from trying to consolidate too much power right now all right so civic duty this is what the Romans with Romans called civitas right this was the idea that you have a responsibility to use a state to participate in government okay they’re expected to ascend their attend their assembly meetings and to vote when they could vote the the patricians were expected to serve in the Senate right and they felt that it was their duty to do so in return Senators got a whole lot of respect from the people of Rome right because they were like these wealthy landowners that owns like farms and plantations and stuff and there was no reason for them to do this other than it was a high status thing and it was their duty to the state they could live much more comfortable comfortably on their Estates outside of the city of Rome right but instead they they do this and they labor in a room in the Senate because it’s their duty to do so all right what this does is it sets up what we call checks and balances checks and balances is a system or it’s a concept where any one government office or government branch the powers that it has can be checked or stopped by a different branch okay what’s the check on a good running game in football linebackers that’s the check on a good running game right what’s the check on a good passing game defensive backs right corner safeties right what’s the check on a quarterback who’s a good passer pass rushers right okay so that’s what a check is it’s something that can stop something else balance means balance is really the effect of the checks right people must work together okay so an example One console can block the actions of a different console okay the goal is again no one branch of the government no one person gets those dictatorial powers that talk when the proud had right we don’t want Kinks okay we do this in our government too right the president can appoint justices to the Supreme Court but the Senate has to approve them the Senate can then impeach them if they’re not doing their job correctly right the Senate even through they have to approve the Supreme Court Justice is if they pass a law the Supreme Court Justices can get yetcan get sure basketball player the Supreme Court Justices can can declare a law to be unconstitutional okay the president he gets to sign the laws of the Congress but he can also veto them maybe details them the Congress can override his veto but all three branches have to work together right no this is a good system because it prevents Terry but it. also does those it sets up a lot of politics a lot of arguing a lot of quarreling and it slows the pace of government down right so just like we said dictators get a lot done systems with a lot of checks and balances don’t get a lot done that’s on purpose so when you hear your parents complaining about how Congress takes forever to get anything done that’s on purpose because we don’t want dictators in the US right okay I’m going to throw up a slide here it’s very complex don’t lose your mind don’t try to copy this down throwing it up as an example okay so this is the way the Roman Republic works okay okay they did their job to enact the laws of the Senate right at the bottom we see the plebeian tributes these guys are elected directly by the plebs okay they have some assistance called adowles right the plebeian tribunes their job is they can veto any acts of any of these other people so even through the lowest level they’ve got incredible Powers 10 of these guys right in the middle you’ve got questers who are kind of they kind of serve the same job as a Tribune but they serve that job on behalf of the patricians right then you’ve got there’s there’s a hierarchy here of consoles prayers and sensors these are all different jobs that you hold as you advance up that the Civic Society in Rome right the people meeting the highest level meeting is called the commission centuriana this is where military guys and remember the military guys are all from that Noble class Clark they’re all from that Noble class this is where they meet to elect these guys the Senate is passing all the laws right remember the Senate’s their permanently these Flyer to the secessional flavis right about 8 years prior to these guys all going on strikeroom we’re like well look you’re holding us accountable to laws and we don’t necessarily know all these laws right and NAA basic principle of law is that ignorance of the law is no excuse right so for instance for instance if Mr Adams decides to go rob a bank and he gets caught and then he goes into court and he says oh well I didn’t know that robbing a bank was illegal that’s not going to give him an excuse right ignorance of the law is no excuse okay just because you didn’t know oh I forgot on robbery was illegal I got my bad sorry won’t do it again that’s not going to work you still going to jail right makes sense all right so the Romans to fix this they said well tell you what we’ll do we’re going to go ahead and we’re going to write our laws and then we’re going to publish them for everybody to see okay so they write the laws on 12 bronze tablets they engrave them and they mount these tablets to a monument okay and this is this is a law code that they are publishing so that everyone is aware of the law okay now where else have we seen that the Ten,ndments right the Ten,ndments is an example of an early law code that was established and published so that everyone would know what the laws were now is that all are those all the Jewish laws yes I was going to say read Leviticus sometimes if you want to get into Jewish laws there’s actually about 613 and if you’ve ever seen Jewish people the Jewish men wear those shawls around their neck they wear underneath their outer layer you’ll see that the edge of it like a scarf like hanging out of their clothes and it’s got little fringes on it okay they’re a little knots on those fringes they’re 16 and 613 of those right to represent the 613 Old Testament laws okay that’s one way that they do it but the 10,ndments being the Big 10 right those are the ones that that the Lord initially establishes their law code so this is the same thing there’s a lot more Roman laws than just these 12 tablets worth okay but originally these are the these are the laws that the Romans published now once their law code gets into the hundreds or possibly even thousands of laws they don’t take this Monument down can they leave it up as a monument to the idea that they are a republic they are ruled by laws not by men right and the the notion that anybody has access and all are accountable to these laws okay what are the law codes do we see in history We the People United States of America in order to form a more perfect union establish justice and sure Tranquility the Constitution right the Constitution is a law code it’s the granddaddy laws of the United States of America the US code is thousands of pages long but the Constitution is the basic law code for the United States what else what else did anybody remember Mr Bernard last year show you a slide of a guy named Mr Bridges who used to be the Principal here in the British museum in London standing next to a Stila a carved. a carved post on which was inscribed the law of Hobby Lobby right you guys remember Hammurabi’s Code this was the one that set up like an eye for an eye like if somebody kills my slave I get to go pick one of his slaves and kill it right or somebody blinds my son I get to go blind his son right remember that that was Hammurabi’s Code okay in English History the Magna Carta the great Charter which was the English Noblesthem their rights so we see law codes throughout history and Napoleon established a law code of France called the code Napoleon right so we see law codes throughout history this is one of the Great Law codes okay this is one of the great lockouts so they inscribe these on these 12 rounds tablets and they slap them on a monument and that Monument gets displayed in a place called The Forum in Rome in the center of Rome so we’re going to talk about the Roman Forum next there’s there’s laws that guarantee Roman citizens rights for instance if you do not if you’re summoned to appear before a government official and you don’t appear or if you have debts and you do not take care of those debts you can be arrested by the state okay so those are requirements on you as a citizen there’s law codes that deal with specific status in before the law for instance women were given the same status as children thanks which means that women before they were adults were basically the responsibility of their father okay if a woman broke a law the father would be held to account okay once they got married they were responding responsibility of their husbands okay if they broke a law their husband will be held to account okay this is not good by the way for women because it denies them and what do we call that when you have the free will and you have the power to influence agency right agency this is a denial of agency okay but women did not have agency back then okay another one nobody can roam could be executed without a trial right Roman citizens were given that right now other people did not have that right one of the things that we’ll see in Rome is the Romans get really really good they perfect a specific type of execution called a crucifixion okay crucifixion Romans didn’t invent it they just made it better which is what they did with a lot of stuff you could not be crucified if you were Roman citizen okay that that punishment was not allowed to be needed out to Roman citizens so Jesus is crucified Peter is crucified because he’s not a Roman citizen Paul was a Roman citizen so he just get strangled when he gets executed okay but you couldn’t crucify a Roman citizen so that’s the kind of laws they had in the law cup in the in the 12 tables is they had very specific laws that defined rights that set out what your obligations were as a Roman citizen and that clarified status okay all right so let’s talk about the Roman form where this stuff was displayed now I’m going to show you guys not today but but later as time goes on I’m going to show you kind of what Rome looks like there’s a challenge when you look at the ancient city of Rome if you go there physically right and that challenge is that when you look at Rome you don’t really know what you’re looking at because there’s these ruins some of them date back to the Early Republic some of them are from the late Imperial period and some of them are even much later than that right for instance if we look at this picture here we see this this Roman Catholic church right here okay and that church is actually built over the maritime prison which is the prison that Peter and Paul were held in when they were arrested in Rome okay but the Roman Catholics built a church over the top of it okay so there’s a lot of modern construction there’s a lot of old stuff that’s just kind of crumbling apart right this was the front of the temple but you see the temples gone except for the very front of me okay there were arches like this one the arch of Constantine that Republican Romans never saw this didn’t come until years after the Republican passed away now there are some things that have been there for a long time like for instance you see this brick building in the background that’s the Roman senate house okay and that was there for a long long timeit’s really cool to walk through place like Rome but you’re really going to kind of know what you’re looking at to make sense of it all I want to point out in this picture this Temple right here you’ll notice that on this right hand column there’s three stripes on the center column there’s two stripes that are kind of a good ways away and then on this left-hand column there’s two stripes that are close together okay I do that just because I’m. going to show you another picture in a couple slides from now and you’re going to it’s it’s going to it’s going to be from the same spot but we’re going to change our orientation okay this picture itself was taken from about halfway up the Capitol Hill which is here remember Rome the city of Rome is built on Seven Hills and then in the swamp underneath that this area was the swamp area right down here but you can see how we’re higher than that right and you can see how the elevation goes up over here that’s another deal okay just Seven Hills I’ll kind of orientation all right so the Roman Forum was just like the Greek Agora it was the center of life for Romans it was intended to be marked off delineated by the temples and the government buildings that kind of created the outskirts of the Forum now through time especially getting to the Imperial period we’re going to see Emperor’s build new forums so there’s going to be forms all over the place in Rome but the Roman Forum the The Forum Romani which is this one here this is like the original Mac Daddy OG forum okay this is where the law of the 12 tables was and it was the heart of Rome this is where all the cool stuff was going on if you wanted to hang out your friends this is where you went it was the Avenues it was that big green in which Seaside right that big green and seaside it’s all the kids went to get in trouble right this was where you could go to shop gossip with people meet up with your friends you might run into Senators who are on their lunch break you might see Senators schmoozing each other trying to cut deals things like that on a break in in their their legal sessions and things like that this this might be where a lawyer meets up with his client to discuss their case where two young people go on a date right this could be you know this is this is the center of room it’s where people did their shopping etc etc okay and originally The Forum Romani is the the original Roman form okay so remember we said Rome was built on Seven Hills right so this is a picture taken from the the bottom of the Forum looking up onto one of these Hills okay they’re not massive mountains they’re just High Ground in various places throughout Rome and the forums tend to be built in the low ground so this is again from the same roughly Vantage Place Vantage place as that first picture but now we’ve turned to the right okay and we’re looking down the Roman forum okay back in the day there would have been buildings all along this right side and it would have been buildings all along this left side and this was the low area in the middle like from here going down okay so again you see the three lines the two wide the two narrow lines right you see these roofs in place to guard archaeological things underneath this would have been the foundations of this Temple right here there were there were columns on pedestals all along here boom boom boom boom boom and then like this over here this was the house of the vessel versions this was a temple this what’s left here that was a temple that the Vestal virgins were were they tended a sacred fire in that Temple Run we’ll see more about that that was the temple investment we can see way in the background what’s that that’s the Coliseum okay the colosseums at the far end of The Forum of the Roman Forum okay and then beyond that lies the Palatine Hill and the circus Maximus and stuff like that we can see some very large structures at this endmassive building what’s a basilica by the way nowadays we use the term Basilica to refer to a large Church okay but Basilica to the Romans just meant a large indoor space they were generally multi-stories High big arches on the inside but they were all indoors right so when you see a basilica it just basically means large open building and they use them for various purposes one of those I’ll point out I’ll show you some close-up pictures a little later is this guy right here right there so you see a broken wall and then one of those archaeological roofs and a sign right there that sign says already Cesar that was where the Temple of Julius Caesar stood behind that wall that you can just barely see in the front there behind that wall there is a it looks like a trash kind of it’s kind of like you know when you go camping you have a campfire and all the wood burns down you end up with like ashes and coals like it eventually you got to like muck that out if you’re going to keep building fires there but it’s kind of what’s left over from a fire this is where Julius Caesar was burned after he died this was his funeral fire and they built the temple around that but the actual pile of Ashes that was left over after he was after his body was was burned is still there so literally the atoms that were in Julius Caesar’s body are still behind that wall and. you can go look at it Romans put flowers on it every day up until this day so so two and a half Millennia later Romans are still putting flowers on the grave of Julius Caesar and he’s whatever’s left to him is in there right it’s it’s right there right like you can go see it I’ll show you pictures of him later the flagstones that you see on the ground there these are large Basalt flax flagstones they are the original ones so when you go walk in the Roman Forum your feet are literally walking on the same stones that Julius Caesar and you know Poppy the great and all these guys that they walked on to right it’s exact same paving stones wrong kind of sprawls out there’s no skyscrapers in Rome so kind of sprawls out I don’t know what the actual size is but I’ll give you a meal for it in a minute all right so the form itself kind of stretches the Capitol Hill to find some one side the coliseum’s like right in here you’ll notice through that these are the Seven Hills the other time Palatine careless esquiline biblical and the Capitol Hill right here and the Forum kind of goes like this and then down here is the is the circus Maximus right the big the big Cherry place and forms down here okay