Introduction and The Pre-Colonial Philippines PDF

COURSE CONTENT Introduc2on: Meaning and relevance of Readings: history, dis5nc5on of primary and Robert Fox, The Tabon Caves (Tabon secondary sources; contextual and Man and Manunggul Jar) content analysis, repositories of primary sources...

COURSE CONTENT Introduc2on: Meaning and relevance of Readings: history, dis5nc5on of primary and Robert Fox, The Tabon Caves (Tabon secondary sources; contextual and Man and Manunggul Jar) content analysis, repositories of primary sources Chao Ju-Kua’s Chu Fan Chih and Wang Ta-yüan’s Tao I Chih Lüeh Tome Pires, Account on Pre-Spanish Filipinos (1515) Miguel de Loarca, Relación de las Yslas Filipinas (1582) Pre-colonial period: Peopling of the Juan de Plasencia, Las Costumbres de Philippines; rela5ons with neighboring los Indios Tagalos de Filipinas (1589) countries; early customs and beliefs and Pedro Chirino, Relacion de las Islas Sultanate and other Muslim Filipinas (1604) communi5es. Najeeb Saleeby, The Genealogy of Kabungsuwan (Tarsila) and The Principal Sulu Code (Luwaran) Cesar Adib Majul, Sulu in Chinese Sources  Readings: Filipino Reac2on to Antonio Pigafe[a. First Voyage Around the World (1521) Spanish Rule: Ini5al Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, RelaLon of the Voyage to the Philippines (1565) encounter; the Philip II, InstrucLons Given to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in beginning of Regard to What He is to Do in the Ladrones Islands (1569) Zelia, Nu[all, “Royal Ordinances Concerning the Laying out Catholicism in the of new Towns.” (1573) Philippines; Careri, Giovanni Francesco Gemelli. “Manila to Acapulco: The Longest and Most Dangerous Voyage in the World, Hispaniza5on of 1696-1697” Comyn, Tomas de. “The Tobacco Monopoly in the the Philippines; Philippines” (1810) economic ac5vi5es; Don Gaspar de Ayala, Early Revolts Against the Spaniards in Cebu and Cagayan (1589) early revolts; and Diaz, Casimiro. The Religious Revolt of Tapar (1663) an5-friar Pedro Enriquez, Agrarian Uprising (1751) Juan Manuel de la Ma[a, Official Report on the Uprising of movements. Apolinario de la Cruz (1841) Marcelo del Pilar, MonasLc Supremacy in the Philippines Doroteo Cortes et. al. The AnL-Friar Manifesto of 1888 “Qudarat-Lopez Peace Treaty” (1645) Sultan Alimud Din I, Complaints Against the Governor General (1754) The Revolu2on and Readings Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Filipino the Birth of the Version of the Cavite MuLny of 1872 Andres Bonifacio, Ang Dapat Philippine Republic: MabaLd ng mga Tagalog & Pagibig sa Tinubuang Lupa Cavite Mu5ny, Emilio Jacinto, KarLlla ng KaLpunan & Liwanag at Dilim Bonifacio and the Fr. Mariano Gil, OSA. The Discovery of the KaLpunan Plot (1896) Ka5punan, outbreak Pio Valenzuela, TesLmony of Pio Valenzuela to the Olive Court (1896) of the revolu5on, Artemio Ricarte, Memoirs of General Artemio Ricarte. revolu5onary Aguinaldo, Emilio, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan government, Apolinario Mabini, The Philippine RevoluLon declara5on of Bau5sta, A. R. DeclaraLon of Philippine Independence (June 12, 1898) independence, and Malolos ConsLtuLon Malolos Republic. Filipino Reac2on Readings: Treaty of Paris and Philippine Protest Against the to American Rule: 1898 Treaty of Paris Emilio Aguinaldo, True Account of the Philippine RevoluLon Filipino-American Felipe Buencamino, Buencamino’s Memorial to the U.S. Congress (Aug. 20, 1899) War; Pacifica5on William McKinley, Benevolent AssimilaLon ProclamaLon U.S. Congress, Philippine Organic Act of 1902 and Valen5n Loyola et al. The Balangiga Massacre: Filipino and American Version (1901) Americaniza5on Teodoro M. Kalaw, Aves de Rapiña (1908) Leonard Wood and Cameron Forbes, Report of the Special Mission on InvesLgaLon to the Philippine of the Filipinos; Islands, October 8, 1921. Commission on Independence, Filipino Grievances Colonial poli5cs; Against Governor Wood (1926) Sergio Osmeña, Filipinos PeLLon the U.S. Congress to Draa Their Own ConsLtuLon (1925) Filipino response Alfred McCoy, PoliLcal Caricatures of the American Era to American rule; Agreement Between Gen. John C. Bates (US Army) and the Sultan of Sulu together with certain Sulu Chief, signed at Jolo, Aug. 20, 1899 campaigns for PeLLon to the President of the United States of America from the People of Sulu Archipelago independence. Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: The United States and the Philippines (Film Showing)  Readings: The Commonwealth U.S. Congress, Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934) Government and the Manuel Quezon, Inaugural Address of Manuel L. Quezon as President of the Filipino-Japanese War: Commonwealth of the Philippines (Nov. 15,1935) Quezon and the Manuel Quezon, The Good Fight People of the Philippines vs. Jorge B. Vargas Commonwealth Case Jose P. Laurel, War Memoirs Regime, Social Jus5ce Luis Taruc, Born of the People Claro M. Recto, Three Years of Enemy Program, The Japanese OccupaLon atroci5es, Filipino Lt. Col. Anastacio Campo, Japanese Brute Force Alva C. Carpenters, Indictment Against collaborators, General Homma resistance movements. Maj. Pedro Lopez, Japanese War Crimes in the Philippines Manuel Roxas, Independence Day Address (July 4, 1946) Others Produc5on Worldwide, Days of the Crimson Sun: The Re-telling of the Badle of Manila (Film Showing) Post-War Readings: U.S.- P.I. Military Bases Agreement (March 14, 1947) Challenges of the Supreme Court, Decision on Republic of the Philippines vs. William Quasha (March 6, 1969) Jose Ma. Sison, The Philippine RevoluLon and the NaLonal Filipino People: Phil- QuesLon Lorenzo Tañada, Report on the InvesLgaLon of the January American post-war 26th and 30th Student Rallies (May 19, 1970) Ferdinand Marcos, ProclamaLon on “A state of MarLal law rela5on; Na5onalist in the Philippines” (Proc. 1081) September 21, 1972 Anonymous, Some are Smarter than Others (September 21, 1979) movements; Corazon Aquino, President Corazon Aguino’s Speech before the U.S. Congress (Sept. 18, 1986) Communist AnL-Graa and Corrupt PracLces Act (R.A. 3019, 1960) and An Act Defining and Penalizing the Crime of Plunder (R.A. 7080, 1991) insurgency; Foreign Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act (R.A. 8042, 1995) debt, Mar5al Law Geraldine Pra[, From Registered Nurse to Registered Nanny. Tripoli Agreement years; Gran and 1996 Peace Agreement between GRP and the MNLF Pinoy Tok Video Documentray Series, Babae-- Utang mo, $-- Corrup5on, EDSA Bilyon?: The foreign debt and how it affects Filipino women, as seen by women experts, acLvists, and on the street (Film Showing) Revolu5on; Moro Peace Accords.  Course Intended Learning Outcomes Aner comple5ng this course, STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO Define history, its characteris5cs, methodology and its importance to na5onhood, na5on-building, and policy-making; Discuss the life of early Filipinos and their interac5ons with the peoples of neighboring countries; Discuss factors and events leading to the arrival of the Europeans , Americans and Asians to the Philippines and narrate factors that led to the coloniza5on of the country; Analyze the development of Filipino na5onalism; Assess the policies, the evolu5on of the state of the economy, economic system, people’s livelihood and the general socio-poli5co situa5on of the country; Discuss the problems and challenges faced by the country and prescribe solu5ons.  Introduc5on to History (Panimula sa Kasaysayan)  History Process of crea5on of culture (Na5onal Culture) Study of past events Recording and analysis of experiences of a society Use of other disciplines (ex. Philosophy, sociology, economics etc)  Philosophy of History Arnold Toynbee – Challenge and Response Theory; ac5on based on the situa5on (ex. Revolu5on, colonialism-na5onalism) Karl Marx – Economic Theory; economic system determines history (ex. Spanish mo5ves for coloniza5on – God, Gold, Glory) Alvin Scaff – Exchange Theory; (ex. Barter system) Teodoro Agoncillo – Na5onalist Historian (Research )  Sources Analyze documents, records etc Archival documents Fray Juan de Plasencia (Franciscan-1589), Fray Pedro Chirino (Jesuit-1604) Philippine Insurgent Records (Phil-Am War) Muslims (Tarsila/ Salsila -genealogical record of sultans and datus)  An archive is a place Where people store their old records  It is different from the rare books sec5on of a library where books considered old or out of print are kept Rare books are those publica5ons which are not anymore accessible and therefore have become rare and had to be more guarded By defini5on according to the Na5onal Archives Act of 2007 (R.A. 9470) : Archives or archival material refer to public records, papers, periodicals, books or other items, ar5cles, or materials whether in the form of electronic, audio-visual, print , which by their value which by their nature and characteris5cs, have enduring archival value that that have been selected for permanent preserva5on As a place, it is: a building, a room, storage where archival materials are kept and preserved  The controlling government agency for the country’s archives is: The Na5onal Archives of the Philippines also known as the Philippine Na5onal Archives (PNA)  While most records are accessible to the public, there are records that are considered restricted because there exists a legal impediment or standard advice issued by the Execu5ve Director of the Archives that such public records be withheld from public access A local government may have a public archive When it has custody of local government records The UST also has its own archives It contains records about the University including wills, lists of students, grades, personnel etc.  Importance of sources It gives a view of the past  The impact of one’s scholarship is judged by the amount of archival research is undertaken in the case of historical studies  The main archives of the Philippines is the Philippine Na5onal Archives The PNA contains documents from the Spanish period such as 1. Ereccion de Pueblos 2. Cedularios 3. Bau5smos 4. Vecindarios 5. Difunciones 6. Guia de Forasteros 7. Varias Provincias 8. Sediciones y Rebelliones 9. Asuntos Criminales 10. Presidios 11. Marina 12. Filipinos Ilustres 13. Planos 14. Gaceta de Manila 15. Prestacion Personal (Polos y Servicios) 16. Other documents that pertain to aspects such as health i.e. lazaretos Economic ma[ers such as the Tobacco Monopoly, Opium Monopoly, mari5ma, agricola, etc.  Aside from the na5onal government, local governments also keep their own archives These contain ma[ers of local interest like history, lists of people living in the area, births and deaths, local health ma[ers, economy, industry and events that have taken place there  There are a number of private archives such as the ecclesias5cal archives The archives of the Archdiocese of Manila contain important documents such as 1. Bap5sms 2. Founda5ons of parishes, dioceses and archdioceses 3. Pastoral le[ers 4. Reports from the various churches 5. Le[ers including retrac5on le[ers of Rizal and Marcelo H. del Pilar 6. Controversial ma[ers such as brujerias (witchcran); divorce ( actually happened during the Spanish period) 7. conflicts within the church such as rivalries between religious orders  Aside from the Archdiocesan Archives other religious orders maintain their own archives The Dominicans maintain their archive for their order The Jesuits have theirs at the Ateneo The Recollects have an archive at their Mission House in Fairview Archival documents are prized for their historic value Most of these are primary sources if they are reports, laws, le[ers, statements and sta5s5cal figures The researcher must be careful to discern a primary document from a secondary one Not all archival documents are primary sources  Many archival documents are s5ll in their original paper Others are now available in microfilm, microfiche and digital copies Some can be accessed through the Internet Even genealogical records can now be accessed through the genealogical project of the Church of the La[er Day Saints based in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA  Many of the archival documents are in the Spanish language It is therefore necessary to know the language  One should also understand archival Spanish There are many Spanish words not anymore used or the meaning has changed Cajon means a division in a rice field There are various terms indica5ng measurements such as vara for measuring length and quintal for weight The Spanish legua or league is different from the English league  There are also brief forms Such as Dte Gde - Dios te Guarde, may God keep you Cbllero – Caballero Idem – same  Some documents though classified as primary, may have conflic5ng informa5on The researcher must be able to read between the lines and understand the intent of the writer. He could be lying or making things up The understanding of these documents conveys to us how Filipinos see themselves and presents to us what was life was during that point in history  Unhistorical Data Found out to be historical errors Maragtas – book wri[en by Pedro Monteclaro; no explana5on about the date and origin of sources Kalan5aw- by Fr. Jose Pavon; Philippine Studies in Univ. of Chicago acknowledged; Marcos-E.O 294 (Order of Kalan5aw); Discovered by Jose Marco who was involved in selling fake documents William Henry’s Sco[’s Prehistoric Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History Indigenous People THE PRE COLONIAL PHILIPPINES Was Life Be[er in Pre-Colonial Philippines?  Sung Dynasty China (960-1127) Porcelain and silk Wakos - piracy Japan Laquer ware, weapons, fruits, silk, gold  Indian Chinese Rajah Sanse Majarajah Diko Hari Ditse Budhi Ampao Dalit Siopao Karma Garuda Tara  Literature Clothes Food (pagkain) (Pani5kan) (Kasuotan) sabis Alak Kaggan, Bugtong Tapa bahag- Male Kumintang Salabat Baro, tapis, Uyayi Kanin(rice) Saya, patadyong- Karagatan Ube female Tagulalay Putong Ta[oo Early inhabitants Negritos Homes- temporary sheds made of jungle leaves and branches of trees Made fire by rubbing two dry sticks together to give them warmth Didn’t know how to cook food Used bow and arrow as weapon and for hunting. Indones More advanced Lived in grass-covered homes built above the ground or on top of trees. Practiced dry agriculture Clothing was made from beaten bark and decorated designs Cooked food in bamboo tubes Implements: polished stone axes, adzes and chisels Weapons: Bow and arrows, spears, shield and blow guns (sumpit). Malays Culturally more advanced than Negritos and Indones Possessed the Iron Age culture Introduced into the Philippines both lowland and highland methods of rice cultivation, including the system of irrigation Domestication of animals (dogs, fowls, and carabaos) Manufacture of metal tools and weapons; pottery and weaving Weapons: bows and arrows, spears, bolos, daggers, krises (swords), sumpits (blowguns), shields and armors made of animal hide and hardwood, and lantakas (bronze cannons). Life and Culture during the pre-Spanish period GOVERNMENT – DECENTRALIZED Baranggay- Filipinos earliest form of government each barangay is ruled by chieftains (datu) Chieftains (datu) –rule and govern his subjects and to promote their well being in times of peace, he was the chief executive, legislator, and the judge. Laws were made by chieftains and the elders  BARANGAY LOCAL CHIEFTAIN COUNCIL OF ELDERS COMMUNITY (PEOPLE) JUDICIAL PROCESS How a Law was made Trial by Ordeal How a Law was made  BARANGAY LOCAL CHIEFTAIN COUNCIL OF ELDERS Umalohokan Community / People Trial by Ordeal ancient judicial prac5ce by which the guilt or innocence of the accused was determined by subjec5ng them to a painful, or at least an unpleasant, usually dangerous experience. Ø by plunging a bare arm into boiling water Ø by Combat Ø by Oath Ø by Ordeal by Fire  SOCIAL CLASSES NOBLES (LOCAL CHIEFTAINS/ PRIESTS, ELDERS FREEMEN (MAHARLIKA/ TIMAWA) DEPENDENT DEPENDENT ALIPING (ALIPING NAMAMAHAY / SAGUIGUILID HOUSE (SLAVE) SERVANT) Nobles Consist of chiefs and their families Wielded tremendous influence in the baranggay Enjoyed rights that were not usually enjoyed by the other members of the society. In tagalog region, usually carried the title of Gat or Lakan. Lakan Dula Gat Maitan Freemen Called Mahadlika by the tagalogs. Composed of free men and dependents who earned their freedom. Dependents: (Oripon) Occupying the lowest stratum Known as alipin among the Tagalogs. Acquired his status in society by inheritance, by captivity in war, failing to pay his debts by purchase or by committing a crime. Among the tagalogs, alipin may be namamahay or sagigilid. The namamahay had his own family and properties and served his master during planting and harvest seasons. The sagigild lived with his master, had no property of his own and could not marry without the latter’s consent. Marriage custom Dowry Mixed Arranged Houses  ouvits Male – kanggan , G-Strings Female – baro; tapis Clothing / Ornaments Kampilan Balaraw Calasag RELIGION Believe in anitos, primordial forces of nature that could accompany or possess people They believe illness is caused by evil spirits Bathala- the most powerful god Praise many gods & goddesses  RELIGION BATHALA Sanskrit Bhadara Guru or “the highest of the gods.” NG MAYKAPAL ECONOMY less economic and social pressure than it is today. Agriculture – the main source of livelihood. There was an abundance of rice, coconuts, sugar cane, etc. Land cultivation Productivity was increased by the use of irrigation ditches, as evidenced by the world- famous Ifugao rice terraces of mountain province. Communal property  Weaving was a home industry Mining was comparatively developed Lumbering and shipbuilding were flourishing industries More commerce and business transactions along the waterways than along pathways. There was foreign trade, too, with China, Japan, Siam, Cambodia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java and other islands of the old Malaysia. ECONOMIC ARTS The first glimpse of the artistic sense of the primitive inhabitants of the Philippines can be had in the remains of their tools and weapons With the advance of the New Stone age the primitive inhabitants began to show signs of artistic improvement in the form of beads, amulets, bracelets and earrings Ornaments with different forms and sizes began to appear. ARTS MUSIC AND DANCES POSITION OF WOMAN What name to give a child was the woman preroga5ve. She enjoyed a key role in the economic stability of the family. Formal contracts were done only in her presence Babaylan was highly respected as priestess or religious prac55oner, as well as healer, counselor and mediator in the tribe. Women were allowed to succeed their fathers as rulers of tribes. cannot make any business dealings without the knowledge and approval of the wife. SYSTEM OF WRITING Considered tagalog as the richest among the other languages Filipinos before the arrival of Spaniards had a syllabary which was probably of Sanskrit or Arabic provenance. Syllabary consisted of seventeen symbols. Three were vowels and fourteen were consonants.