HISTORY (1).pdf

READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY  CONCEPT OF HISTORY History has always been defined as the study of the past. a chronological record of significant events often including an explanation of their causes - Merriam-Webster It was derived from the Greek word historia whi...

READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY  CONCEPT OF HISTORY History has always been defined as the study of the past. a chronological record of significant events often including an explanation of their causes - Merriam-Webster It was derived from the Greek word historia which means knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation. Historia became known as the account of the past of a person or of a group of people through written documents and historical evidence.  History was also focused on writing about wars, revolutions, and other important breakthroughs. It seeks to explain and answer questions about the past What counts as history? Traditional historians lived with the mantra of "no document, no history. " It means that, unless a written document can prove a certain historical event, then it cannot be considered as a historical fact. RELEVANCE OF HISTORY  Hitoriography Its object of study, on the other hand is history itself. It seeks to answer the following questions: 1. How was a certain historical text written? 2. Who wrote it? 3. What was the context of its publication? 4. What particular historical method was employed? 5. What were the sources used?  HISTORIAN Primarily responsible for the production of historical knowledge though continuous research and rethinkinf of history  Historical Interpretation Making sense of a given primary sources and historical documents through content and contextual analysis. Herodotus He is known as the father of History Thucydides Father of scientific history He wrote the History of Peloponnesian War  While Thucydides was the first one who approached recording of the past with humanistic focus, it was Thucydides who first highlighted the importance of the systematic and impartial collection of evidence as an essential prerequisite in writing history For Thucydides the only reliable source of history were testimonies of eyewitnesses Historical Sources Historical sources are classsifeid as: Primary and Secondary sources  Primary Sources Those sources produced at the same time as the event. period, or subject being studied.  Primary Sources Examples of Primary Source: 1. Minutes 2. Photos capturing a certain event 3. Autobiography 4. News paper article etc. 6 Points of inquiries to evaluate Primary source 1. Date - when was it produced? 2. Localization - where did it originate? 3. Authorship - who wrote it? 4. Analysis - what pre-existing material serve as basis for its production 5. Integrity - what was its original form? 6. Credibility - what is the evidential value of its content? alex bengcan  Secondary Sources Sources produced by an author who relied on primary sources to write the material. In other words, they are product of historical research that other historians use for additional information or as background of their study. Secondary Sources Examples of Secondary sources: 1. textbooks 2. documentary 3. journal etc. Factors to cosider in writing Historical narrative 1. Time 2. Bias 3. Intention 4. Proximity External and Internal Criticisms Two mental process that the students have to follow.  How will you externally and internally criticize the document? Kinds of Primary sources The Pre-Colonial Period  1. Society a. Mode of Dressing b. Ornaments c. Houses d. Social Classes e. Status of Women f. Marriage Customs g. Mixed marriages, inheritance, and succession 2. Politics 3. Religion A. Government A. Religious beliefs B. Laws B. Burial C. Legislation C. Divination and D. Judicial process Magic E. Trial by Ordeal 4. Economic 5. Culture A. Agriculture A. Languages B. Livestock B. System of writing C. Fishing C. Literature D. Mining D. Music and Dance E. Lumbering E. Art F. Weaving G. Trade Introduction: Before the spaniards came to the Philippines, Filipinos had a civilization of their own. This civilization partly came from the Malay Settlers and partly from their response to the new environment. Many if these customs and traditions, government and way of life, have come down to the present day, despite the changes brought about by westernization and modernization. This is why it is possible to know about our distant past by simply observing some customs and practices that have resisted change and modernization. Mode of Dressing Mode of Dressing Mode of Dressing Men and Women wore ornaments to look attractive. (Pendants, Bracelets and leglets) These ornaments were made of gold fillings. Tattoos were also fashionable for some pre-colonial Filipinos; they also exhibit a man’s war record. Islas del Pintados - term coined by the spaniards for the visayan The society was made up of three classes: 1. Nobles - composed of Datu and their Families 2. Freemen (Maharlika) 3. Dependents (Alipin) NOBLES - Members of the nobility were addressed with the Title Gat or Lakan among the Tagalogs MAHARLIKA - are the feudal warrior class in ancient Tagalog society in Luzon. They belonged to the lower nobility class similar to the timawa of the Visayan people. They are called freemen. MAHARLIKA Exempt from taxes and tribute but were required to provide military service. In times of war, the maharlika were obligated to provide and prepare weapons at their own expense and answer the summons of the datu, wherever and whenever that might be, in exchange for a share in the war spoils (ganima). MAHARLIKA -They have the right to choose their own source of living -They own parcel of lands -They have the right to choose a Datu whom they want to serve ALIPIN - 2 Kinds 1. ALIPING NAMAMAHAY Aliping Namamahay have their own quarters inside the property of their master, has the right to choose their husband or wife, can own property, and being paid for their service. 2. ALIPING SA GUIGUILID - Aliping Saguiguilid on the other hand, have no home thus lives with their master, can be sold by their masters, serves without getting paid, and cannot marry without the permission of their master. Women in pre-colonial Philippine Society had the right to inherit property, engage in trade and industry and success to chieftainship of the Barangay in the absence of a male heir. Had exclusive right to name their children Men walked behind them as a sign of respect. Men were in general, monogamous; while their wives are called asawa, while concubines are called "friends" In order to win the hand of his lady, the man has to show his patience and dedication to both the lady and her parents Courtship usually begins with paninilbihan If the man wins the trust of the parents, he does not immediately marry the woman, but he has to satisfy several conditions: - give a dowry or bigay-kaya - pay the panghihimuyat - pay the wet nurse bigay-suso - pay the parents himaraw - bribe for the relatives called sambon (among the Zambals) Once he had settled all of the above requirements, he brings his parents to meet with the bride-to-be's parents to haggle and make the final arrangements; this is called pamamalae or pamamanhikan or pamumulungan The wedding ceremonies vary depending on the status of the couple; but normally, those from the upper class, a go- between was employed weddings are officiated by the priestess or babaylan uncooked rice is thrown on the couple after the wedding ceremony  Muslim Filipinos have similar marriage customs; the first stage was called pananalanguni or bethrothal; it was followed by the consultation with the girl's parents, who relays their decision to the village chief, who in turn informed the suitor's parents of the decision Dowry was also settled by the chief (pedsungud). This was of seven kinds: 1. kawasateg, money given to the bride's close relatives; 2. siwaka, brassware given to those who helped arrange the wedding; 3. enduatuan, brassware or animals for the village chief; 4. pangatulian, jewelry given to the bride's mother and aunts; 5. tatas, blade given to the girl's uncle; 6. langkad, money given to the girl's parents as fine for having bypassed the girl's elder sister if she had any; and 7. lekat, amount of money given to the girl's attendant. Once everything is settled, the pegkawing, or the wedding ceremony follows The wedding ceremony is officiated by the hadji Six days of festivities followed, and only on the seventh day could the couple sleep together