History Final Exam Prep PDF

Final Test Preparation Questions Chapter 14: Economic Transformations (1450–1750) Multiple Choice (MCQs) 1. What was the driving force behind European exploration in the 15th century? A. Search for gold B. Spreading democracy C. Escaping religious persecut...

Final Test Preparation Questions Chapter 14: Economic Transformations (1450–1750) Multiple Choice (MCQs) 1. What was the driving force behind European exploration in the 15th century? A. Search for gold B. Spreading democracy C. Escaping religious persecution D. Accessing Asian goods 2. Which commodity drove the Atlantic slave trade? A. Cotton B. Sugar C. Tobacco D. Coffee 3. The Columbian Exchange was primarily: A. A military alliance B. An exchange of ideas C. A transfer of goods, people, and diseases D. A European trade union 4. The Portuguese established a trading post empire in: A. The Americas B. Africa C. The Indian Ocean D. Southeast Asia 5. Which nation became the dominant power in the spice trade after Portugal? A. Spain B. England C. Netherlands D. France 6. Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the Atlantic slave trade? A. Disruption of African societies B. Growth of plantation economies  C. European decline in wealth D. Increased racial divisions 7. Which empire controlled much of the silver trade in the 16th century? A. Ottoman Empire B. Spanish Empire C. Mughal Empire D. Qing Dynasty 8. The fur trade primarily took place in: A. Asia B. North America C. South America D. Africa 9. What was a significant environmental impact of the fur trade? A. Increased agricultural productivity B. Deforestation C. Decline of animal populations D. Rising sea levels 10. Which of the following was a major port in the transatlantic trade? A. Lisbon B. Manila C. Timbuktu D. New Orleans Short Answer 11. How did the silver trade link Europe, Asia, and the Americas? - The silver trade connected Europe, Asia, and the Americas through a global network of exchange. Silver mined in the Americas, particularly in places like Potosí, was shipped to Europe and then traded to Asia, especially China, where it was highly valued for its monetary system. This facilitated the first global trade system, linking diverse economies and societies. - The silver trade linked Europe, Asia, and the Americas by creating new trade routes, facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas, and leading to economic shifts across continents 12. What were two major consequences of the Columbian Exchange for indigenous populations? - Massive population decline due to the introduction of Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. - Loss of land : Europeans introduced new animals and farming practices, forcing many indigenous people off their land  - Describe one reason why sugar plantations were significant in the Atlantic economy. - Sugar plantations were significant in the Atlantic economy because they generated immense wealth through the production of a highly profitable crop, driving the transatlantic slave trade and fueling economic growth in Europe and the Americas. 13. How did joint-stock companies like the Dutch East India Company influence global trade? - Joint-stock companies like the Dutch East India Company changed global trade by allowing people to invest together in big projects. This helped them control trade routes, set up colonies, and dominate valuable goods like spices and tea, making Europe richer and more powerful. Chapter 15: Cultural Transformations (1450–1750) Multiple Choice (MCQs) 15. Who initiated the Protestant Reformation? A. Martin Luther B. John Calvin C. Henry VIII D. Ignatius of Loyola 16. The Protestant Reformation began in: A. France B. England C. Germany D. Spain 17. What was the Catholic Church’s response to the Reformation? A. Peace of Augsburg B. Thirty Years’ War C. Counter-Reformation D. Edict of Nantes 18. The Enlightenment was primarily concerned with: A. Religious reform B. Scientific discovery  C. Applying reason to human affairs D. Conquering empires 19. What was a major goal of the Jesuits? A. Military conquest B. Converting non-Christians C. Spreading Enlightenment ideas D. Expanding trade routes 20. Which philosopher supported freedom of speech and religion? A. Locke B. Rousseau C. Voltaire D. Montesquieu 21. What was the heliocentric model of the universe? A. Earth is the center of the universe B. The sun is the center of the universe C. Planets orbit in perfect circles D. The universe has no center 22. Galileo was condemned by the Catholic Church for: A. Supporting the heliocentric theory B. Developing the telescope C. Proposing laws of motion D. Writing The Prince 23. What was John Locke’s idea about government? A. Rule by divine right B. Social contract and natural rights C. Absolute monarchy D. Separation of powers 24. The Enlightenment thinker most associated with economic theory was: A. Montesquieu B. Adam Smith C. Voltaire D. Rousseau Short Answer 25. What was one way the Protestant Reformation changed European society? - The Protestant Reformation changed European society by weakening the Catholic Church's authority, leading to greater religious diversity and conflicts, which influenced education and literacy.  26. How did the Scientific Revolution contribute to technological progress? - The Scientific Revolution contributed to technological progress by promoting experimentation, observation, and the use of the scientific method. This led to new discoveries and inventions, like telescopes and machinery, and navigation tools and engineering. 27. What role did women play in promoting Enlightenment ideas? - Women played a key role in promoting Enlightenment ideas by hosting salons, where thinkers gathered to discuss philosophy, science, and politics. Some women also wrote influential works advocating for equality and education. Education became very important after the Enlightenment because of the women that fought for it. 28. Describe one reason the Catholic Church opposed Galileo’s work. - The Catholic Church opposed Galileo’s work because it went against their belief that the Earth was the centre of the universe, which challenged their authority. Chapter 16: Science and Enlightenment (1450–1750) Multiple Choice (MCQs) 29. The Scientific Revolution emphasized: A. Religious authority B. Experimentation and observation C. Feudal traditions D. Monarchical rule 30. Who discovered the laws of planetary motion? A. Copernicus B. Kepler C. Galileo D. Newton 31. The Enlightenment thinker who argued for separation of powers was: A. Montesquieu B. Rousseau  C. Locke D. Voltaire 32. The social contract theory states: A. Monarchs are divinely chosen B. Governments must protect citizens’ rights C. Religion should guide politics D. Economic equality is essential 33. Which invention played a key role in the Scientific Revolution? A. Printing press B. Telescope C. Compass D. Gunpowder 34. Isaac Newton is famous for: A. Inventing calculus B. Developing the laws of motion C. Designing the telescope D. Opposing Enlightenment ideas 35. Which Enlightenment thinker influenced the U.S. Declaration of Independence? A. Voltaire B. Locke C. Hobbes D. Rousseau 36. Enlightenment ideas led to: A. Greater monarchical control B. Political revolutions C. Decline in education D. Expansion of religious authority 37. Which thinker argued for free markets in The Wealth of Nations? A. Voltaire B. Adam Smith C. Locke D. Hobbes 38. Rousseau believed in: A. Absolute monarchy B. Direct democracy C. Economic planning D. Religious unity Chapter 17: Atlantic Revolutions and Their Echoes (1750–1914) Multiple Choice (MCQs) 39. Which revolution inspired the French Revolution? A. Russian Revolution B. Haitian Revolution C. American Revolution D. Industrial Revolution 40. Who led the Haitian Revolution? A. Simon Bolivar B. Toussaint Louverture C. Robespierre D. Napoleon 41. The Declaration of Independence was influenced by: A. Montesquieu B. Locke C. Rousseau D. Hobbes 42. What event marked the radical phase of the French Revolution? A. Storming of the Bastille B. Reign of Terror C. Napoleon’s rise D. End of monarchy 43. The Latin American revolutions were inspired by: A. Marxism B. Enlightenment ideas C. Religious teachings D. Feudal traditions 44. What was a key outcome of the French Revolution? A. The spread of nationalism B. British dominance in Europe C. Restoration of feudalism D. Decline of Enlightenment ideas 45. Simon Bolivar is associated with: A. The American Revolution B. South American independence  C. Haitian independence D. Industrial reform 46. What was a shared goal of the Atlantic revolutions? A. Promoting feudal systems B. Overthrowing oppressive regimes C. Uniting under a single ruler D. Expanding monarchies 47. What was the outcome of the Haitian Revolution? A. Restoration of French control B. The establishment of the first black republic C. Expansion of European colonies D. A failed independence movement 48. Which group led most of the Latin American revolutions? A. Indigenous peoples B. Enslaved Africans C. Creoles D. Peninsulares Short Answer 49. What was one key cause of the French Revolution? - One key cause of the French Revolution was widespread economic hardship, including heavy taxes on common people, rising food prices, and government debt, which created anger toward the monarchy and nobility. - The main cause of the French Revolution was the despotic rule of Louis XVI 50.How did the Haitian Revolution impact the Atlantic slave trade? - The Haitian Revolution demonstrated the power of enslaved people to successfully overthrow a colonial power, inspiring resistance and uprisings in other regions. It also contributed to a decline in the transatlantic slave trade. Additional Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Chapter 14: Economic Transformations (1450–1750) Which region supplied the majority of slaves for the Atlantic slave trade?  A. Southeast Asia B. North Africa C. West Africa D. Central America What was the primary European good traded for slaves in Africa? A. Tobacco B. Guns C. Sugar D. Fur What economic system emphasized accumulating gold and silver through trade? A. Feudalism B. Mercantilism C. Capitalism D. Socialism Which Asian empire benefited from the global silver trade? A. Mughal Empire B. Qing Dynasty C. Ottoman Empire D. Tokugawa Shogunate What was the triangular trade? A. Trade among European colonies B. Exchange between Europe, Africa, and the Americas C. The barter system of goods for services D. A route for Asian spices 50. Chapter 15: Cultural Transformations (1450–1750) What triggered the Thirty Years’ War? A. The French Revolution B. Religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics C. Napoleon’s rise to power D. The Scientific Revolution The Council of Trent was associated with: A. Protestant reforms B. Catholic counter-reforms C. Scientific discoveries D. Enlightenment debates  Which Enlightenment thinker argued that "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains"? A. Montesquieu B. Rousseau C. Voltaire D. Locke What was one way the Reformation impacted women? A. Gained access to the clergy B. Encouraged literacy through Bible reading C. Allowed them to vote in councils D. Excluded them from religious participation Which religion spread widely in India under the Mughal Empire? A. Christianity B. Buddhism C. Islam D. Confucianism 51. Chapter 16: Science and Enlightenment (1450–1750) What was Francis Bacon’s contribution to the Scientific Revolution? A. Inventing the telescope B. Proposing the scientific method C. Discovering gravity D. Arguing for heliocentrism Which thinker developed calculus alongside Isaac Newton? A. Galileo Galilei B. Johannes Kepler C. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz D. René Descartes Montesquieu's ideas about government emphasized: A. Theocracy B. Absolute monarchy C. Checks and balances D. Economic equality What book by John Locke influenced revolutionary ideas? A. Leviathan B. Two Treatises of Government C. The Social Contract D. Spirit of the Laws  What was the role of coffeehouses during the Enlightenment? A. Places for religious debate B. Centers for scientific experimentation C. Social hubs for intellectual discussion D. Locations for trading coffee 52. Chapter 17: Atlantic Revolutions and Their Echoes (1750–1914) Which document declared “all men are created equal”? A. Declaration of Independence B. Declaration of the Rights of Man C. Bill of Rights D. Constitution of Haiti Which class benefited most from the French Revolution? A. Peasantry B. Nobility C. Middle class D. Clergy What made the Haitian Revolution unique? A. It restored French rule B. It resulted in the only successful slave-led revolution C. It abolished monarchy D. It was the longest-lasting revolution Which Latin American country gained independence first? A. Argentina B. Haiti C. Mexico D. Brazil The American Revolution influenced revolutions in: A. Russia and China B. France and Haiti C. Japan and Korea D. Germany and Italy 53. Chapter 18: Industrialization and Its Impact (1750–1900) What powered the first industrial machines? A. Oil  B. Steam C. Electricity D. Gasoline The invention of the spinning jenny improved: A. Coal mining B. Steel production C. Textile manufacturing D. Transportation Which class grew significantly during industrialization? A. Aristocracy B. Clergy C. Middle class D. Peasantry Which of the following was a result of urbanization? A. Improved rural life B. Overcrowded cities C. Decrease in factory jobs D. Reduction in population What role did children play in the Industrial Revolution? A. They were excluded from labor B. They worked in factories and mines C. They gained universal education D. They became political leaders 54. Additional Short Answer Questions Explain one key cause of the Industrial Revolution. - The agricultural revolution increased food production, leading to population growth and freeing many laborers for work in emerging industries. How did industrialization affect global trade? - Industrialization boosted global trade by increasing the production of goods,creating new markets and enabling faster transportation through innovations like railroads and steamships. 78.What was one social change brought about by industrialization?  - Industrialization led to urbanization as people moved to cities for factory jobs , which transformed traditional rural societies into urban, industrial ones. 79.How did Enlightenment ideas contribute to the American and French Revolutions? - Enlightenment ideas, such as natural rights, social contracts, and the belief in equality, inspired revolutionaries to challenge monarchy and seek governments based on democracy and individual liberty. 80.Describe the significance of the Council of Trent during the Reformation. - The Council of Trent was a cornerstone of the Counter-reformation, reaffirming catholic doctrines, addressing abuses and revitalizing to combat protestantism. 81.What role did plantations play in the Atlantic economy? - Plantations produced cash crops like sugar , tobacco and cotton for export, driving the demand for slave labor and linking Europe, Africa and the Americas in a triangular trade network. 82.How did the fur trade influence relations between Native Americans and Europeans? - The fur trade created economic partnerships but also led to dependency on European goods, increased competitions among tribes, and exploitations among native lands by European settlers. 83.What were two consequences of the Thirty Years’ War? - The Peace of Westphalia established the concept of state sovereignty, ended the war, establishing the principle of state sovereignty, and the war devastated much of Europe, particularly the German states, through population loss and economic decline. redrawing political boundaries in Europe. 84.How did nationalism arise from the French Revolution? - The French Revolution fostered nationalism by uniting citizens under the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity and inspiring pride in a shared French identity and culture. 85.Describe one invention from the Industrial Revolution and its impact on society. - The steam engine revolutionized transportation and manufacturing enabling the development of railways and factories, which boosted productivity and connected markets like never before.