Transformation of Regions PDF

Transformation of regions  TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 Definition of ‘Transformation’ 02 Transformation of Europe 03 Transformation of the united states 04 Transformation of Japan 05 Transformation of China  01 What is ‘Transformation’?...

Transformation of regions  TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 Definition of ‘Transformation’ 02 Transformation of Europe 03 Transformation of the united states 04 Transformation of Japan 05 Transformation of China  01 What is ‘Transformation’?  Definition of ‘transformation’ Transformation: - brings about change; not only change, but fundamental change - a phenomenon that is unique to the modern era - drastic change in the political system/ economic organization / social structure/ cultural behaviour  Does he undergo a change or transformation? Change/Transformation Change/Transformation  Transformation in Regions: Europe, the US, Japan and China Europe The US Japan China Time Period 15-16th Century 18th Century 19th Century 19th Century Difficulties The monopoly of the Ottoman British The US’s Foreign Aggression Turks, Arab Muslims and colonisation aggression Italian merchants on the trade between Europe and Asia Solutions Voyages of Discovery Revolution: Reform: - Reforms: Self-Strengthening American - Meiji Reform Movement, Hundred Days’ Revolution Reform, Late-Qing Reform - Revolution: 1911 Revolution Transformation Suppressed in economic A colony→ an Suppressed by Suppressed by foreign expansion sector→ a world power independent foreign expansion → laid a good foundation of (Colonialism from early 16th state → a → a world power being a world power to late 18th century) world power 2. Transformation of Europe: Voyages of Discovery 2.1 Background of the voyages 2.2 Causes of the voyages of of discovery discovery 2.3 Major Achievements of the 2.4 Influences of the voyages of voyages of discovery discovery 2.1 Background : the monopoly of the Ottoman Turks, Arab Muslims and Italian merchants on the trade between Europe and Asia - However, Europeans could only buy Asian - During late Medieval Times, goods goods indirectly. from Asia such as silk, porcelain, Land trade routes: From the 14th century, the tea and spices were in great Ottoman Turks and Arab Muslims controlled demand in Europe. the land trade routes between Europe and Asia. They levied very high trade taxes. Sea trade routes: Italians merchants monopolized trade in the Mediterranean region. Read the cartoons and find out the causes of the voyages of discovery in the 15th Century. 2.2 Causes of the Voyages of Discovery a. Political & economic aspect : to search for new land, trade c. Cultural aspect: routes and wealth influence of Renaissance b. Religious aspect: d. Technological aspect: to spread Christianity improvement in shipbuilding and navigation a. Political & economic aspect : to search for new land, trade routes and wealth - They were willing to sponsor - Strong kings arose in Europe in explorations. the 15th century. - Politically, they wanted to find new lands and valuable things like gold and other metals. - Economically, they hoped to find new trade routes to the East for trade. Europe, Asia and Africa in 1480 b. Religious aspect: to spread Christianity - It supported naval explorations - During Medieval Times, and often sent missionaries to join Christianity had been spread these explorations. throughout Europe. - The Church therefore wanted to spread Christianity worldwide. A missionary in India c. Cultural aspect: influence of the Renaissance - In the 14th century, the - Influenced by humanism, Europeans Renaissance started in Europe wanted to extend their capacity and know which led to the rise of humanism. more about unknown places and unknown people. - Some also wanted to verify some new ideas, e.g. if the Earth was round. To start the Voyages of Discovery d. Technological aspect: improvements in shipbuilding and navigation - Before the Voyages of Discovery, - They also learnt from the Arabs Europeans learnt how to build how to use the astrolabe and larger seafaring ships. compass and draw more accurate maps. - The improvements in shipbuilding and navigation allowed navigators to make safer journeys and travel greater distances.  2.3 Major achievements of the Voyages of Discovery  1. Sailed directly from Western Europe to India In 1488, Portuguese navigator Diaz sailed from Western Europe to the Cape of Good Hope, Africa. Between 1497 and 1498, Portuguese navigator da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and reached Calicut, India. His journey opened up a new direct sea route from Western Europe to India. Diaz 2. Discovered the Americas In 1492, Italian navigator Columbus led a Spanish fleet and sailed westwards. He reached present-day West Indies, which includes the Bahamas and Cuba. Columbus discovered the Americas hitherto unknown to Europeans. 3. Completed the first circumnavigation of Earth In 1519, Portuguese navigator Magellan led a Spanish fleet and sailed westwards. He reached the southern tip of the Americas and sailed to the Pacific. In 1522, his fleet returned to Spain. This Magellan was the first global circumnavigation. Columbus Major voyages between 1487 and 1522 Watch the video and then answer the questions in the google form. 2.4 Influence of the voyages of discovery  b. Promoted cultural a. Increased the geographic exchanges in the world knowledge of Europeans - Westerners learnt more about the - led to the discovery of new sea routes histories, languages, customs and and new lands cultures of the East. - dispelled many misconceptions - Christianity, European science and about the world held by Europeans medicine spread to other places by for a long time the new sea routes. E.g the circumnavigation of the Earth - The influence of European civilization proved that the Earth was round in the Americas, Africa and Asia expanded continuously. c. Start of the Atlantic slave trade - After the Europeans discovered and settled in the Americas, they needed a lot of labour to help develop their colonies. - They captured American Indians and imported African slaves. The Atlantic slave trade began. - Between the 16th and 19th centuries, more than 15 million Africans had been sold to the Americas as slaves.  d. Started European expansion (Colonialism) - To protect and expand their - European countries accumulated economic interests, they set up great wealth from foreign trade trading footholds and colonies in and became powerful. the Americas, Africa and Asia, mainly in the Americas d. Started European expansion (Colonialism) - By the 18th century, Spain and Portugal controlled Central America and South America (also known as Latin America), while Britain and France had control over eastern North America. In Asia and Africa, they mainly built coastal footholds to trade and exploit local resources. - The early colonial expansion focused mainly on trade and resources. Territorial expansion and political control were less important.  d. Started European expansion (Colonialism) Ways of colonial expansion Political expansion: - establishing footholds(coastal bases), spheres of influence(zones with special rights), protectorates and colonies Economic expansion: - exploitation of resources; control over colonial markets Social and cultural - spread European religion and culture expansion:  d. Started European expansion (Colonialism) - The Voyages of Discovery ended the monopoly of the Ottoman Turks, Arab Muslims and Italian merchants on the trade between Europe and Asia. - A European-centred world trading system was formed. International trade also tended to satisfy their interests. - It led to the rise of Europe.