History Exam Final Study Guide PDF

‭Sectionalism,‬‭Slavery‬‭&‬‭the‬‭Road‬‭to‬‭Secession‬ ‭‬ ‭Politics‬‭of‬‭the‬‭1850s‬ ‭○‬ ‭Ethno-cultural‬‭issues‬‭and‬‭the‬‭rise‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Know-Nothing‬‭Party‬ ‭‬ A ‭ nti-immigrant,‬‭anti-Catholic‬‭political‬‭m ovement‬‭in‬‭the‬‭1850s.‬...

‭Sectionalism,‬‭Slavery‬‭&‬‭the‬‭Road‬‭to‬‭Secession‬ ‭‬ ‭Politics‬‭of‬‭the‬‭1850s‬ ‭○‬ ‭Ethno-cultural‬‭issues‬‭and‬‭the‬‭rise‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Know-Nothing‬‭Party‬ ‭‬ A ‭ nti-immigrant,‬‭anti-Catholic‬‭political‬‭m ovement‬‭in‬‭the‬‭1850s.‬ ‭‬ ‭Reflected‬‭nativist‬‭anxieties‬‭over‬‭immigration.‬ ‭○‬ ‭The‬‭divisive‬‭Kansas-Nebraska‬‭Act‬‭(1854)‬ ‭‬ R ‭ epealed‬‭M issouri‬‭Compromise;‬‭allowed‬‭popular‬‭s overeignty‬‭in‬ ‭territories;‬‭led‬‭to‬‭"Bleeding‬‭Kansas."‬ ‭‬ ‭Championed‬‭by‬‭Stephen‬‭Douglas.‬ ‭○‬ ‭The‬‭Republican‬‭Party‬‭and‬‭collapse‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Second‬‭Party‬‭System‬ ‭‬ F ‭ ounded‬‭in‬‭1854‬‭to‬‭oppose‬‭s lavery's‬‭expansion.‬ ‭‬ ‭Emerged‬‭from‬‭Free‬‭Soilers,‬‭anti-slavery‬‭Whigs,‬‭and‬‭others.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Collapse‬‭of‬‭Whig‬‭Party‬ ‭‬ ‭Split‬‭over‬‭s lavery,‬‭paving‬‭the‬‭way‬‭for‬‭the‬‭Republican‬‭Party.‬ ‭‬ ‭Disintegration‬‭occurred‬‭in‬‭the‬‭1850s.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Bleeding‬‭Kansas‬ ‭‬ V ‭ iolent‬‭c lashes‬‭over‬‭s lavery‬‭in‬‭Kansas‬‭territory.‬ ‭‬ ‭1854-1859,‬‭result‬‭of‬‭Kansas-Nebraska‬‭Act.‬ ‭○‬ ‭The‬‭Dred‬‭Scott‬‭decision‬‭and‬‭proslavery‬‭politics‬ ‭‬ ‭Lincoln’s‬‭Speech‬‭on‬‭Dred‬‭Scott‬‭(1857)‬ ‭‬ O ‭ pposed‬‭Supreme‬‭Court‬‭ruling‬‭that‬‭denied‬‭Black‬‭c itizenship.‬ ‭‬ ‭Highlighted‬‭tensions‬‭over‬‭s lavery‬‭and‬‭c onstitutional‬‭interpretation.‬ ‭Lincoln’s‬‭Peoria‬‭Speech‬‭(1854)‬ ‭‬ C ‭ riticized‬‭Kansas-Nebraska‬‭Act;‬‭emphasized‬‭m orality‬‭of‬‭restricting‬‭s lavery.‬ ‭‬ ‭M arked‬‭Lincoln’s‬‭return‬‭to‬‭national‬‭politics.‬ ‭‬ ‭The‬‭Escalation‬‭of‬‭Tensions‬ ‭○‬ ‭John‬‭Brown‬‭’s‬‭raid‬ ‭‬ A ‭ bolitionist‬‭who‬‭led‬‭Harpers‬‭Ferry‬‭raid;‬‭m artyr‬‭for‬‭anti-slavery‬‭c ause.‬ ‭‬ ‭Executed‬‭in‬‭1859,‬‭heightened‬‭s ectional‬‭tensions.‬ ‭○‬ ‭The‬‭sectional‬‭Election‬‭of‬‭1860‬ ‭‬ L ‭ incoln’s‬‭v ictory‬‭led‬‭to‬‭Southern‬‭s ecession.‬ ‭‬ ‭Reflected‬‭deep‬‭divisions‬‭over‬‭s lavery.‬ ‭ ‬ ‭Southern‬‭Fire-eaters‬‭and‬‭secession‬ ○ ‭○‬ ‭Lincoln,‬‭Stephens,‬‭&‬‭the‬‭“apples‬‭of‬‭gold‬‭in‬‭pictures‬‭of‬‭silver”‬ ‭○‬ ‭Confederate‬‭justifications-‬‭Stephens‬‭Cornerstone‬‭Speech‬ ‭Westward‬‭Expansion‬‭&‬‭the‬‭Territorial‬‭Crisis‬ ‭‬ ‭Manifest‬‭Destiny‬ ‭ascendant‬  ‭‬ I‭deology‬‭that‬‭justified‬‭U.S.‬‭westward‬‭expansion;‬‭tied‬‭to‬‭nationalism,‬‭racial‬ ‭s uperiority,‬‭and‬‭divine‬‭m ission.‬ ‭‬ ‭1840s,‬‭s upported‬‭annexation‬‭of‬‭territories‬‭like‬‭Texas‬‭and‬‭O regon.‬ ‭‬ ‭Annexation‬‭of‬‭Texas‬ ‭‬ S ‭ parked‬‭tensions‬‭with‬‭M exico‬‭leading‬‭to‬‭the‬‭M exican-American‬‭War.‬ ‭‬ ‭Texas‬‭declared‬‭independence‬‭in‬‭1836;‬‭it‬‭was‬‭annexed‬‭by‬‭the‬‭U.S.‬‭in‬‭1845.‬ ‭ ‬ ‭Texas‬‭Independence‬ ○ ‭○‬ ‭Annexation‬‭and‬‭the‬‭elections‬‭of‬‭1840‬‭and‬‭1844‬ ‭ ‬ ‭President‬‭Polk’s‬‭War‬ ‭○‬ ‭Taylor‬‭defense‬‭of‬‭US‬‭settlers‬ ‭○‬ ‭US‬‭territorial‬‭desires‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Mexican-American‬‭War‬‭(1846-1848)‬ ‭‬ R ‭ esulted‬‭in‬‭U.S.‬‭territorial‬‭expansion‬‭(e.g.,‬‭California,‬‭Arizona);‬‭deepened‬ ‭s lavery‬‭debate.‬ ‭‬ ‭Annexation‬‭of‬‭Texas,‬‭border‬‭disputes,‬‭and‬‭M anifest‬‭Destiny.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Wilmot‬‭Proviso‬‭(1846)‬‭and‬‭the‬‭containment‬‭of‬‭slavery‬ ‭‬ P ‭ roposed‬‭banning‬‭s lavery‬‭in‬‭territories‬‭acquired‬‭from‬‭M exico;‬‭escalated‬ ‭s ectional‬‭tensions.‬ ‭‬ ‭Emerged‬‭during‬‭the‬‭M exican-American‬‭War.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Military‬‭success‬‭in‬‭Mexico‬‭&‬‭Treaty‬‭of‬‭Guadalupe‬‭Hidalgo‬‭(1848)‬ ‭‬ E ‭ nded‬‭the‬‭M exican-American‬‭War;‬‭U.S.‬‭gained‬‭v ast‬‭territory‬‭(Mexican‬ ‭Cession).‬ ‭‬ ‭Negotiated‬‭to‬‭finalize‬‭U.S.‬‭territorial‬‭gains.‬ ‭‬ ‭Political‬‭fragmentation‬‭in‬‭1848‬ ‭○‬ ‭Whig‬‭division‬‭and‬‭the‬‭Free‬‭Soil‬‭Party‬‭(1848)‬ ‭‬ O ‭ pposed‬‭the‬‭expansion‬‭of‬‭s lavery‬‭in‬‭western‬‭territories.‬ ‭‬ ‭Comprised‬‭anti-slavery‬‭Democrats,‬‭Whigs,‬‭and‬‭abolitionists.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Whigs‬‭victorious‬‭yet‬‭undermined‬‭by‬‭Taylor‬ ‭‬ ‭Compromise‬‭of‬‭1850‬ ‭‬ A ‭ ddressed‬‭s lavery‬‭in‬‭new‬‭territories;‬‭included‬‭Fugitive‬‭Slave‬‭Act,‬‭California‬‭as‬‭a‬ ‭free‬‭s tate.‬ ‭‬ ‭Sought‬‭to‬‭ease‬‭tensions‬‭post-Mexican‬‭Cession.‬ ‭The‬‭Civil‬‭War:‬‭A‬‭Brief‬‭Overview‬ ‭‬ ‭The‬‭Civil‬‭War‬‭as‬‭the‬‭first‬‭Modern‬‭War‬ ‭‬ ‭Strategies,‬‭advantages,‬‭and‬‭goals‬ ‭‬ ‭Motivations‬‭and‬‭explanations‬‭for‬‭fighting‬ ‭‬ ‭Battle‬‭highlights‬‭and‬‭other‬‭significant‬‭developments‬ ‭○‬ ‭First‬‭Manassas,‬‭July‬‭1861‬ ‭○‬ ‭McCellan’s‬‭failed‬‭Peninsular‬‭Campaign,‬‭March-July‬‭1862‬ ‭○‬ ‭Confiscation‬‭Act,‬‭July‬‭1862‬ ‭○‬ ‭Antietam‬‭&‬‭the‬‭Emancipation‬‭Proclamation,‬‭Sept‬‭1862‬ ‭○‬ ‭The‬‭record‬‭of‬‭African-American‬‭soldiers‬  ‭ ‬ ‭Lee’s‬‭costly‬‭triumph‬‭st‬‭Chancellorsville,‬‭May‬‭1863‬ ○ ‭Origins‬‭of‬‭Reconstruction‬‭during‬‭the‬‭war‬ ‭‬ ‭Lincoln’s‬‭Proclamation‬‭of‬‭Amnesty‬‭and‬‭Reconstruction‬‭Ten‬‭Percent‬‭Plan‬‭,‬‭Dec.‬‭1863‬ ‭‬ L ‭ incoln’s‬‭lenient‬‭plan‬‭for‬‭Southern‬‭reintegration.‬ ‭‬ ‭O ffered‬‭pardon‬‭to‬‭Confederates.‬ ‭‬ ‭Wade-Davis‬‭Bill‬‭,‬‭July‬‭1864‬ ‭‬ R ‭ adical‬‭Reconstruction‬‭plan‬‭requiring‬‭s tricter‬‭loyalty‬‭oaths.‬ ‭‬ ‭Pocket-vetoed‬‭by‬‭Lincoln.‬ ‭‬ ‭13th-15th‬‭Amendments‬‭,‬‭Jan‬‭1865‬ ‭‬ A ‭ bolished‬‭s lavery‬‭(13th),‬‭granted‬‭c itizenship‬‭(14th),‬‭v oting‬‭rights‬‭(15th).‬ ‭‬ ‭Foundation‬‭of‬‭Reconstruction.‬ ‭‬ ‭Results‬‭for‬‭former‬‭slaves‬ ‭○‬ ‭Mobility‬ ‭○‬ ‭Social‬‭and‬‭cultural‬‭autonomy‬ ‭○‬ ‭Economic‬‭independence‬ ‭‬ ‭Postwar‬‭Presidential‬‭Reconstruction‬ ‭○‬ ‭Johnson’s‬‭pro-white‬‭actions‬ ‭‬ ‭Amnesty‬‭Proclamation‬ ‭‬ ‭Black‬‭codes‬ ‭‬ ‭Vetoes‬‭Freedmen’s‬‭Bureau‬‭Bill‬ ‭‬ ‭Vetoes‬‭Civil‬‭RIghts‬‭Act‬‭of‬‭1866‬ ‭Civil‬‭War‬‭Era‬ ‭Lincoln’s‬‭“ Fragment‬‭o n‬‭the‬‭Constitution‬‭a nd‬‭the‬‭Union”‬ ‭‬ D ‭ etails‬‭:‬‭In‬‭this‬‭reflective‬‭document,‬‭A braham‬‭Lincoln‬‭expressed‬‭his‬‭belief‬‭that‬‭the‬‭U nion‬ ‭was‬‭grounded‬‭on‬‭the‬‭Declaration‬‭of‬‭Independence's‬‭principle‬‭of‬‭equality.‬‭He‬‭argued‬‭that‬ ‭the‬‭Constitution‬‭was‬‭the‬‭framework‬‭to‬‭protect‬‭those‬‭ideals.‬‭The‬‭Union’s‬‭survival,‬‭he‬ ‭believed,‬‭depended‬‭on‬‭aligning‬‭the‬‭Constitution‬‭with‬‭the‬‭moral‬‭foundation‬‭of‬‭the‬ ‭Declaration.‬ ‭‬ ‭Significance‬‭:‬‭This‬‭fragment‬‭highlights‬‭Lincoln’s‬‭view‬‭that‬‭the‬‭war‬‭was‬‭not‬‭just‬‭about‬ ‭preserving‬‭the‬‭Union‬‭but‬‭also‬‭about‬‭addressing‬‭slavery‬‭as‬‭a‬‭moral‬‭and‬‭constitutional‬‭issue.‬ ‭Alexander‬‭Stephens’s‬‭“ Cornerstone‬‭Speech”‬‭(1861)‬ ‭‬ D ‭ etails‬‭:‬‭Stephens,‬‭the‬‭Vice‬‭President‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Confederacy,‬‭declared‬‭that‬‭the‬‭Confederacy‬ ‭was‬‭founded‬‭on‬‭the‬‭belief‬‭in‬‭racial‬‭inequality‬‭and‬‭the‬‭permanence‬‭of‬‭slavery.‬‭He‬‭directly‬ ‭opposed‬‭the‬‭idea‬‭of‬‭equality‬‭outlined‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Declaration‬‭of‬‭Independence,‬‭asserting‬‭that‬ ‭slavery‬‭was‬‭a‬‭"natural"‬‭condition.‬ ‭‬ ‭Significance‬‭:‬‭This‬‭speech‬‭provided‬‭a‬‭clear‬‭justification‬‭for‬‭secession‬‭and‬‭exposed‬‭the‬ ‭centrality‬‭of‬‭slavery‬‭to‬‭the‬‭Confederate‬‭cause.‬ ‭Confiscation‬‭Acts‬‭(1861-1862)‬ ‭‬ D ‭ etails‬‭:‬‭Passed‬‭by‬‭Congress,‬‭these‬‭laws‬‭authorized‬‭the‬‭U nion‬‭to‬‭seize‬‭Confederate‬ ‭property,‬‭including‬‭enslaved‬‭people,‬‭who‬‭were‬‭declared‬‭"contraband‬‭of‬‭war."‬‭The‬‭acts‬ ‭aimed‬‭to‬‭weaken‬‭the‬‭Confederacy‬‭by‬‭depriving‬‭it‬‭of‬‭labor.‬ ‭‬ ‭Significance‬‭:‬‭They‬‭were‬‭an‬‭early‬‭step‬‭toward‬‭emancipation,‬‭paving‬‭the‬‭way‬‭for‬‭broader‬ ‭policies‬‭like‬‭the‬‭Emancipation‬‭Proclamation.‬ ‭Emancipation‬‭Proclamation‬‭(1863)‬ ‭‬ D ‭ etails‬‭:‬‭Issued‬‭by‬‭Lincoln‬‭after‬‭the‬‭Battle‬‭of‬‭A ntietam,‬‭it‬‭declared‬‭freedom‬‭for‬‭slaves‬‭in‬ ‭Confederate-held‬‭territories.‬‭Although‬‭it‬‭didn’t‬‭immediately‬‭free‬‭all‬‭enslaved‬‭people,‬‭it‬ ‭shifted‬‭the‬‭Union's‬‭war‬‭aim‬‭to‬‭include‬‭the‬‭abolition‬‭of‬‭slavery.‬ ‭‬ ‭Significance‬‭:‬‭It‬‭discouraged‬‭foreign‬‭support‬‭for‬‭the‬‭Confederacy,‬‭allowed‬‭for‬‭the‬ ‭enlistment‬‭of‬‭Black‬‭soldiers,‬‭and‬‭laid‬‭the‬‭groundwork‬‭for‬‭the‬‭13th‬‭Amendment.‬ ‭Election‬‭o f‬‭1 864‬ ‭‬ D ‭ etails‬‭:‬‭Lincoln’s‬‭re-election‬‭occurred‬‭during‬‭the‬‭Civil‬‭War,‬‭w ith‬‭U nion‬‭victories‬‭like‬ ‭Sherman’s‬‭March‬‭boosting‬‭his‬‭popularity.‬‭His‬‭opponent,‬‭George‬‭McClellan,‬‭favored‬‭a‬ ‭negotiated‬‭peace.‬ ‭‬ ‭Significance‬‭:‬‭Lincoln’s‬‭victory‬‭ensured‬‭the‬‭continuation‬‭of‬‭the‬‭war‬‭effort‬‭and‬‭the‬‭ultimate‬ ‭abolition‬‭of‬‭slavery.‬ ‭Lincoln’s‬‭Second‬‭Inaugural‬‭Address‬‭(1865)‬ ‭‬ D ‭ etails‬‭:‬‭Lincoln‬‭reflected‬‭on‬‭the‬‭w ar’s‬‭causes,‬‭focusing‬‭on‬‭slavery‬‭and‬‭G od’s‬‭judgment‬‭on‬ ‭the‬‭nation.‬‭He‬‭emphasized‬‭reconciliation‬‭and‬‭called‬‭for‬‭"malice‬‭toward‬‭none"‬‭and‬‭"charity‬ ‭for‬‭all."‬ ‭‬ ‭Significance‬‭:‬‭Delivered‬‭as‬‭the‬‭war‬‭was‬‭ending,‬‭it‬‭set‬‭a‬‭tone‬‭for‬‭healing‬‭but‬‭also‬‭highlighted‬ ‭slavery‬‭as‬‭the‬‭root‬‭cause‬‭of‬‭the‬‭conflict.‬ ‭Reconstruction‬‭Era‬ ‭Freedmen’s‬‭Bureau‬ ‭‬ D ‭ etails‬‭:‬‭Established‬‭in‬‭1865,‬‭this‬‭federal‬‭agency‬‭provided‬‭assistance‬‭to‬‭freed‬‭slaves‬‭and‬ ‭poor‬‭whites‬‭in‬‭the‬‭South.‬‭It‬‭offered‬‭education,‬‭food,‬‭housing,‬‭and‬‭legal‬‭aid,‬‭although‬‭it‬ ‭faced‬‭significant‬‭opposition.‬ ‭‬ ‭Significance‬‭:‬‭It‬‭was‬‭a‬‭key‬‭institution‬‭in‬‭the‬‭early‬‭years‬‭of‬‭Reconstruction‬‭but‬‭had‬‭limited‬ ‭success‬‭due‬‭to‬‭resistance‬‭and‬‭underfunding.‬ ‭Presidential‬‭v s.‬‭Radical‬‭Reconstruction‬ ‭‬ ‭Details‬‭:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Presidential‬‭Reconstruction‬‭:‬‭Andrew‬‭Johnson‬‭favored‬‭leniency‬‭toward‬‭the‬‭South,‬ ‭offering‬‭amnesty‬‭and‬‭allowing‬‭states‬‭to‬‭rejoin‬‭the‬‭Union‬‭with‬‭few‬‭conditions.‬‭This‬ ‭approach‬‭enabled‬‭the‬‭passage‬‭of‬‭Black‬‭Codes,‬‭restricting‬‭the‬‭rights‬‭of‬‭freedpeople.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Radical‬‭Reconstruction‬‭:‬‭Congressional‬‭Republicans,‬‭dissatisfied‬‭with‬‭Johnson’s‬ ‭policies,‬‭implemented‬‭stricter‬‭measures,‬‭including‬‭the‬‭use‬‭of‬‭federal‬‭troops‬‭to‬ ‭enforce‬‭civil‬‭rights‬‭and‬‭ensure‬‭Black‬‭political‬‭participation.‬ ‭‬ ‭Significance‬‭:‬‭The‬‭conflict‬‭between‬‭these‬‭two‬‭approaches‬‭defined‬‭Reconstruction‬‭and‬ ‭revealed‬‭deep‬‭divisions‬‭over‬‭how‬‭to‬‭rebuild‬‭the‬‭South.‬ ‭Reconstruction‬‭Act‬‭o f‬‭1 867‬ ‭‬ D ‭ etails‬‭:‬‭This‬‭act‬‭divided‬‭the‬‭South‬‭into‬‭five‬‭military‬‭districts‬‭and‬‭required‬‭Southern‬‭states‬‭to‬ ‭draft‬‭new‬‭constitutions‬‭guaranteeing‬‭Black‬‭suffrage‬‭and‬‭ratify‬‭the‬‭14th‬‭Amendment‬‭before‬ ‭rejoining‬‭the‬‭Union.‬ ‭‬ ‭Significance‬‭:‬‭It‬‭marked‬‭the‬‭beginning‬‭of‬‭Radical‬‭Reconstruction‬‭and‬‭ensured‬‭federal‬ ‭oversight‬‭in‬‭rebuilding‬‭Southern‬‭governments.‬ ‭Impeachment‬‭o f‬‭Andrew‬‭J ohnson‬ ‭‬ D ‭ etails‬‭:‬‭Johnson’s‬‭opposition‬‭to‬‭Radical‬‭Reconstruction,‬‭including‬‭his‬‭violation‬‭of‬‭the‬ ‭Tenure‬‭of‬‭Office‬‭Act‬‭by‬‭removing‬‭a‬‭cabinet‬‭member‬‭without‬‭Senate‬‭approval,‬‭led‬‭to‬‭his‬ ‭impeachment.‬‭He‬‭was‬‭acquitted‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Senate‬‭by‬‭one‬‭vote.‬ ‭‬ ‭Significance‬‭:‬‭The‬‭impeachment‬‭underscored‬‭the‬‭deep‬‭political‬‭struggles‬‭over‬ ‭Reconstruction‬‭but‬‭also‬‭demonstrated‬‭the‬‭limits‬‭of‬‭Congressional‬‭power.‬ ‭Carpetbaggers/Scalawags‬ ‭‬ ‭Details‬‭:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Carpetbaggers‬‭:‬‭Northerners‬‭who‬‭moved‬‭to‬‭the‬‭South‬‭during‬‭Reconstruction,‬‭often‬ ‭accused‬‭of‬‭exploiting‬‭Southern‬‭resources.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Scalawags‬‭:‬‭Southern‬‭whites‬‭who‬‭supported‬‭Reconstruction‬‭and‬‭the‬‭Republican‬ ‭Party.‬ ‭‬ ‭Significance‬‭:‬‭Both‬‭groups‬‭were‬‭vilified‬‭by‬‭Southern‬‭Democrats‬‭but‬‭played‬‭significant‬‭roles‬ ‭in‬‭rebuilding‬‭the‬‭South‬‭and‬‭supporting‬‭civil‬‭rights.‬ ‭Redeemers‬ ‭‬ D ‭ etails‬‭:‬‭Southern‬‭D emocrats‬‭w ho‬‭regained‬‭control‬‭of‬‭state‬‭governments‬‭in‬‭the‬‭1870s,‬‭often‬ ‭through‬‭voter‬‭suppression‬‭and‬‭violence.‬  ‭‬ S ‭ ignificance‬‭:‬‭They‬‭worked‬‭to‬‭end‬‭Reconstruction‬‭and‬‭restore‬‭white‬‭supremacy,‬‭paving‬‭the‬ ‭way‬‭for‬‭Jim‬‭Crow‬‭laws.‬ ‭Violence‬‭and‬‭Resistance‬‭During‬‭Reconstruction‬ ‭K KK‬‭Act‬‭(1871)‬ ‭‬ D ‭ etails‬‭:‬‭O fficially‬‭known‬‭as‬‭the‬‭Enforcement‬‭A ct,‬‭it‬‭gave‬‭the‬‭federal‬‭government‬‭authority‬ ‭to‬‭combat‬‭Ku‬‭Klux‬‭Klan‬‭violence‬‭and‬‭protect‬‭civil‬‭rights.‬ ‭‬ ‭Significance‬‭:‬‭It‬‭temporarily‬‭suppressed‬‭Klan‬‭activity‬‭but‬‭highlighted‬‭the‬‭challenges‬‭of‬ ‭enforcing‬‭Reconstruction‬‭policies‬‭in‬‭the‬‭South.‬ ‭Colfax‬‭Massacre‬‭(1873)‬ ‭‬ D ‭ etails‬‭:‬‭In‬‭Colfax,‬‭Louisiana,‬‭w hite‬‭supremacists‬‭killed‬‭over‬‭100‬‭Black‬‭militia‬‭members‬ ‭defending‬‭a‬‭courthouse.‬‭This‬‭marked‬‭one‬‭of‬‭the‬‭worst‬‭instances‬‭of‬‭Reconstruction-era‬ ‭violence.‬ ‭‬ ‭Significance‬‭:‬‭Federal‬‭intervention‬‭was‬‭minimal,‬‭demonstrating‬‭the‬‭weakening‬‭of‬ ‭Reconstruction‬‭efforts.‬ ‭End‬‭of‬‭Reconstruction‬ ‭Election‬‭o f‬‭1 876‬ ‭‬ D ‭ etails‬‭:‬‭A ‬‭disputed‬‭election‬‭between‬‭Rutherford‬‭B.‬‭H ayes‬‭(Republican)‬‭and‬‭Samuel‬‭Tilden‬ ‭(Democrat)‬‭was‬‭resolved‬‭through‬‭the‬‭Compromise‬‭of‬‭1877.‬‭Hayes‬‭became‬‭president‬‭in‬ ‭exchange‬‭for‬‭withdrawing‬‭federal‬‭troops‬‭from‬‭the‬‭South.‬ ‭‬ ‭Significance‬‭:‬‭This‬‭marked‬‭the‬‭end‬‭of‬‭Reconstruction,‬‭allowing‬‭Southern‬‭Democrats‬‭to‬ ‭regain‬‭control‬‭and‬‭curtail‬‭civil‬‭rights‬‭for‬‭African‬‭Americans.‬ ‭Lost‬‭Cause‬ ‭‬ D ‭ etails‬‭:‬‭A ‬‭post-war‬‭narrative‬‭that‬‭glorified‬‭the‬‭Confederacy,‬‭portraying‬‭it‬‭as‬‭fighting‬‭for‬ ‭states’‬‭rights‬‭rather‬‭than‬‭slavery.‬‭It‬‭downplayed‬‭the‬‭horrors‬‭of‬‭slavery‬‭and‬‭demonized‬ ‭Reconstruction.‬ ‭‬ ‭Significance‬‭:‬‭This‬‭myth‬‭shaped‬‭Southern‬‭identity‬‭and‬‭national‬‭memory,‬‭influencing‬‭racial‬ ‭relations‬‭and‬‭history‬‭education‬‭for‬‭generations.‬ ‭Memory‬‭o f‬‭the‬‭Civil‬‭War‬‭a nd‬‭Reconstruction‬  ‭‬ D ‭ etails‬‭:‬‭Competing‬‭narratives‬‭emerged,‬‭w ith‬‭the‬‭Lost‬‭Cause‬‭myth‬‭dominating‬‭Southern‬ ‭memory‬‭while‬‭others‬‭highlighted‬‭the‬‭civil‬‭rights‬‭struggles‬‭and‬‭the‬‭achievements‬‭of‬ ‭Reconstruction.‬ ‭‬ ‭Significance‬‭:‬‭These‬‭differing‬‭interpretations‬‭affected‬‭race‬‭relations‬‭and‬‭the‬‭understanding‬ ‭of‬‭American‬‭history‬‭into‬‭the‬‭20th‬‭century‬‭and‬‭beyond.‬ ‭Military‬‭Overview‬‭of‬‭Civil‬‭War‬ ‭‬ ‭Key‬‭Battles:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Fort‬‭Sumter:‬‭Start‬‭of‬‭war‬‭(1861).‬ ‭○‬ ‭Bull‬‭Run:‬‭First‬‭m ajor‬‭Confederate‬‭v ictory.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Antietam:‬‭Bloodiest‬‭day;‬‭led‬‭to‬‭Emancipation‬‭Proclamation.‬ ‭○‬ ‭G ettysburg:‬‭Turning‬‭point‬‭(1863).‬ ‭‬ ‭Gettysburg‬‭Address‬‭(1863)‬ ‭‬ ‭Redefined‬‭the‬‭war’s‬‭purpose‬‭around‬‭equality‬‭and‬‭unity.‬ ‭‬ ‭Delivered‬‭after‬‭the‬‭G ettysburg‬‭battle.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Vicksburg:‬‭Split‬‭the‬‭Confederacy.‬ ‭○‬ ‭Sherman’s‬‭M arch:‬‭Total‬‭war‬‭s trategy.‬ ‭Lincoln’s‬‭“Fragment‬‭on‬‭the‬‭Constitution‬‭and‬‭the‬‭Union”‬ ‭‬ ‭ xplored‬‭the‬‭interplay‬‭between‬‭Union‬‭principles‬‭and‬‭s lavery.‬ E ‭‬ ‭Written‬‭during‬‭the‬‭Civil‬‭War.‬ ‭Alexander‬‭Stephens’s‬‭“Cornerstone‬‭Speech”‬‭(1861)‬ ‭‬ ‭ laimed‬‭s lavery‬‭as‬‭the‬‭foundation‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Confederacy.‬ C ‭‬ ‭Delivered‬‭by‬‭Confederate‬‭Vice‬‭President.‬ ‭Political‬‭Overview‬‭of‬‭Civil‬‭War‬ ‭‬ C ‭ onfiscation‬‭Acts‬‭:‬‭Freed‬‭enslaved‬‭people‬‭used‬‭by‬‭Confederacy.‬ ‭‬ ‭Emancipation‬‭Proclamation‬‭(1863)‬‭:‬‭Freed‬‭s laves‬‭in‬‭rebelling‬‭s tates.‬ ‭‬ ‭Election‬‭of‬‭1864‬:‭‬‭Lincoln’s‬‭re-election‬‭s olidified‬‭Union‬‭resolve.‬ ‭Lincoln’s‬‭Second‬‭Inaugural‬‭(1865)‬ ‭‬ ‭ mphasized‬‭reconciliation‬‭and‬‭s lavery‬‭as‬‭the‬‭war’s‬‭c ause.‬ E ‭‬ ‭Delivered‬‭near‬‭war’s‬‭end.‬ ‭Freedmen’s‬‭Bureauleed‬  ‭‬ ‭ ssisted‬‭freed‬‭s laves‬‭with‬‭education,‬‭housing,‬‭and‬‭employment.‬ A ‭‬ ‭Established‬‭during‬‭Reconstruction.‬ ‭Presidential‬‭vs.‬‭Radical‬‭Reconstruction‬ ‭‬ L ‭ enient‬‭policies‬‭under‬‭J ohnson.‬ ‭‬ ‭Congressional‬‭focus‬‭on‬‭c ivil‬‭rights‬‭and‬‭m ilitary‬‭enforcement.‬ ‭Reconstruction‬‭Act‬‭of‬‭1867‬ ‭‬ ‭ ivided‬‭South‬‭into‬‭m ilitary‬‭districts;‬‭s trict‬‭c onditions‬‭for‬‭rejoining‬‭Union.‬ D ‭‬ ‭Enacted‬‭by‬‭Radical‬‭Republicans.‬ ‭Impeachment‬‭of‬‭Andrew‬‭Johnson‬ ‭‬ ‭ esulted‬‭from‬‭J ohnson’s‬‭leniency‬‭and‬‭obstruction‬‭of‬‭Reconstruction‬‭policies.‬ R ‭‬ ‭Failed‬‭removal‬‭by‬‭one‬‭v ote.‬ ‭Carpetbaggers/Scalawags‬ ‭‬ ‭ erogatory‬‭terms‬‭for‬‭Northerners‬‭and‬‭Southern‬‭Unionists‬‭in‬‭Reconstruction.‬ D ‭‬ ‭Criticized‬‭for‬‭profiteering‬‭or‬‭c ollaboration.‬ ‭Redeemers‬ ‭‬ ‭ outhern‬‭Democrats‬‭who‬‭ended‬‭Reconstruction‬‭and‬‭re-established‬‭white‬‭dominance.‬ S ‭‬ ‭Rose‬‭to‬‭power‬‭in‬‭the‬‭1870s.‬ ‭KKK‬‭Act‬‭(1871)‬ ‭‬ ‭ ederal‬‭response‬‭to‬‭Ku‬‭Klux‬‭Klan‬‭v iolence.‬ F ‭‬ ‭Strengthened‬‭enforcement‬‭of‬‭c ivil‬‭rights.‬ ‭Colfax‬‭Massacre‬‭(1873)‬ ‭‬ ‭ ass‬‭k illing‬‭of‬‭Black‬‭m ilitia‬‭in‬‭Louisiana;‬‭s ymbolized‬‭Reconstruction’s‬‭c hallenges.‬ M ‭‬ ‭Resulted‬‭in‬‭limited‬‭federal‬‭intervention.‬ ‭Election‬‭of‬‭1876‬ ‭‬ ‭ isputed‬‭election;‬‭led‬‭to‬‭Compromise‬‭of‬‭1877‬‭and‬‭end‬‭of‬‭Reconstruction.‬ D ‭‬ ‭Hayes‬‭became‬‭president;‬‭federal‬‭troops‬‭withdrawn.‬ ‭Lost‬‭Cause‬  ‭‬ ‭ ythologized‬‭Confederacy‬‭as‬‭noble;‬‭downplayed‬‭s lavery’s‬‭role.‬ M ‭‬ ‭Emerged‬‭post-Reconstruction,‬‭s haping‬‭Southern‬‭m emory.‬ ‭Memory‬‭of‬‭Civil‬‭War‬‭and‬‭Reconstruction‬ ‭‬ ‭ aried‬‭interpretations‬‭(e.g.,‬‭Lost‬‭Cause,‬‭c ivil‬‭rights‬‭s truggles).‬ V ‭‬ ‭Shaped‬‭U.S.‬‭historical‬‭narrative‬‭and‬‭racial‬‭dynamics.‬