HISTORY 11 - K LT1 REVIEWER (LECTURES AND NOTES).pdf

HISTORY 11 - K FIRST LT REVIEWER 2024 ★ SECONDARY SOURCES ○ Books and articles written by authors...

HISTORY 11 - K FIRST LT REVIEWER 2024 ★ SECONDARY SOURCES ○ Books and articles written by authors INTRODUCTION TO SOURCES: The Building Blocks of Historical Research who are interpreting primary sources; may also be interpreting or critiquing other secondary sources ★ Examples of PRIMARY DOCUMENTARY ○ Examples: textbooks, general knowledge SOURCES tools such as encyclopedias, reliable ○ Public documents – census, tax, court, internet sources, other historical books local and administrative records, wills, laws ★ Evaluating Secondary Sources ○ Official records – laws, Civil codes, ○ The Author’s Argument: What is the legislative hearings, reports, letters main argument or interpretation ○ Personal documents – diaries, letters, presented by the historian? household accounts ○ Use of Evidence: How does the historian ○ Business/organizational documents – use primary sources to support their Inventories, annuals, lists of goods, argument? prices ○ Bias and Perspective: Is there any noticeable bias? How does the historian’s ★ Examples of PRIMARY SOURCES perspective shape their interpretation? ○ Artifacts/relics – clothing, implements ○ Comparison with Other Sources: How ○ Images – photographs, paintings, icons, does this interpretation compare with videos others you have encountered? ○ Architecture – plans, blueprints, maps, actual buildings ★ Historical Thinking and Consciousness ○ Media – newspapers, magazines, ○ Chronological Thinking: Understanding broadcasts the sequence of events and the context in which they occurred ★ Analyzing Primary Sources ○ Historical Comprehension: Grasping the ○ Contextualization: identify the time, significance of events and the place, and circumstances in which the perspectives of people at all time document was created. ○ Historical Analysis and Interpretation: ○ Close reading: examine the content Evaluating the causes and consequences closely, noting key phrases, tone, and of events, understanding multiple intent. perspectives and identifying bias ○ Sourcing: consider the author’s ○ Historical Research: Collecting, background, purpose, and audience. analyzing, and interpreting evidence Take note of potential biases. from primary and secondary sources ○ Corroboration: compare the document ○ Historical Argumentation: Constructing with other primary and secondary a well-supported argument based on sources to verify its accuracy and evidence reliability. HISTORY 11 - K FIRST LT REVIEWER 2024 ★ Historical Perspective ○ By considering perspectives, historians ○ The POV of which a historical source is can identify biases, recognize the created. This includes the author’s: complexity of historical events, and avoid personal background oversimplification. time period in which the source was produced Sources for Pre Hispanic Philippines and the cultural, social and political Archeological Sources context ○ Historical sources are influenced by the ★ Things to be careful of: author's perspective, which shapes how: ○ Presentism: comparing everything in the events are portrayed past to today, weather favorably or what details are emphasized unfavorably what is omitted ○ Generalization: assuming that what was ○ Author’s Background: Discuss how the true for one is true for all author’s identity (such as their ○ Victim Mentality: assuming that nationality, social class, gender, religion, Filipinos were always victims of and profession) influences their colonizers and tying everything to the perspective. colonial experience a soldier’s account of a battle Spanish colonialism was uneven, might differ from how that of a incomplete and adaptive as well. civilian or a general Spain did not control all of the ○ Time Period and Location: Explain how Philippines all of the time. the time period and location in which a source was created affect its ★ Sources for Prehispanic and Early Contact Period perspective. History A source from a wartime period ○ Early Asian (Chinese) chronicles might reflect urgency and fear, The Philippines traded low while post-war sources might quantity luxury goods, while reflect reflection and judgment China traded mass-produced ○ Purpose and Audience: Analyze how the common goods intended purpose and audience of a ○ Spanish chronicles and records source shape its perspective. ○ Archeological evidence Propaganda posters are ○ Lives of cultural communities designed to persuade while ○ Oral history and tradition private letters might offer a more candid viewpoint ★ Antonio Pigafetta’s accounts on Filipinos ★ Historical Perspective ○ “Finest man I have seen” ○ We must consider multiple viewpoints to ○ Filipino men had gold embedded in their gain a fuller understanding of historical teeth; a very painful process that shows events. bravery Gold = beauty HISTORY 11 - K FIRST LT REVIEWER 2024 ○ Both men and women had long black ★ Lives of Cultural Communities hair 1. Oral traditions and expressions A standard of beauty they had 2. Performing arts for women was that they were 3. Social practices and festive events graceful and could walk straight 4. Knowledge and practices concerning nature and universe ★ Vocabularios 5. Traditional craftsmanship ○ Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala Noceda and San Lucas, 1754 ★ Archeological Sources -> Tells us that they handled/worked with ○ Kabayan mummies, Benguet rice a lot ○ Secondary burial -> Shows us that they had plenty of Binuburol then later dug up to different kinds of rice and ways of retrieve the bones and compress preparing it it in a burial jar Palay — unhusked rice ○ Mortuary vessels from Philippine Bigas — husked and milled rice archeological sites Kanin — cooked rice Earthenware burial jar Dapog — transplant rice Limestone urn seedlings Wooden coffin Dali — early rice ○ Maitum jarms, Sarranggani ○ Vocabulario de la Lengua Bikol – Marcos Jars reflect/mirror how the de Lisboa, 1760 person looks like even after -> Tells us that violence and combat was death common for them ○ Manunggul Jar Bantolan – reinforcements Lid has a rowboat with the rower Dahog – to shout at the defeated and the dead to symbolize how Dongas — enemy attack on town death is viewed as a voyage Gaba — surprise attack ★ Gold Libon — to kill on the road ○ It was not a luxury since it was abundant Limo — kill by treachery ○ It’s for beauty and adornment ○ Diego Bergaño: Bocabulario de ○ There was no discrimination as to who Pampango en Romance, 1732 can wear which accessories ->Tells us that they observed the sky a lot Both men and women wore Babo ning masala — above the accessories such as earrings visible world, dark space about ○ Shows that they had the resources and the earth beyond the sun and technology to shape gold to make moon accessories Soscam ning aldo/banva — where the sun pierces the sky/moon ★ Laguna Copperplate or Paleograph Metoyatu — all the earth ○ Prehistoric writing Sulungdaguis — the planet Venus ○ They had their own calendars based on Taklang batuin — meteorites astronomy HISTORY 11 - K FIRST LT REVIEWER 2024 ○ They had their own money system ○ Scarce labor Kati and Swarna Different from today with ○ They had a law system abundant labor; it was so prized that people would compete for it. ★ Fish/Eel Basket ○ Fish was so abundant that they ★ Characteristics of the Prehispanic Economy developed the easiest way to catch fish ○ Forest - water based natural Leaving a basket in the water endowments and waiting for the fish to get ○ Coastal/riverine transport routes caught ○ Natural barriers to mobility Implication: where “Juan ○ Limited area of settlement Tamad” came from as it was a ○ Low population density lazy way of fishing ★ Indigenous Trading Systems ★ Indigenous Textiles and Weaves ○ Fundamental Constraint: Labor ○ Different ethnic groups had their own Shortage distinct patterns Evolved particular arrangements Were commonly very such as in-house servants, debt colorful/had clashing colors peonage, mobilization of household labor through ★ 12th Century Balangay (Barangay -> Boat) provisions in kind ○ Balangay: a huge boat that was for daily Production was a communal use activity ○ Karakoa: warship ○ Datus went on public hunts, fishing They were used to leave quickly expeditions, and raid, and whatever and to raid gathered was shared It normally has two outrigger ○ Celebrated common agricultural floats at each side to hold more activities and rites, religion intermingled people because the boat itself with economic activities would be full with captives and treasures after a successful raid; ★ Class Structure if the warriors were up to their Tagalog/Luzon Visayan/Mindanao necks in water coming home from a raid, their people saw that Maginoo Datu as a successful raid Maharlika The Pre-Colonial Philippine World Timawa Timagua Alipin Oripun ★ Pre Hispanic Philippine Society was characterized by: ○ Abundant resources HISTORY 11 - K FIRST LT REVIEWER 2024 ★ Tagalog Ruling Class ★ Duties of Datu ○ Ginoo - title of respect for both sexes 1. Govern his people ○ Panginoon - those with lordship over 2. Lead them in war many slaves 3. Protect them from their enemies ○ Puno - founder of a line of descent 4. Settle their disputes - convoked litigants, ○ Mahal - well-born gentry heard sworn testimony, consulted with ○ Nagdarato - to rule a barangay other men, handed down the decision ○ Dulohan - a datu’s following or faction 5. Administer the community More current term is barangay ★ Privileges of the Datu ★ Some Types of Oripun/Alipin 1. Agricultural produce: rice and crops ○ Bihag - outright captives 2. Services a. Seasonal field labor ○ Ayuey - oripun who lived in their b. Maritime and military master’s house expeditions ○ Tuhay or Namahay - oripun who lived in c. Others - house construction, new their own house land ○ Hayohay - domestics who lived in their 3. Respect: deference, offenses against masters house, were given food and him and his family were severely clothing but worked one day out of four punished for themselves ○ “Raja Soliman” ni Carlos “Botong” ○ Gintubo - children born or raised in Francisco master’s house Aside from responsibility, you ○ Ginogatan - gintubo treated as own have a lot of power and its a children and set free after the master’s great avenue of wealth death “Raja” is a Hindu term and came ○ Horohan - performed lower echelon of to mean “king” military service Datus control the seaports San Buenaventura -> it’s ○ Princess Urduja considered an abuse to be called Women can become Datus, but on too much was given a different honorific: Antonio de Morga -> you can “Bae” (pronounced Ba-i) have many masters as a slave Spanish chronicles dismissed because you can accumulate their authority debt from many people Laguna de Bay came from -> children inherit debt from their Laguna de Bae because a very parents powerful woman ruled there -> people in this era moved in and out of debt ★ Pre Hispanic Religion -> Slavery is not indicative of wealth, it’s indicative of debt ○ Bathala - creator god ○ Anito - minor deities related to their functions HISTORY 11 - K FIRST LT REVIEWER 2024 ○ Celestial bodies were venerated as ★ God, Gold, Glory deities ○ Any quest has a moral justification ○ Veneration of the spirits of the departed ○ In the Mercantilist Age, power was ○ Catalonan (Katalunan) or babaylan as measured by gold spiritual specialists. They presided over the ★ In the Catholic Kingdoms of Iberia ceremonies and rites ○ Spain was progressive and innovative Men could become babaylan during the Dark Ages compared to other Spanish clergy viewed them as European countries their worst competitors and ○ In the late 1400s, Ferdinand and Isabela referred to them as “agents of unify Spain the devil” Isabela was the military leader ○ Philippines used to be Animistic Both wanted to reclaim and ○ Don’t use the word “pagan” because its reconquest the rest of Spain misleading as it refers to Greek gods In 1492, they were able to conquer the last Moorish ★ Sorcerers/Witches Kingdom and unified Spain ○ Hukluban - most powerful witch The fall of Granada ○ Matatangal - liver eating witch that The choice of people was to travels through air, leaving half its body convert, leave or die, and many behind decided to convert ○ Silagan - earth-bound liver eater ○ Crusades - reconquer (reconquista) ○ Uswang - general term for liver eaters None of them succeeded before Livers because we feel our Isabela (it took a woman to deepest emotions in our livers conquer spain) Ati = atay = liver ○ Isabela’s Conquest Dalamhati: very sad Isabela was approached by Pighati: regret Christopher Columbus after the ○ Mangagaway - sorcerer able to heal, fight to propose his plan: “The cause harm, or kill Plan of the Indies” - sail West to ○ Kapre - tall, dark and built men normally get to the East (assuming that seen smoking the world was round) Came from African slaves who She accepted and funded the were brought to the Philippines; plan (was advised by her jesuit they were called “Kapir” advisor to do so) ○ Tiyanak - cries like a baby to lure humans and make them get lost in the ★ The Voyages of Discovery forest ○ Purposes of voyage: Commercial and trade purposes Political and military purposes God, Gold, Glory: The Hispanic World of the Cultural purposes 16th Century HISTORY 11 - K FIRST LT REVIEWER 2024 ○ Hernan Cortes - Conqueror of Mexico ○ Antonio Pigafetta was the main Spanish (central) chronicler who recorded everything he ○ Francisco Pizarro - led the Spanish saw conquest of the Inca Empire ○ Enrique was the slave of Magellan He was purchased at around the ★ The Discovery Principle age of 10-12 in Malacca ○ In 1492: dawn of the globalized, capitalist Was told not to forget his system language so that he can be ○ Idea of “discovery” provided the legal Magellan’s interpreter and moral framework for the system ○ Magellan landed in Samar/Leyte first ○ Majority of European scholars, jurists, before exploring the rest of the and monarchs upheld that they had a Philippines “God given right” to establish legal title Filipinos gave them multiple to non-Christian lands and convert the supplies for trade local populations Initially they traded trinkets like ○ It wasn’t discovery as much as it was mirrors, bells and ribbons which laying claim the Filipinos didn’t want; they wanted the cannons on their ★ 1462, Voyage of Christopher Columbus to the ships New World ○ Raja Humabon controlled Cebu’s ○ Reached America, thinking it was China seaport Marco Polo (China Journey) When the Spaniards landed in ○ He called America “The New World” Cebu, they were surprised because the Cebuanos told them ★ The Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan to pay taxes and docking fees ○ Real name: Fernao Magalhaes, Fernando ○ Lapu-Lapu of Mactan Magallanes He was the rival of Humabon ○ Was Portuguese but no one wanted to who asked Magellan to go war fund his expedition so he went to the with him against Lapu-Lapu biggest rival of Portugal: Spain Humabon was married to the The actual money for this niece of Lapu-Lapu so he was expedition was funded by already around 70 by the time Germans who asked for 30% of and Humabon was the young the profits king They were given 5 ships ○ Battle of Mactan ○ It took 1 year for them to reach the tip of Humabon sends a message to South America Lapu-Lapu, threatening him that “Straight of Magellan” they’ll attack unless he ○ Not strictly a Spanish expedition, as the acknowledges that Humabon is crew was made up of Greeks, Turks, etc. the superior Datu They arrived at Mactan at around 3am and Humabon HISTORY 11 - K FIRST LT REVIEWER 2024 wanted to attack, however, the most media due to Spanish people of Mactan asked they influence attack at 6am instead which ○ Return voyage Magellan agreed to They used the Portuguese route Come 6am, it was ○ The Pigafetta Chronicles - the first low-tide which rendered voyage that circulated the globe the ships and cannons useless ★ Early Expeditions after Magellan Magellan’s men did not wear ○ They achieved nothing armor in their lower limbs, so ○ They couldn’t go back to Spain due to Lapu-Lapu’s men targeted them lack of knowledge in currents there Some of the men ★ The Legazpi Expedition and the Establishment of drowned in their heavy the Spanish Colony in the Philippines, 1565 - 1571 armor ○ Fray Andres de Urdaneta, O.S.A. - a A battle in the sea Mexican who lived in the Philippines for ○ Death of Magellan 12 - 15 years Magellan ordered for a retreat He came with the Villalobos and Lapu-Lapu did not kill Magellan got left behind specifically, Magellan was just “Even on the back of a donkey, I killed during the battle by an can find my way back” and unknown Mactan warrior because of this, he joined the Captain Barbosa was the one Legazpi Expedition who replaced Magellan Urdaneta told Legazpi that he Enrique asked to leave technically couldn’t go because but Barbosa told him he the pope divided the world into can’t because he was two sides: Spain and Portugal, still their interpreter but they lied their way out of this ○ Because of the loss, Humabon was very problem angry and told the Spaniards to leave ○ Ming Dynasty was lifting its ban on Cebu merchants trading with foreign lands Pigafetta noticed Humabon and In the Philippines, Columbus’ Enrique talking a lot dream was realized: Spain and Humabon ordered the Cebuanos China to massacre the rest of the ○ When they got to Cebu, the Cebuanos Spaniards except for a handful of kept saying that they didn’t have any people who were on the boat goods to trade with which drove Legazpi when the massacre happened and the Spaniards to go to Manila such as Pigafetta instead Humabon is now portrayed as a traitor which is why he is depicted as lazy and unfit in HISTORY 11 - K FIRST LT REVIEWER 2024 ★ Manila Bay ○ Local polytheistic religions with the ○ Manila Bay was the ideal spot because it belief in a supreme being Monotheistic was progressive and there’s trade religion with lively cults and minor everywhere deities ○ However, Manila Bay was not empty: The rajahs of Manila: ★ Transformative - Continuity 1. Raja Soliman ○ Use same belief structure within a new 2. Raja Candula framework 3. Raja Matanda ○ Result: catholicism is Filipinized and The Spaniards asked Soliman if localized they could settle in Manila and For example: Feast of the Soliman said he doesn’t care; Nazarene, Quipo Manila just to pick an area on the river, ○ Tools for Catechism: Sermons de Fray follow the rules and pay taxes Juan de Oliver O.F.M., 1587 It wasn’t new to the Raja ○ Filipinos were not Catholicised, because there were already Catholicism became Filipinized to teach Chinese, Thai, Portuguese, etc., the religion to Filipinos in a way that we settlements understand Raja told them that they were not like the Visayans, likely ★ Realities of Conversion knowing what they did to them ○ Distance from Spain and Mexico There was a high mortality rate because of the limited means of Resilience of Indigenous Beliefs and Cultures transportation Transpacific Voyage to go to Samar ★ Can Religions be combined? ○ Geography and Topography ○ Yes! When they arrive in the ○ Coexistence - 2 different religious Philippines, they are faced with systems coexist openly forests and oceans that they ○ Complement and tolerate each other - don’t know how to traverse Buddhism and Shinto in Japan Very common for priests to ○ Syncretism - religious system combine drown because they don’t know ○ Cult - combining elements from two or how to swim as they saw the act more religious systems into a new cult of swimming as a form of It’s personalistic witchcraft For example: Kingdom of Jesus ○ Numerous languages Christ The priests had to learn the languages which made it difficult ★ Catholicism: Mediterranean, Spanish Style converting locals ○ Tended towards folk systems of the Mediterranean HISTORY 11 - K FIRST LT REVIEWER 2024 Reason as to why there are ○ The Legazpi Expedition finds the Santo religious orders which are still Niño which made them believe that this very present to this day was a sign to convert the Filipinos As a result, lots of our The Cebuanos probably just vocabularios and our languages thought the Santo Niño was cute are preserved, instead of the and made it as an anito, that’s common belief that our why they put it on an altar languages were completely wiped out ○ Shortage of Priests Some of the priests were murdered/eliminated by Filipinos Some died or were left behind during the journey from Spain to the Philippines ○ Resiliency of Natives Filipinos were mostly nonchalant The Spanish people actually reacted more to the agency of the Filipinos ★ Evangelization and Conversion in the Early Spanish Philippines ○ Magellan aimed to evangelize the Philippines along with 5 Augustinian friars ○ Attempted to convert and baptize the Cebuanos who were under Humabon Humabon became Carlos and his wife became Juana Magellan gave them a “son” - the Santo Niño What does it mean to be baptized? To be put under the water and be given a new name. From the POV of the Pre-Hispanic Cebuanos, it didn’t cost anything and it gave them a powerful ally against Lapu-Lapu