RPH Midterm PDF

READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY History Audio/visual recordings History has always been known as the Research data study of the past. Artifacts (e.g., tools, clothing, coins) Derived from...

READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY History Audio/visual recordings History has always been known as the Research data study of the past. Artifacts (e.g., tools, clothing, coins) Derived from the Greek word historia Secondary source means “ knowledge acquired through It is something was not made by inquiry or investigation”. someone in the historical era which is Old French - Estoire means chronicle. being studied. No document, no history. Usually created by historians and Learning from past mistakes can help scholastic writers based on their people to not repeat them. interpretation. Learning of the past can be used to It describes, discusses, interprets, make sense of the present. comment upon, analyze, evaluate, History is always subjective. summarize, and process primary HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY sources. Comprises certain techniques and rules EXAMPLE that historians follow in order to Biographies properly utilize sources and evidence. Documentaries Historiography History textbooks History of history. Review articles Studying the changing interpretations Newspaper articles analyzing events of the past events through historian Literary criticism eyes. Research summaries POSITIVISM Encyclopedias School of thought emerged in the Interviews eighteenth and nineteenth century. Almanacs Objective and impartial TWO WAYS ON HOW TO EXAMINE White man’s burden HISTORICAL SOURCES. POST - COLONIALISM School of thought emerged in the early Internal criticism - It looks at the data within twentieth century. the data itself to try to determine the To tell history of their nation truth-facts and the reasonable interpretation. To criticize the methods, effect and idea - Looking at the personal data provider’s. of colonialism - Indicates accuracy, trustworthiness, Two categories of historical data: and integrity of the materials. Primary source Provides direct or firsthand evidence, External criticism - It applies experimental event, object,person,or work of art. science to certify the authenticity of the Contains firsthand knowledge about material that holds the data in which historical historical events. information will be based. Example - Physical and technical tests. Memoirs - Knowledge of when certain things Autobiographies existed. Letters - Evaluates authenticity and genuineness Diaries of data. Official records (e.g., birth certificates, INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CRITICISM census data) - Both critical in studying history for it is Photographs society’s collective memory. Original manuscripts Remember that no one’s interpretation Eyewitness accounts is correct.  READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY To analyze a primary source you need Chiefs - “Dato” governed them and were information about two things: captains in wars and whom they obeyed. The document itself and the era from Ruled people sometimes as many as which it comes. 100 houses, sometimes less than 30. The following question may be helpful to you as Tribal gathering - BARANGAY you begin to analyze the sources: Barangay/balangay- came from malay means “sailboat”. 1. Look at the physical nature of your How is the position of datu obtained? source By inheritance. If the datu dies the first 2. What’s that saying to you? Think of the son will take over. source’s purpose Barangay’s choice - based on wisdom, 3. How is the author trying to convey the wealth, and power and strength. One message? could become the chief. 4. What are you familiar with the author? 3 castes 5. Who was the intended audience? - Nobles / free born/maharlica 6. What can you be told by a careful They did not pay tax or tribute to the reading of the text or even by an dato. But must accompany dato in war. object? - Commoners/ aliping namamahay 6 C’s They are married and serve their Content - you must identify the idea. master, whether he is a dato or not. Citation - you must identify the creator Live in their own houses of the document and the time it is Lords of their property and gold. created. - Slaves/aliping saguiguilid Communication - you must identify the Serve their master in his house. biases of the author. May be sold. Context - you must understand what’s Why do people become slave? going on in the world, when the Captivated by wars. document is created. Failure to settle debts. Connections - you must recognize the Inheritance connection of the primary source to By purchase what you already know. They can emancipated by : Conclusions - you must determine the Forgiveness contributions of the primary source to Paying debt our understanding of history. By bravery and condonation. “ Customs of tagalog “ Visayan people - According to Fr. Francisco “Relación de Las costumbres de los tagalos” Colin had a different term to each social class ( Native Races and their customs.) Author - Juan de plasencia (1520-1590) He described the people and their social Dato - Chiefs statuses in a time when Spaniards were Maharlica - timauas/common people unaware of our pre-colonial background. Slaves - Oripun Arrived in the philippines on july 2, 1578 1580 written, 1589 published the MARRIAGE customs of tagalog. - Maharlika + slave = odd birthed children Primary source since the author itself belong to father. directly observed and witnessed what - Even birthed children belong to mother had happened before. - Only child and last odd birthed child will be half free and half slave.  READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY ➔ Licha - idols image with different DOWRY - Payment such as property or money. shapes. the groom’s obligation to prove his worth and ➔ Dian masalanta - an idol patron of ability to support the bride. lovers and generation. ➔ Lacapati and idianale - idols patrons of Activities Particularly on women the cultivated lands and husbandry. During the first menstruation ➔ Buaya - crocodiles were respected by Blind folded ( 4 days and 4 night) the tagalogs due to their fear of being Confined in a house. harmed. All their relatives were invited to celebrate with food and drinks. THE 12 PRIEST OF DEVIL At the end of the period the kotolongan (religious leader) bring the girls in the Juan de Plasencia opposed the river and wash her. traditional beliefs of the Tagalog people As a sign or belief for happy marriage in favor of promoting Christianity, and life. viewing their indigenous practices as INVESTIGATION, SENTENCES AND OFFENCES pagan and misguided. ➔ Litigation happen in front of barangay ➔ Ligitant felt in justice another dato will 1. Catolonan - Priest from a people of be invited to preside over. rank affiliates offering sacrifice for a ➔ Insulting the family of a dato feast. constitutes a crime 2. Mangaguay - They pretend to heal the ➔ Death penalty is bestowed upon sick. witches, those of low class as the ones 3. Manyisalat - They can cast remedies to who insulted the dato. couples for them to abandon one another. WORSHIP 4. Mancocolam - can emit fire from Involves the reverence and offerings himself. made to deities and spirits through. 5. Hacloban - much more powerful than “Beliefs” include their understanding of mangangauay in which they can kill the spiritual realm. anyone without the use of any medicine. Simbahan - refers to a sacred place or 6. Silagan - they would tear out and eat temple used for worship. the liver they saw were wearing white. Pandora - denotes a festival or 7. Magtatangal - they would go out at celebration connected to religious night without their heads. practices. 8. Osuang - can fly and murdered a man ➔ Nagaanitos - worship (anito-soul or and eat his flesh. spirit of ancestor. 9. Mangagayoma - they would seduce ➔ Silbi- a temporary shed. their partners with charms and other ➔ Bathala - one of their many idols. accessories. Specially worshiped. 10. Sonat - this devil helped people to die. ➔ Sun- Almost universally respected and 11. Pangatahujan - they can predict the honored. future. ➔ Moon - they would rejoice especially 12. Bayoguin - these are men who are the when new. nature of a woman. ➔ Star - morning star called tala. ➔ Seven little goats- the pleiades a star Contributions : cluster. ➔ Baltic - the great bear. Preservation of Indigenous Culture  READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Insight into Spanish Colonization westward voyage to the Spice Islands. Understanding Philippine Identity The king refused his petition repeatedly. Because of his illegal trading. The first voyage around the world ( Antonio In 1517, a frustrated Magellan renounce Pigafetta) 1491 - 1534. his Portuguese nationality and relocated to Spain to seek royal support Antonio Pigafetta for his venture. When Magellan arrived Italian scholar in Seville in October 20 1517, He met Study Astronomy, geography, Barbosa and within a year he had cartography, and navigation. married Barbosa’s daughter Beatriz. Italian scholar and explorer The expedition was funded mostly by Studied Astronomy, Geography, King Charles I of Spain, with the hope Cartography, and mastered navigation that it would discover a profitable among others western route to the Spice Islands, as born into a wealthy Vicenza family the eastern route was controlled by (1491 — 1534) Portugal under the Treaty of Best known for being the chronicler of Tordesillas. the voyage. The Treaty of Tordesillas was made in The chronicle of Pigafetta was one of June 7, 1494 between Spain and the most cited documents by historians Portugal, mediated by Pope Alexander who wished to study the pre-colonial VI. Philippines. Ferdinand Magellan West - spain. Born in February 4, 1480, Sabrosa, East - portugal. Northern Portugal King Charles I granted his support to Father: Rodrigo de Magalhães (minor Magellan on March 22, 1518. member of Portuguese nobility and The expedition led by Magellan on mayor of Sabrosa) September 20, 1519 Mother: Alda de Mezquita 5 ships of magellan. Trinidad, victoria, Siblings: Diogo de Sousa and Isabel concepcion, santiago, san antonio. Magellan TRINIDAD Became a page for the queen at age 10, The Trinidad was the flagship of following the death of his parents Ferdinand Magellan's fleet in its Studied at Queen Leonora's School of expedition for the Spice Islands. It was Pages in Lisbon the best and also the most inexpensive Studied cartography, astronomy, and of the five ships, since its price (270,000 celestial navigation maravedies). First European to sail across the Pacific This pilot's name was Francisco Albo. He Ocean signed on in the first instance as Proved that the Earth is round through master's mate of the Trinidad, his voyage. Magellan's own ship, which did not return. Pigafetta describes the people, CONCEPCION countries, goods, and even the The Nao Concepción was the third- languages that were spoken in the largest ship in Ferdinand Magellan's journey in the pre-colonial Philippines. fleet in tonnage. Henry the Interpreter - Enrique of The Concepción was recorded at 90 tons malacca. compared with the San Antonio's 120 Magellan first approached King Manuel and the flagship Trinidad's 110. The I of Portugal to seek his support for a Conception was burned and left in the  READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Philippines after the death of Magellan. ➔ King Manuel I, King of Portugal Gaspar de Quesada was the captain of (1495–1521) known as Manuel the Concepción, he was executed. Fortunate. VICTORIA ➔ October 1517 Magellan arrived in Juan Sebastián Elcano. In 1522, the Seville, Spain to seek royal support for Victoria was the only one to return to his venture. Spain, making it the first ship known to ➔ King Charles I of Spain (1516-1556), also successfully circumnavigate the globe. known as Emperor Charles V of the Holy The Victoria was named after the Minim Roman Empire. (1519-1556). convent of Our Lady of Victory of ➔ -March 1518 King Charles I granted his Triana. The voyage started with a crew support to Magellan's expedition of about 265 men aboard five ships, ➔ Ang TRINIDAD SHIP ang tanging barko however only 18 men returned alive on na pinangunahan ni Magellan na pauwi Victoria. ng Espanya pero sa kasamaang palad SANTIAGO ito ay nahuli ng mga Portuguese sa was the smallest of the five ships in Moluccas (Spice Island) noong MARCH Ferdinand Magellan's fleet, listed at 75 10, 1522 tons, and it had the smallest crew: just ➔ CONCEPTION SHIP ay inabandonan ni 33 men. At a cost of 187,500 maravedies, magellan matapos ang isang serye ng it was also the least expensive ship. The mga labanan noong ABRIL 10, 1521. Santiago was the only ship in ➔ Ang VICTORIA SHIP ang tanging barko Magellan's fleet that was shipwrecked. na matagumapay na naka pag -ikot sa (patagonia) buong mundo at nakabalik sa Espanya SAN ANTONIO noong SEPTEMBER 6,1522 pagtapos ng The San Antonio’s captain is Juan de halos tatlong taon na pag lalayag sa Cartagena, on November 20, 1520, the dagat. San Antonio, now under the command ➔ SANTIAGO SHIP ay ang pinakamaliit of Estevao Gomes, reversed course and na barko ni magellan sa expedition ito broke from the main body to sail back ay nasira dahil sa malakas na bagyo to Spain. malapit sa Timog America(Argentina) the largest of the five ships in Ferdinand noong PEBRERO 21, 1520. Magellan’s fleet and the most expensive. ➔ Ang SAN ANTONIO SHIP ay bumalik ng While the configurations of the five Espanya ng walang pahintulot ni vessels are not known, the San Antonio magellan, ito at nakabalik noong MAYO was listed at 120 tons and a price of 15, 1521. 330,000 maravedis. ➔ August 10, 1519 The ship of magellan already departed in Seville and began IMPORTANT DATES their journey down the Guadalquivir ➔ April 7 1521 - was when Magellan River. arrived in Cebu and met Rajah ➔ Sept. 20, 1519 - The voyage begins. Humabon, the ruler of Cebu. This Magellan and his crew depart from meeting is often highlighted as the first Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain, and significant interaction between Filipinos cross the Atlantic to reach Rio de and Europeans, as it involved cultural Janeiro in Brazil. exchange, negotiations, and eventually ➔ September 26, 1519, Magellan's fleet a mass baptism to Christianity. was in the early stages of their historic ➔ King Manuel I, King of Portugal journey to circumnavigate the globe, (1495–1521) known as Manuel the having departed from Spain on Fortunate. September 20.  READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY ➔ March 31 1520 - Magellan fleet arrived sa hilagang-silangang bahagi ng at Puerto De San Julián in Southern Mindanao, sa Butuan Bay Patagonia. Due to the intense winter ➔ March 28, 1521 - Magellan lands in storms in the area, Magellan forced to Masao, Butuan, Agusan Del Norte, stay for almost five months. While which is ruled by King Raha Kolambu. staying he encountered mutiny. Upon Magellan's arrival, Kolambu and ➔ March 28, 1521 - Magellan lands in his brother are hunting. Kolambu Masao, Butuan, Agusan Del Norte, welcomes Magellan. which is ruled by King Raha Kolambu. ➔ March 29, 1521 - The day that the blood Upon Magellan's arrival, Kolambu and compact or sanduguan was initiated by his brother are hunting. Kolambu Magellan and King Kolambu. welcomes Magellan. ➔ March 31, 1521 - The first Catholic mass ➔ Strait of Magellan - is a 350-mile (570 was held on Limasawa island. The mass km) is officiated by Rev. Pedro de ➔ On Oct 21, 1520 - Magellan set sail Valderama, the fleet chaplain. The mass again. He finally found the passageway is attended by Magellan, King Kolambu, that would come to bear his name. Siagu, Spanish voyagers, and fellow ➔ It took the fleet over a month to pass Filipino. through the 350-mile strait. ➔ November 1520 - The fleet finally The colonial government gathered emerged at the Pacific Ocean. them under one community. This ➔ March 1521 - The fleet reached the process is called reduccion Pacific island of Guam in the Mariana Bishop Domingo de salazar “Affairs in Islands the philippine Islands.” ➔ Leaving Marianas on March 9, 1521 1896 philippine revolution led by Andres ➔ March 16,1521 - After being lost in bonifacio and His katipunan. Hoped for Pacific for more than 3 months a better cause - FREEDOM. Magellan discovered Homonhon, Island Pag ibig sa tinubuang Lupa “Andres in Samar on March 16 ,1521 na Bonifacio” tinatawag ng ilang mga banyaga na “discovery of the Philippines, Emilio Jacinto “Teachings of the ➔ March 17,1521 - Habang sila ay nag katipunan or “kartilla” Mga aral ng hahanap ng routa patungo Spice Islang katipunan. they Landed in Humunhon in March June 12, 1898 Emilio aguinaldo declared 17,1521 para makapag pahinga at the independence of the philippines in makapag hanap ng supplay. Kawit, Cavite. ➔ March 18,1521 - The day after there a FLAG MEANING rival , tinanggap siya at ang kanyang Triangle signifying the distinctive gutom na kasamahan ng mga katutubo emblem of the famous society of the mula sa kalapit na isla ng Saluan and katipunan means its blood compact that is the first na nagkaroon ng masses rise in revolution. kontact ang mga Europan with Three stars - Three principals of this Filipinos. archipelago. Luzon, Mindanao, Panay. ➔ March 25,1521 - Noong March 25, 1521, Eight Rays - Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, umalis si Magellan mula sa Homonhon Pampanga, Nueva ecija, Bataan, ngunit nahuli nga dahil sa isang bagyo. Laguna, and batangas. Nagtungo sila sa timog at sa halip na Blue, red, and white - commemorating makapunta sa kanilang pinaplano, the flag of the United states of North napilitang maghanap ng ligtas na lugar  READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY America. For protection which it lent us It also proved that the earth is round. and continues lending us. Pigafetta did not exactly say that it was their first mass, he only reported that a CHAPTER 3 mass was celebrated on Easter Sunday “ONE PAST BUT MANY HISTORIES. “ (In mazzaua island). CONTROVERSIES AND CONFLICTING VIEWS 4. Mahaba Island, Placer, Surigao del IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY. Norte Magellan saw the lights of a settlement First catholic mass in the philippines, held on which he avoided and sailed farther March 31, 1521 ( Eastern Sunday), during north (south) and anchored near an ferdinand magellan expedition. Here are four island name mazzava. possible sites where the first mass might have Now mark on maps as Mahaba island, occurred. located at latitude nine and two-thirds degrees. 1. Limasawa island (southern leyte) Magellan during that time was using an OFFICIALLY recognized site by the philippine astrolabe to determine his latitude government and the Roman Catholic church. location. Spanish Embassy also acknowledged. Also the Described as shape like a stingray, Embassy of Portugal in metro manila as the which masepilid is and about 10x5 miles “Mazzaua”. In 2020 NHCP reaffirmed that in area. Limasawa is the where the first mass was 5. Bolinao, Pangasinan. celebrated on march 31, 1521. There is a small monument that mark the sites of the first christmas mass 2. Masao or mazaua Butuan (Agusan Del ever held in the philippines. Norte) Franciscan friar called Odoric from For the reason that it has the Pordenone, Italy is said to have landed anchorage, rice fields, gold, antique on the shore or pangasinan, two “balanghai.” centuries before magellan wandered “Magellans Harbor” in butuan in nasipit, through the philippines. which is 25 kilometers west of mazaua. He met “hostile indigenous people who Another is because pigafetta wrote in were soon pacified by his courage and his book about the small gift items faith. made of gold supposedly from butuan The friar and his companions built a which rajah kalambu gave to magellan. cross and planted a christmas tree. Butuan was called butan or butuao on a The first christmas mass was held in the portuguese map 1535 to 1538. philippines, and several pangasinians Therefore, magellan and his fellow were baptized later in the philippines. explorers did not sail south to mazau December 25, 1324. butuan. But probably did not ever visit the 3. Homonhon Island, Eastern Samar. philippines, help baptism and a mass in March 16, 1521 pangasinan. After they landed in Guam and called Probably on his sea voyage the italian las islas de los ladrones (the theft friar didn’t carry a pine tree with him. island). Tree decoration was at that time also Magellan troops had a terrible considered a pagan habit, and experience staying there. christians did not become fashionable HOMONHON - They had mass in aisle until 1500’s. thank god for their safe journey from guam and the vast pacific ocean.  READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY WHO WAS ODORIC? Thalamasin somewhere between java ODORIC OF PORDENONE - A and Champa, now part of vietnam. franciscan friar from Italy is said to He said that he was near the “south have landed on the shores of sea” , however is a 16-degree point Pangasinan, seeking shelter from a north of the equator. stormy sea. HENRY YULE - East coast of Borneo, Odoric Mattiussi of Pordenone was born which was known as Biru (Now Berau) in 1286 and entered the order of which was listed in atlases called franciscans in Udine around 1300. Talisian and Panteh. Odoric set sail to Asia in 1318 HENRY YULE - The supposed Spent three years in Turkey, Iran, India, connection to pangasinan is probably Sri lanka, Java, Sumatra, Vietnam, based on an overly hopeful Borneo and China. interpretation of an 1866 book ‘believers When odoric arrived back home in 1330 of the myth” written by this author. He told friar named william of sologna in padua story of his 12 years of MAKING SENSE OF THE PAST: HISTORICAL adventure, but he did nothing about a INTERPRETATION christmas mass with a christmas tree on all his travels. Geoffrey Barraclough - “the attempt to discover, on the basis of fragmentary THE PANGASINAN CONNECTION evidence. Mythology believers point to a place “The history we read, though based on called Thalamasin by Odoric. facts, is strictly speaking, not factual at Is based on the excessively hopeful all, but a series of accepted interpretation of Henry Yule’s book, judgements”. Cathay. the 1433 Code of Kalantiaw is a Yule spoke the meaning in malaysian of mythical legal code in the epic history the name Thalamasin, tanah masin is a MARAGTAS. Containing 18 articles. “land of salt” Historians utilize facts collected from Another name for THAMALASIN IS primary sources of history and then PANTEN draw their own reading so that their Proved to some historians that the intended audience may understand the name of pangasinan means “the place historical event. where the sun is made” “Makes sense of the past” Odoric has visited the philippines. Not all primary sources are accessible Tawalisi name, home to the warrior to a general audience. Without proper princess of Pangasinan, Urduja. training and background, a Panten knew Thamalasin, he said odoric non-historian interpreting a primary had no say on salt. source may do more harm that good- a The men of this place used protective primary source may even cause amulets and blowpipe weapons placed misunderstanding. under the skin. Interpretations of the past therefore Thalamasyn, Thalamasim, Talamasim, according to who reads the primary Thamalsi, Talamosa, Malamasin, and source, when it was read, and how it Malamasmi. was read. Talaga masin or Salt lake, Thala Masim “Sa aking mga kabata” is purportedly is malay or javanese. written by Jose Rizal when he was eight The west coast of borneo is on the years old. direct route between java and champa.  READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY “Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM - The salita/mahigit sa hayop at malansang book states that this was born after the isda.” tragic death of Gomburza. History is, after all, a construct. And as SECULARIZATION - The priests were a construct , it is open for active in the fight against the clergy interpretation. and were creating trouble for the It’s important, therefore, to subject to despotic Governor Rafael Izquierdo and evaluation not only the primary source, the powerful regular religious orders in but also the historical interpretation of the country. the same, to ensure that the current EL FILIBUSTERISMO - Jose Rizal interpretation is reliable to support our dedicated this novel to the three priests acceptance of events of the past. Gomburza who were excited at MULTIPERSPECTIVITY - This can be Bagumbayan field on February 17, 1872. defines as a way of looking at historical JANUARY 20, 1872 - The feast of the events, personalities, developments, virgin of loreto of sampaloc is the same cultures, and societies from different date that the cavite arsenal revolt perspective. happened. There are a multitude of ways by which The bells in cavite supposedly we can view the world, and each could mistreated as a symbol of assault ; as be equally valid, and at the same time, arranged, the 200 man unit of sergeant equally partial as well. la madrid. Historians may interpret evidence SERGEANT LAMADRID - He headed Historians may omit significant facts. the assassination of the commanding Historians may impose a certain officers in cavite. ideology. TRINIDAD HERMENIGILDO PARDO DE Historians may also provide a single TAVERA - He wrote the Filipino version cause for an event without considering of the bloody incident in Cavite. other possible causal explanations of EDMUND PLAUCHUT - He said event. complimented Tavera’s Account by confirming that the event happened CAVITE MUTINY due to the discontentment of the MUTINY - a rebellion against authority arsenals workers and soldiers in Cavite Comes from the old verb “ mutine “ fort. which means revolt. SEGISMUNDO MORET - He authored There will be no august 23, 1896 the decree that purposes the philippine revolution if there was no improvement of the standard of February 17, 1872 Cavite mutiny. education in the philippines by June 12, 1898, when General Emilio requiring teaching positions in such Aguinaldo, the revolutionary school to be filled by competitive commander, proclaimed independence examinations.(EDUCATIONAL DECREE) at Kawit, Cavite, bringing an end to MSGR. MELITON MARTINEZ - The 333 years of Spanish colonial rule in archbishop of manila who was served a the Philippines. copy of the death sentences with a the draconian policies of Izquierdo ( request that the priests be defrocked. abolition of privileges and prohibition of JOSE MONTERO Y VIDAL - The spanish the founding of the school of arts and historian who documented the event trades.) and highlighted the attempt of the Indios to overthrow the spanish government in the philippines.  READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY FEBRUARY 17, 1872 - Date of DR. RICARDO R. PASCUAL - The author Gomburza’s Execution. At Bagumbayan of the book ‘Rizal beyond the Grave’. Field. who were executed by a garrote. PACO CEMETERY - Rizal burial was kept GOVERNOR ANDA - was a strong secret outside inner wall of this believer in the wisdom and desirability cemetery. of that policy. MAY 18, 1935 - date when rizal’s DECEMBER 11, 1776 - ordered the ‘christian burial certificate’ was suspension of the secularization of the discovered and on the very same file curacies and restoration of those with the Retraction Document. parishes which had been given to Filipino priests to their former pastor. FATHER GARCIA - The signed prayer JULY 8, 1826 - a royal cedula was book was amongst the documents issued. discovered by this priest along with the MARCH 9, 1849 - ordered the return of retraction. several parishes in cavite to the regular JESUS MA. CAVANNA Y MANSO - Spanish clergy. Author of the book ‘Rizal’s Unfading SEPTEMBER 10, 1861 - a royal order Glory.’ given to the Recollects parishes held by CATHOLIC WELFARE ORGANIZATION Filipino priests in the archbishopric of - They stated in 1956 and signed by the MANILA. archbishop concerning the Noli me THREE MARTYR PRIEST - 85 yrs old tangere and El Fiilibusterismo. Mariano Gomez, 30 yrs old Jose Burgos, ULTIMA [ULTIMO] ADIOS - Rizal’s last 35 yrs old Jacinto zamora. GOMBURZA that does not suggest any change in The Mutiny had five accounts of 1872. Rizal’s thought. GUERRERO AND LAUBACH - RETRACTION OF RIZAL Biographers whose works deal EUGENE A. HESSEL (1965) - He conveys specifically with Biography and on how unfortunate it is that some retraction. people speak and write about the ACTS OF FAITH, HOPE, CHARITY - Retraction without really knowing what Along with a signed prayer book which rizal did or did not retract. reportedly recited and signed by Dr. DR. JOSE RIZAL - Known as a “free Rizal as attested by witnesses. thinker and unbeliever” ARGUMENT 4 PONGS DR. JOSE I. DEL ROSARIO - Scientific Handwriting issue study leading to an attack upon the Authenticity itself. genuineness of the document is that Content is strangely worded. made by this student of the ust in 1937. The forger’s confession. Father Balaguer - He made corrections 2ND MAIN ARGUMENT in the “formula” which he supplied to The retraction document was not rizal according to the charges, but he published until 1935. Even family didn’t accurately note them all. members didn’t see it. It said it was lost. Father Cavanna - According to Hessel, After signing the retraction, no effort as an almost complete compendium of was made to save rizal from death information and arguments about Rizal, penalty. there is no book to date, which is equal The funerary was kept secret, buried to the writings of this author. outside the paco cemetery interior. ACTS OF PIETY - As testified to by His “Roman catholic Marriage’ by ‘witnesses’ Rizal performed this during witnesses to josephine Bracken without last hour. Retraction, there could be no marriage.  READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY The behavior of rizal as a whole during EL GRITO DE REBELION - term use to his last days at fort santiago does not describe the momentous events indicate a conversion. sweeping the spanish colonies. Antonio k. abad who told on August 13, JOHN N. SCHUMACHER - Author who 1901 a certain Roman roque. (abad was commented on DR. Pio valenzuela fifteen) having many statements which are not always compatible with one another. CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN OR BALINTAWAK - Referred both to a specific place in modern Caloocan and BALINTAWAK a wider area which included parts of modern Quezon city. BUEHLER - The author who tried to TEODORO AGONCILLO - Author of the resolve the controversy of what has book “ The revolt of the Masses.” been transpired in ‘balintawak’ and PRESIDENT DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL - later reveal in her writings that “Cry of He ordered the official Pugad Lawin” was a hoax. commemorations shifted to pugad GUILLERMO MASANGKAY - He wrote lawin, Quezon city on August 23. in the sunday tribune magazine that the MT. PAMITINAN IN MONTALBAN - In cry took place in Balintawak.(august 26) 1985 bonifacio, Masangkay, Emilio SANTIAGO ALVAREZ -”Ang katipunan Jacinto and other katipuneros spent at paghihimagsik” he reported that good friday in this caves. enemy troops were approaching and BANLAT, PASONG TAMO - The first shot the katipuneros immediately made of the revolution (el primer tiro) was ready to meet the enemy. (august 25) fired in this area. OLIGARION DIAZ - his account was Nineteenth century used the phrase ‘el prepared based on official reports of Grito de rebellion’ or the ‘cry of the doings of the Guardia civil and on rebellion’ to describe momentous events the information given by persons who that swept the spanish colonies; have captured the Spaniards following The cry was held on August 26. the discovery of the katipunan. (august August 19, 1896 - Katipunan was 24, 1896) discovered by a Spanish friar, which GREGORIA DE JESUS - August 25, resulted in the start of the Philippine BALINTAWAK UNANG SIGAW. PASONG Revolution. TAMO. The First Cry of the Philippine FOUR - places have been pointed out Revolution, also known as the Cry of as the scene of the event. Pugad Lawin, took place on August 23, BALINTAWAK, KANGKONG, PUGAD 1896 (tearing of cedulas) LAWIN, BAHAY TORO. Pio valenzuela - statement that it was FIVE - Dates have been pointed out as on AUGUST 23, 1896 and held on Pugad the scene of the event. Lawin. Tandang sora grenade. AUGUST 20, 23, 24, 25, 26. AUGUST 23, 1896 - The date when Bonifacio moved to the barrio or Balintawak followed by 200 men from caloocan according to diaz. AUGUST 24, 1896 - Date when the Guardia civil attacked the katipunan in the outskirts of said town. READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY