HIST 1003A Quiz 6-10 PDF

**HIST 1003A: Empire, War, and Revolution in Europe, 1850-1939** **Please indicate the *most correct* answer according to the lectue and reading content for the week.** 1. As a law student in St. Petersburg, in 1897 V.I. Lenin joined this political party which, in 1903, split into the Bolshev...

**HIST 1003A: Empire, War, and Revolution in Europe, 1850-1939** **Please indicate the *most correct* answer according to the lectue and reading content for the week.** 1. As a law student in St. Petersburg, in 1897 V.I. Lenin joined this political party which, in 1903, split into the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. a. Social Democratic Party b. Socialist Revolutionaries. c. **Social Democratic Labour Party.** d. Russian Communist Party. 2. On 23 February 1917, locked-out workers from the Putilov Mill in Petrograd and workers conducting sympathy strikes connected with women demanding equal rights and protesting wartime rationing for International Women's Day. As their demands turned to the tsar's resignation, by the 24^th^, the combined action of more than 200,000 demonstrators had the effect of: e. **Shuttering all industry in the city.** f. Forcing the Duma to barricade itself in the government building. g. Causing the royal family to flee the capital. h. Severing rail and communication line with the Russian Front Lines. 3. Following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, Nicholas nominated his brother, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, as his successor. Grand Duke Michael, however, refused the crown without: i. The support of the Russian military. j. A majority vote from the Duma regarding his ascension to the throne. k. **Popular support and the will of the Russian people.** l. A promised end to Russian involvement in the war. 4. Petrograd Soviet Order No. 1, issued in March 1917, abolished the death penalty in the Russian army and made Russian soldiers answerable only to the soviets and soldier committees. In an environment in which the war no longer had popular support among the soldiers and civilians, this served to: m. Strengthen the power of the Provisional Government. n. **Weaken the authority of the officers.** o. Cause the military leadership to abandon the war effort. p. Turn the Provisional Government against the military. 5. The position of the Provisional Government was irrevocably weakened due to its inability to defend the revolution during the attempted Right-Wing coup, on 27 August 1917, led by then Supreme Commander of the Russian Armed Forces: q. General Aleksei Brusilov. r. Alexander Kerensky. s. Prince Georgii Lvov. t. **General Lavr Kornilov.** 6. Following the mid-November elections to the Constituent Assembly to draft a Russian constitution, the Assembly met on 15 January 1918 to confirm decisions taken regarding land reforms and approve the armistice with Germany. After this, the Assembly was forcibly adjourned by soldiers and the Red Guard because the Bolsheviks: u. Refused to accept losing the election to the Constituent Assembly. v. Claimed the election was undemocratic as votes for the Social Revolutionaries didn't recognize those that supported Bolshevik leadership. w. Claimed they followed a higher form of governance that truly represented the interests of workers. x. **All of the above.** 7. In early Soviet Russia, it was often cited by men, women or activists that women showed little interest in learning new skills, raising their pay grade, and attending meetings, or were impeded from true equality and skill acquisition in the work force by: y. The hostility of men toward them in the workplace. z. The double-burden created by housework in addition to the eight-hour workday. a. Women's "delicate physical characteristics." b. **All of the above.** 8. Although some factory committees and managers promoted women to positions outside the shop such as cafeterias and kindergartens, thereby fulfilling some of the promises of socialism like economic independence and work in the public sphere, these so-called successes for women still: c. **Reinforced gender divisions with men working machinery and women in domestic service.** d. Put women in dangerous positions with sometimes violent male coworkers. e. prohibited women from working at night when many factory jobs suited to women, like print shops, did most of their work. f. Brought women into conflict with men unwilling to contribute to household chores as "women's work." 9. Contrary to later legend, propagated largely by the Bolsheviks themselves and in Sergei Eisenstein's 1927 film *October: Ten Days that Shook the World*, the minority coup d'etat of the Red October revolution succeeded without bloodshed because: g. The Bolsheviks won a landslide in the first election of the Provisional Government. h. **The Provisional Government was unable to marshal any military force to defeat the Bolsheviks.** i. Bolsheviks gained majorities in the revolutionary councils due to growing public support for demands of peace, bread, and land. j. The Provisional Government largely collapsed after Kornilov's failed coup, leaving a power vacuum. 10. During the Civil War, War Communism emphasized "order and discipline" to assure the Soviet regime's survival. However, War Communism threatened to alienate the very workers and peasants the regime claimed to represent. To stabilize and consolidate the regime and the economy, and strengthen internal controls over Party members, Lenin reluctantly reintroduced some market incentives in his: k. **New Economic Policy.** l. Dictatorship of the proletariat. m. First Five-Year Plan. n. Permanent Revolution. 11. Beginning as retribution for the assassination of Petrograd Cheka leader, Moisei Uritsky and the attempted assassination of VI Lenin, and becoming official policy during the Civil War, the Bolsheviks initiated a wartime campaign against "counter-revolution" known as: o. The Cultural Revolution. p. **The Red Terror.** q. The Great Purge. r. War Communism. 12. In order to feed and supply the cities, the military, and the Red Guard, the Bolsheviks implemented a plan by which they would be able to nationalize industry, requisition food from the peasantry, ban private enterprise, and enact a military-style control over the Russian rail network, all enforced by the political police, the Cheka. This plan was known as: s. The Cultural Revolution. t. The Red Terror. u. The Great Purge. v. **War Communism.** 13. In the realm of politics, a return to "normalcy" often meant hastening the prewar march to suffrage, parliamentary sovereignty, and the formation of republics from the ashes of kingdoms and empires. Though, during the interwar period, France, Italy, Portugal, and Switzerland continued to: w. **Deny women the right to vote.** x. Preserve a constitutional monarchy. y. Subject parliament to monarchal oversight. z. Connect voting rights to age and land ownership. 14. Following the Labour victory in the UK elections of December 1923, the British conservative press began sowing the seeds of distrust and fear of the supposed "Red Threat." And while Labour Prime Minister Ramsay McDonald had no intention of imposing socialism despite his own radical beliefs, conservatives feared that a Labour government would: a. Bring Great Britain into the Communist International. b. Withdraw England from the League of Nations. c. **"Nationalize everything including the women."** d. Transition the country to a command or planned economy. 15. In October 1924, Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, with Winston Churchill as his Chancellor of the Exchequer, insisted on a return to the prewar exchange rate. Not only would this drastically overvalue the British pound, it would make British goods more expensive abroad; something the weakened British economy wouldn't be able to bear. Baldwin's solution to this was: e. A return to the gold standard. f. **A nationwide wage cut for workers.** g. High tariff barriers for goods coming into Great Britain. h. None of the above. 16. During the interwar (Weimar) German Republic, fringe and splinter political parties, magnifying the fragmentation of society, wielded disproportionally large influence in the Reichstag (parliament) and brought the functioning of government to a standstill because Germany's proportional representation system: i. **Lacked a minimum electoral threshold for representation in the legislature.** j. Required a new election to be called should there be no clear majority in government. k. Discouraged the participation of single-issue parties. l. Disallowed women from voting or running for political office. 17. Through the rendering of the women in the centre panel of "Metropolis," artist Otto Dix depicts the difficulty women have embodying the ideal, sometimes coming across as garish caricature instead, of the financially independent and sexually liberated: m. Bourgeoisie. n. Bright, Young Things. o. Fragile middle-class. p. **New Woman.** 18. Prostitution was legal during the German Weimar Republic as long as those women were registered with the police and submitted their regular health screenings. Concerning sex reformers and contributing to fears that any woman in the street may be perceived as a prostitute, during the hyper-inflationary period of the early-1920s, women of the middle- and upper-middle class turned to prostitution: q. **To maintain their lifestyle as their savings and investments became worthless.** r. As a form of political protest. s. Because support for war widows was nonexistent. t. To test the limits of women's freedoms won during the war. 19. The fledgling Weimar Republic was besieged by revanchist nationalists who rejected democracy as an accomplice of the Allies, claiming that the German army was not defeated on the battlefield, but by subversion at home by socialists and Jews thereby establishing a: u. Widespread belief in electoral voter fraud. v. Deepening chasm between the political left and right. w. **"Stab-in-the-back" myth.** x. Distrust in democratic institutions as being tools of the Soviets. 20. Germany and Russia concluded a friendship treaty in April 1922 that effectively cancelled mutual reparation demands while also allowing for secret military cooperation. Germany was thus able to circumvent the peace treaty's disarmament clauses while the Soviets received access to German military technology in the Treaty of: y. **Rapallo.** z. Versailles. a. Berlin. b. Saint-Germain. 21. In 1912 in St. Petersburg (later Petrograd and Leningrad), Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov took over the Bolshevik weekly newspaper and renamed it: c. Zvezda. d. **Pravda.** e. Sovkhoz. f. Spikelet. 22. During Stalin's time in Tsaritsyn on Volga in the midst of the Russian Civil War, when the rail lines supplying Moscow didn't run on time, Stalin assumed the local technical experts were class enemies. Stalin disposed of those suspected of counter-revolutionary tendencies in order to: g. Galvanize the masses behind the Bolshevik cause. h. Consolidate Bolshevik authority as part of their political strategy. i. Warn followers of potential counter-revolution. j. **All of the above.** 23. After 1922, Stalin's responsibilities as Party General Secretary, largely an administrative and disciplinary position, allowed him to: k. **Stack the Party with careerist members loyal to him.** l. Eject Trotsky from the Party for attempting to organize independent commemorations of the Bolshevik Revolution. m. Eliminate the Right Opposition. n. Undermine democratic centralism within the Party. 24. In 1930, Stalin blamed the problems of collectivization, the violence and brutality of war on the kulaks, and the subsequent drop in agricultural production on low-level and overzealous Party functionaries, deflecting attention from his own role and that of the Party leadership, in this essay published in Pravda. o. The First Five Year Plan. p. The New Economic Policy. q. **Dizzy with Success.** r. The Scissor Crisis. 25. Within the context of the broader Soviet famine of 1932-3, Stalin increased grain procurements from Ukraine by 44%, required that collective farms deliver their quotas before having anything for themselves, took their seed grain, and prevented peasants from leaving their collective farms to find food or work elsewhere. Leading to the deaths of approximately 10 million Ukrainians and widespread cannibalism, this "death by starvation" is more generally known as: s. The Holocaust. t. **The Holodomor.** u. The Great Retreat. v. None of the above. 26. Although not meeting the UN definition of genocide at the time, the Ukrainian famine has since been reconsidered as some policies, such as exporting 1.8 million tonnes of grain, denying Red Cross aid to afflicted regions, denying Soviet relief programs available elsewhere, and treating those not obviously starving to death as class enemies, targeted Ukraine specifically. This was done by Stalin and the Soviet leadership in Moscow: w. **To break Ukrainian nationalism.** x. To reorganize the structure of collective farms in Ukraine. y. To build a reserve of western currency to purchase industrial technologies. z. To establish a grain reserve for emergencies such as famine in the future. 27. It was the function of Stakhanovites to be the visible recipients of privilege, but it was not the function of these material goods to simply make Stakhanovites richer and happier. It was the obligation of Stakhanovites to make themselves more educated and cultured in return for those privileges: a. As those material goods were still state-owned property. b. As these privileges were meant to raise their possessors, and the entirety of the Soviet Union by extension, out of "Asiatic" backwardness and into "European-style" modernity and culture. c. As this was appropriate of their new vanguard status. d. **All of the above.** 28. As Stakhanovites were perceived to be a cultural elite and privileged within Soviet society, receiving material goods and foodstuff oftentimes beyond the reach of average workers, Stakhanovites: e. Were celebrated by their fellow workers. f. Practiced "misrecognition" of their privilege because they didn't own what they were given. g. Were often strongly resented by fellow workers. h. **Both B and C.** 29. In practice, the Five-Year Plan resembled a series of improvised local initiatives, focused on prestigious objects such as dams and factories to propel industrialization, to transform the Soviet Union into a fully industrialized economy within half a decade, and the speedy creation of capital goods as a basis for further industrialization rather than the fulfillment of consumer desires. From a propaganda standpoint, this provided the Bolshevik Party with: i. A justification for the hardship endured by the Soviet people. j. A course correction from Lenin's New Economic Policy. k. **A positive vision of actually creating a better future.** l. A proven means of sheltering the Soviet economy from the effects of the Great Depression. 30. Acolytes like Lazar Kaganovich and critics like Leon Trotsky spoke of this epithet to either praise of condemn policy, though it was hardly indicative of Stalin's theoretical contribution, referring instead to a perplexing blend of policies. To supporters, this notion implied an elaborate "cult of personality" while to critics the concept instead suggested a form of communist dictatorship that is particularly brutal and paranoid. Used in both political propaganda and in historical analysis, this slippery term with contradictory meanings is often known as: m. Leninism. n. Marxism. o. Soviet-style Communism. p. **Stalinism.** 31. Although this model doesn't hold up when the ideology between competing systems is scrutinized as it only looks at the superficial aspects of a regime as to how control is maintained, to describe radical dictatorships emphasizing the perceived similarities between soviet-style communism and fascism, scholars sometimes mistakenly or misappropriately employ the term: q. Socialism. r. Anarchism. s. **Totalitarianism.** t. Nazism. 32. Striving to build a new community at the national level, fascist ideology understood the nation to be the highest embodiment of its people and: u. Glorified war and the military. v. Sought to destroy an independent labour movement. w. Saw a powerful leader as the supposed materialization of the people's collective will. x. **All of the above.** 33. Although Mussolini's platform was initially a radical combination of nationalist and socialist demands, including territorial expansion, worker benefits, and land reforms, he didn't gain attention and growing support from an increasingly frightened middle-class until he began verbally assaulting: y. **Socialists.** z. Jews. a. The Monarchy. b. Liberals. 34. When fascist extremists assassinated the Socialist politician Giacomo Matteotti leading Mussolini's opponents to call for the disbanding of the Black Shirts and a ban on all political violence, Mussolini took advantage of the political turmoil stating his desire to "make the Nation fascist." Mussolini ruled by decree to impose a series of repressive measures. Of the following, which was not among these measures? c. Abolition of the free press. d. **Introducing Antisemitic race laws.** e. Arresting political opponents. f. Placing fascist loyalists in charge of education. 35. In 1923, the Weimar Republic seemed ready to collapse. From a Munich beer hall, Hitler launched an attempted coup to topple the government in Berlin with the assistance and leadership of the war hero: g. **General Erich Ludendorff.** h. Field Marshall Paul von Hindenburg. i. General Erich von Falkenhayn. j. Field Marshall Friedrich Paulus. 36. Although both the Nazis and the Communists made huge electoral gains during the Great Depression as a panicked society deserted moderate and conservative parties for the political fringes, the breakdown of German democracy was aided by Chancellor Brüning's dissolution of the Reichstag (parliament) in 1930 allowing President Paul von Hindenburg to rule by decree in the interim. This was permitted through Article 48 of the Weimar constitution and came to be known as the: k. Chancellor Democracy. l. Consolidation of Power. m. **Presidential Dictatorship.** n. Democratic Centralism. 37. Italian Fascism was a populist effort to respond to the modernization crisis of Italian society, arising from Italy's belated transformation from an agrarian to industrial order creating deep class and regional divisions, and in political terms, from the difficult transition from war to peace as the Parliament failed: o. To provide an adequate livelihood for the newly enfranchised masses. p. To remove unwanted foreign elements from the wartime labour force. q. To counteract the disappointment created by exaggerated expectations of a favourable peace. r. **Both A and C.** 38. Though Mussolini considered himself to be the leader of the international fascist movement, the mounting cost of his wars as well as the ostracism of the West compelled him to sign a friendship treaty with Nazi Germany in October 1936, which he dubbed: s. The Anti-Comintern Pact. t. **The Berlin-Rome Axis.** u. The Treaty of Rome. v. The Pact of Steel. 39. Many Nazi courts interpreted the language of the law broadly and any friendly ties between the sexes became hazardous since the regime politicized these relationships as "attempted race defilement" in violation of: w. **Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour.** x. Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service. y. Reich Citizenship Law. z. Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases. 40. After the passage of a new marriage and divorce law in 1938 simplified divorce in cases of "mixed marriages," the Gestapo and employers treated "Aryan" spouses harshly if they still resisted divorce since the government insisted on racial purity and total fealty. As such, the continuation of these "mixed marriages," whether this was the intention, was viewed by the regime as: a. An attempt to shelter German-Jews from "deportation." b. Grounds for workplace dismissal. c. **A form of defiance and a political act.** d. Justification for even more restrictive laws and measures. 41. Under the terms of the Law for the Protection of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases (14 July 1933), doctors were required to report on their patients in hospitals, asylums, and private care and specifically targeted for sterilization any German suffering from, among many other things: e. Alcoholism. f. "Congenital feeble-mindedness." g. Epilepsy. h. **All of the above.** 42. As sexual and economic independence among women ran counter to Nazi conservative notions regarding women's role in society and the patriarchal family structure, German women were often prosecuted and sterilized under the law of 14 July 1933 on the grounds that having multiple sexual partners was indicative of: i. **Moral feeble-mindedness.** j. Asocial behaviour. k. Lesbianism or bisexuality. l. Race defilement. 43. The Nazi Party attempted to justify its T4 euthanasia program through the production of propaganda films disguised as entertainment, including one in which a husband chooses to euthanize his wife suffering from MS, titled: m. Triumph of the Will. n. **I Accuse.** o. Jud Süß. p. Nation's Pride. 44. Heinrich Himmler believed gay men to be enemies of the state because they "groomed" youth into their world (they don't), caused a shortage of heterosexual men for German women (this was actually the fault of WWI), and that they refused to work productively for the state (by this Himmler meant, "having children"). As such, during the Third Reich it became a crime to not only engage in homosexual sex, but to even display homosexual interest or intent, through the strengthening of the Reich's criminal code: q. Article 48. r. Article 23. s. **Paragraph 175.** t. Paragraph 225. 45. Stripping German-Jews of their citizenship and protections under German law and criminalizing "mixed" marriages, German-Jews were largely cut off from their relationships with "Aryan" Germans, marginalized and excluded from their school, work, and social lives, and segregated from "Aryan" Germans with the passage of the: u. Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour of 1935. v. Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service of 1933. w. **Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935.** x. Reich Citizenship Law of 1935. 46. Representing both the "asocial" and the racial "alien" in Nazi ideology, this group was surveilled by the police before to the Nazi seizure of power and, after, deemed to be incurable criminals by the Nazis. The Custody Decree of 1939 stated that this group, in its entirety, should be deported to concentration camps in German occupied Poland where 220,000 were murdered by the Nazis. y. Poles. z. **Roma-Sinti.** a. Jews. b. Jehovah's Witnesses. 47. Forcing Germans to research, engage with, and complete their family lineage to prove the racial suitability for the "racial pure" society of the Third Reich, the Nazis transformed Germans into "Aryans" using the tool of the: c. **Ahnenpass.** d. Hitler Youth. e. SS Race and Resettlement Main Office. f. None of the above. 48. Although healthy and well-educated Germans tended to restrict the number of children they had to maximize the quality of their own life, the Nazis attempted to increase the birthrate and promote healthy births among newlyweds who demonstrated their Aryan ancestry and produced certificates of racial fitness through: g. Houses and apartments once occupied by German-Jews. h. Developing a cult of "the mother." i. **Tax incentives and "wedding loans"** j. Both A and B. 49. Hitler sketched a positive image of national rebirth in which Germany could only be revitalized by obeying the dictates of "racial hygiene," creating a body politic cleansed of biological and racial inferiors. This was centred around the notion of: k. "Blood and soil." l. **"A People's Community."** m. "A parasite within the body of the nation." n. The Führer principle. 50. In a mixture of violent intimidation and voluntary cooperation in which the Nazi government seized control of the various states, opposition parties dissolved themselves, universities purged themselves of democrats, Marxists, and Jewish professors, and elected nationalist officers transformed their organizations into Nazi auxiliaries, German society was quickly Nazified in a process called: o. Wiedervereinigung. p. Wiedergutmachung. q. Rassenschande. r. **Gleichschaltung.**