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What strategies did the Nazis employ to encourage a higher birthrate among Aryan couples?
What strategies did the Nazis employ to encourage a higher birthrate among Aryan couples?
Which concept emphasized a vision of national revival under Nazi ideology?
Which concept emphasized a vision of national revival under Nazi ideology?
What term describes the process in which the Nazi government systematically seized control and enforced conformity in German society?
What term describes the process in which the Nazi government systematically seized control and enforced conformity in German society?
What underlying belief influenced the Nazi efforts to promote 'racial hygiene'?
What underlying belief influenced the Nazi efforts to promote 'racial hygiene'?
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Which of the following was NOT part of the Nazi strategies to cultivate a 'racially fit' society?
Which of the following was NOT part of the Nazi strategies to cultivate a 'racially fit' society?
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What myth did nationalists in the Weimar Republic promote regarding Germany's defeat in World War I?
What myth did nationalists in the Weimar Republic promote regarding Germany's defeat in World War I?
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Which treaty allowed Germany to bypass the disarmament clauses of the peace treaty after World War I?
Which treaty allowed Germany to bypass the disarmament clauses of the peace treaty after World War I?
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What was the name of the Bolshevik weekly newspaper renamed by Stalin and Molotov in 1912?
What was the name of the Bolshevik weekly newspaper renamed by Stalin and Molotov in 1912?
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What was one of the effects of Stalin's actions against local technical experts in Tsaritsyn during the Civil War?
What was one of the effects of Stalin's actions against local technical experts in Tsaritsyn during the Civil War?
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What was a significant consequence of Stalin's role as Party General Secretary after 1922?
What was a significant consequence of Stalin's role as Party General Secretary after 1922?
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In which essay did Stalin deflect blame for the failures of collectivization onto low-level Party functionaries?
In which essay did Stalin deflect blame for the failures of collectivization onto low-level Party functionaries?
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What was the primary consequence of the deepening political divide in the Weimar Republic?
What was the primary consequence of the deepening political divide in the Weimar Republic?
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What notion did nationalists reject regarding Germany's military defeat in World War I?
What notion did nationalists reject regarding Germany's military defeat in World War I?
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What was the broader consequence of Stalin's increase in grain procurements from Ukraine during the famine of 1932-3?
What was the broader consequence of Stalin's increase in grain procurements from Ukraine during the famine of 1932-3?
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Which term is generally used to refer to the Ukrainian famine caused by Stalin's policies?
Which term is generally used to refer to the Ukrainian famine caused by Stalin's policies?
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Why were Stakhanovites expected to improve themselves culturally and educationally?
Why were Stakhanovites expected to improve themselves culturally and educationally?
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What was a common perception of Stakhanovites among their fellow workers?
What was a common perception of Stakhanovites among their fellow workers?
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One of the policies during the Ukrainian famine included denying which of the following?
One of the policies during the Ukrainian famine included denying which of the following?
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What distinguishes the famine in Ukraine from typical famines during this period?
What distinguishes the famine in Ukraine from typical famines during this period?
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What was the identity of the Stakhanovites within Soviet society?
What was the identity of the Stakhanovites within Soviet society?
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What political party did V.I. Lenin join in 1897 that later split into the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks?
What political party did V.I. Lenin join in 1897 that later split into the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks?
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What significant effect did the actions of more than 200,000 demonstrators have on 24 February 1917?
What significant effect did the actions of more than 200,000 demonstrators have on 24 February 1917?
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What requirement did Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich have before accepting the crown after Tsar Nicholas II's abdication?
What requirement did Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich have before accepting the crown after Tsar Nicholas II's abdication?
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What was the result of Petrograd Soviet Order No. 1 issued in March 1917?
What was the result of Petrograd Soviet Order No. 1 issued in March 1917?
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Which general led the attempted Right-Wing coup against the Provisional Government on 27 August 1917?
Which general led the attempted Right-Wing coup against the Provisional Government on 27 August 1917?
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What did the women demand during the protests connected with International Women's Day in February 1917?
What did the women demand during the protests connected with International Women's Day in February 1917?
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What was the main focus of the Five-Year Plan aimed at transforming the Soviet Union?
What was the main focus of the Five-Year Plan aimed at transforming the Soviet Union?
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What impact did the lack of support for the war have on the Russian military by March 1917?
What impact did the lack of support for the war have on the Russian military by March 1917?
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Which political party was opposed to the Social Democratic Labour Party due to ideological differences?
Which political party was opposed to the Social Democratic Labour Party due to ideological differences?
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Which of the following best describes the propaganda advantage of the Five-Year Plan for the Bolshevik Party?
Which of the following best describes the propaganda advantage of the Five-Year Plan for the Bolshevik Party?
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What term is used to describe the contradictory meanings associated with Stalin's policies as reflected in political propaganda?
What term is used to describe the contradictory meanings associated with Stalin's policies as reflected in political propaganda?
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Which term do scholars sometimes misapply to describe similarities between Soviet-style communism and fascism?
Which term do scholars sometimes misapply to describe similarities between Soviet-style communism and fascism?
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What was a defining characteristic of fascist ideology regarding the nation?
What was a defining characteristic of fascist ideology regarding the nation?
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Which of the following was NOT a criticism associated with Stalin's leadership model?
Which of the following was NOT a criticism associated with Stalin's leadership model?
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What implication did the notion of a 'cult of personality' have for Stalin's supporters?
What implication did the notion of a 'cult of personality' have for Stalin's supporters?
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In what way did the Five-Year Plan serve the economic agenda of the Soviet Union?
In what way did the Five-Year Plan serve the economic agenda of the Soviet Union?
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What was the title of the propaganda film in which a husband chooses to euthanize his wife suffering from MS?
What was the title of the propaganda film in which a husband chooses to euthanize his wife suffering from MS?
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Which paragraph of the Reich's criminal code criminalized not only homosexual acts but also the display of homosexual interest?
Which paragraph of the Reich's criminal code criminalized not only homosexual acts but also the display of homosexual interest?
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What legislation stripped German Jews of their citizenship and criminalized 'mixed' marriages?
What legislation stripped German Jews of their citizenship and criminalized 'mixed' marriages?
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Which group was deemed 'incurable criminals' by the Nazis and targeted for deportation to concentration camps?
Which group was deemed 'incurable criminals' by the Nazis and targeted for deportation to concentration camps?
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What tool did the Nazis use to force Germans to prove their racial suitability for the 'racial pure' society?
What tool did the Nazis use to force Germans to prove their racial suitability for the 'racial pure' society?
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Under the Third Reich, gay men were perceived as threats due to their supposed impact on which demographic issue?
Under the Third Reich, gay men were perceived as threats due to their supposed impact on which demographic issue?
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What did the Custody Decree of 1939 mandate regarding the Roma-Sinti?
What did the Custody Decree of 1939 mandate regarding the Roma-Sinti?
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What misconception did Heinrich Himmler have regarding homosexuals and youth?
What misconception did Heinrich Himmler have regarding homosexuals and youth?
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Study Notes
Political Party in St. Petersburg
- In 1897, V.I. Lenin joined the Social Democratic Labour Party in St. Petersburg.
- In 1903, the party split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
February 1917 in Petrograd
- On February 23, 1917, workers from Putilov Mill in Petrograd, and other workers joined in sympathy strikes.
- Women protested wartime rationing on International Women's Day.
- Their demands escalated to the Tsar's resignation, by the 24th, over 200,000 demonstrators acted, compelling the Tsar's resignation.
Effects of Demonstrations in Petrograd
- Shutting down all city industries
- Forcing the Duma to secure itself in the government building
- Causing the royal family to flee the capital
- Severing rail and communication lines with the Russian Front Lines.
Tsar Nicholas II Abdication
- After Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, he nominated his brother, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, as his successor.
- Grand Duke Michael refused the crown without popular support.
Petrograd Soviet Order No. 1
- Issued in March 1917.
- Abolished the death penalty in the Russian army.
- Made soldiers accountable to soviets and soldiers' committees.
- Weakened the authority of officers and eroded popular support for the continuation of the war in soldier and civilian spheres.
Provisional Government Weakening
- The Provisional Government was weakened in August 1917 due to an attempted Right-Wing coup.
- The coup was led by General Aleksei Brusilov.
Constituent Assembly Disbandment
- The Constituent Assembly, elected in November, met in January 1918.
- Its decisions on land reforms and armistice (informing agreements) were ratified.
- However, it was forcibly adjourned by soldiers & Red Guard members because of Bolshevik actions
Bolshevik minority coup success (October 1917)
- Contrary to later legend (propagated largely by the Bolsheviks) the Bolsheviks' coup succeeded without extensive bloodshed.
- This was because the Provisional Government was unable to marshal a significant military force in opposition.
- Bolsheviks achieved widespread public support by espousing peace, bread, and land.
War Communism (1918-1921)
- A policy employed during the Russian Civil War (following the Bolshevik Revolution) to quickly bolster the military & industrial strength of the new regime
- Centralized national control over industry
- Land, food requisitioning , and ban on private enterprise to feed and supply cities, military, and Red Guard.
Holodomor (Man-made famine in Ukraine )
- Approximately 10 million Ukrainians died due to widespread starvation.
- A man-made famine in Ukraine to weaken local support for opposition.
- This policy, termed Holodomor, involved state control over grain, restricting access to food, resulting in widespread starvation in Ukraine.
Nationalist and Socialist Demands
- Mussolini's platform initially promoted nationalism, worker benefits, and land reforms.
- A radical blend that gained traction among the increasingly concerned middle class when assaulted socialism.
Fascist Repression
- Political violence was sanctioned, and policies aiming for total national control were introduced by the Fascist government.
- The free press was abolished as part of fascist measures.
- Antisemitic race laws were also introduced.
Nazi Euthanasia Program (T4)
- Justified via propaganda films (e.g., Triumph of the Will).
- Nazi program to exterminate individuals considered undesirable through medical procedures or forced starvation.
Nazi Germany legal policies and social control
- Nazi Germany employed discriminatory laws and measures against Jews and others.
- Racial purity was emphasized through measures like Nuremberg Race Laws, removal from professions, restrictions on relationships, and systematic persecution of those judged undesirable.
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Description
Explore the key events and political shifts during the February Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. This quiz covers the role of political parties, the impact of demonstrations, and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II. Test your knowledge on this pivotal moment in Russian history.
